Title

: Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifiers

Date

: 03 January 2013

Name : MOHD IKHMAL BIN AZMAN

Id

: EP093493

Section : 04

Aim

The aim of the experiment is to become familiar with the operational amplifier characteristics
and circuit connections, for inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.
The purpose of this experiment is:
1. To investigate the behaviour of inverting amplifier.
2. To study the relationship between 2 ratio (Rf and Vs).
3. To observe the change output peak-to-peak voltage according to the input peak-to-peak
voltage.
4. To determine the stability of bias voltage within given range.
5. To investigate the behaviour of non-inverting amplifier.

Equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Resistors: 1 k (2 nos.), 10 k (2 nos.), 20 k, 33 k, 47 k, 68 k.

Operational Amplifier A741.
Digital Multimeter (DMM).
Oscilloscope.
Function Generator (AC Power Supply).
DC Power Supply.
DMM Probes X 2nos.
Oscilloscope Probes X 2nos.
BNC-Crocodile Clips Probe X 1no.
Crocodile Clips Connectors X 4nos.
Protoboard.
Wire 22 AWG X 6nos.

Procedure:
Part A:
Section 1:
1. An op amp was placed in the lower central portion of the Protoboard and make sure each
pin was inserted into separated hole.
2. Next, the value of resistance of RS = 10k and Rf = 10k was measured and recoded.
3. Result was tabulated in Table 1.
4. The Tektronix DC power supply was set to +15V and -15V by using DMM with respect to
ground.
5. Inverting amplifier was built as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Inverting Circuit Design

Section 2:
1. Using the same circuit the input of 4V peak-to-peak of 1 kHz sine wave was applied.
2. The peak-to-peak amplitude of Vo was measured and gain was calculated from the measure
value.
3. The value of Rf was change to 20 k, 33 k, 47 k and 68 k but the Rs was kept constant
and the trace of Vs and Vo waveforms were traced using dual trace feature of the
oscilloscope.
4. The result was compare to the theoretical gain, AR which could be obtain by using formula:

5. The result was tabulated in Table 2 and percentage errors was calculated.
Section 3:
1. By using the same circuit, change the Rs = 10 k and Rf = 47 k.
2. Next, let the input of 1 kHz of sine wave peak-to-peak of 1V, 2V, 4V and 8V respectively.
3. The result was tabulated in Table 3 and gain for each input was calculated.
Section 4:
1. The same circuit was use with the value of Rs = 10 k and Rf = 47 k.
2. By using the peak-to-peak of 1 kHz sine wave, the input voltage, Vs is increased from Zero to
a value either positive or negative cycle (become clipped).
3. The result for peak-to-peak input and output voltage was recorded and tabulated in Table 4.
4. The experiment was repeated by changing the bias voltage at pin 7 and pin 4 from +15 and 15 to +12 and -12.
5. The result was recoded and tabulated in Table 4.
Part B:
1. The resistance of R = 1 k and Rf = 1 k was measured by using DMM and recorded in
Table 5.

2. Next, use the DMM for better accuracy to set the bias voltage to +15V and -15V.
3. Build the non-inverting amplifier circuit as figure 2 and let the input to be the 1 kHz of sine
wave.

Figure 2: Non-Inverting Circuit Design

4. Set the peak-to-peak of Vs to 2V, 3V, 4V and 5V and the output voltage, Vo was measured.
5. Result was tabulated on Table 6 and the measured value will be compared to the theoretical
value.

Results:
Resistor
Rs
Rf

Nominal ()
10k
10k

Actual ()
9.787k
9.823k

Table 1: Measured Resistance

Rf ()
Nominal
10k
20k
33k
47k
68k

Vs (V)

Measured
9.823k
20.035k
33.100k
47.320k
67.200k

Nominal

4V

Vo (V)

Measured

4.2 V

AR = Rf/Rs

Av =
Vo/Vs
Measured Theoretical Measured
4.2
1.0
1.00
8.6
2.0
2.04
13.5
3.3
3.21
20.1
4.7
4.78
27.3
6.8
6.56

%
Error
0.00%
2.00%
2.70%
1.70%
3.53%

Table 2: Results for Varying Feedback Resistors

Vs P-P (V)
Nominal
1
2
4
8

Measure
1.05
2.09
4.10
8.40

Vo P-P (V)

AV = Vo/Vs

5.0
10.1
20.1
28.5

4.76
4.83
4.90
3.39

Table 3: Results to Verify Output Relationship

Bias Voltages (V)

+15 and -15
+12 and -12

VS P-P (V)
5.35
4.24

VO P-P (V)
26.5
21.3

Table 4: results for Varying Bias Voltage

Resistor
R
Rf

Nominal ()
1000
1000

Actual ()
983.2
985.9

Table 5: Measured Resistance

VS P-P (V)
Nominal
2
3
4
5

Measured
2.09
3.10
4.20
5.10

VO P-P (V)
Calculated
Measured
4.185
4.2
6.208
6.2
8.412
8.4
10.214
10.5

Table 6: Results to Verify Output Relationship

%
Error
0.35%
0.13%
0.14%
2.80%

Analysing:
For table 1, the result obtained from the 10 k was nearly the nominal value which made the
resistors are valid to be used in the experiment and the resistor will not decrease the accuracy of the
experiment.
By comparing the section 2 experiment by using varying feedback resistor I have obtained measured
result that have error less that 5% which show the result is reliable. Thus, proving the increase in Rf
will cause the gain of the inverting operational amplifier to increase. Therefore, this proves the ratio
of

to increase as the value of Rf increase while the Rs is kept constant While the result in table 3 for
section 3 proves that by change the input peak-to-peak voltage and maintaining the Rf could result
increase in gain of the inverting operational amplifier. This proves the formula given

Could be used to calculate the gain using different input peak-to-peak voltage. Therefore, I could
sum up the gain of the inverting amplifier could be calculated using the formula

as long as the Vo is out of phase for 180 with Vs.

For section 4 the bias voltages is depend on my eyesight on the oscilloscope to get the value at the
moment the graph start to clipping. Thus, when it start to clipping it shows the limit of Vs and Vo
peak-to-peak for each different bias voltages.
For part B, the value of the 1 k resistor was nearly the nominal value which made the resistors are
valid to be used in the experiment and the resistor will not decrease the accuracy of the experiment.
The error of the result in Table 6 that is less than 5% shows that the reliability of using the formula to
calculate the value of Vo peak-to-peak. The result also proved that the Vo will be twice than the Vs
when measured which is the behaviour of the non-inverting amplifier.

Discussion:
There might be some errors that would happen during the experiment:
First, is the loading effect of the DMM which cause error during the measurement was
taken. To avoid this problem, the DMM should be serviced regularly to avoid any dust or broken
circuit inside the DMM to affect the usage of the DMM.
Next, parallax error could happen during the reading for clipping at the graph. Sometimes,
our eye sight may not be reliable to see the clipping clearly. To avoid this error I should ask one or
more students to read the clipping on the graph and take the average.
Next, the might be difference on theoretical and measured due to the internal resistance of
the wire use to connect the circuit. Thus, the wire will decrease the accuracy of the experiment. To
avoid that, a very high quality wire which has the least internal resistance must be selected to be
used in the experiment so error when measuring the element in the circuit would be more accurate.
Sustainability in engineering is the process of designing or operating systems such that they
use energy and resources sustainably. Placing environmental (and sustainability) issues, as
ideological cores of engineering educational discourses, is essential to the development of
engineering awareness. This has been recognized by the Industry Commission which suggested that
an environmental focus of engineering education would improve the technological literacy of
professional engineers because it carried with it the implicit understanding of liability and long-term
economic viability of engineering practice, and also recognised the fact that technical solutions can
only provide numerical answers to a complex situation [1].
In order to achieve sustainable development, enterprises must redesign products and
adapt new technology for processes. (Nidumolu etal.,2009). Shrivastava (1995) suggests that
companies can differentiate their products, improve product quality and lower the cost of
production through product and process innovations. Sustainability has continued to drive
innovation and business growth through new product initiative from many companies.

Three design technique to prevent operational amplifier from burning are good design of the
circuit to avoid short circuit. Next, do not operate the operational amplifier beyond the max rating.
Next, the electrostatic discharge must not beyond the 400V.

Industry Commission . New and Advanced Materials. Report No 42, March, Melbourne: Australian
Government Printing Service, 1995.

LT Spice Schematic, Wave and Netlist:

Figure 3: Schematic of Inverting and Non-Inverting Circuit

Figure 4: Netlist for the Schematic Above

Figure 5: Graph of the Schematic

Conclusion:
From the experiment, the behaviour of the inverting operational amplifier that produce the output
which is 180 out of phase from the input. Thus, increasing the gain of the circuit. And the gain could
be calculated by using the formula

Next, the gain from the circuit also could be calculated by using the Vs and Vo peak-to-peak
respectively by using the formula

Next, the non-inverting output will always 2 times more than the voltage input. Besides, I also
learned the correct connection of the elements in the circuit. Overall, I could understand the
behaviour of the inverting and non-inverting amplifier.

References:
www.sciencedirect.com
1. Developing Sustainability Consciousness in Engineering Curriculum through Materials
Education, Josef Rojter, 2012.
2. Effects of green manufacturing and eco-innovation on sustainability performance, Blent
Sezena ; Sibel Yldz ankayab , 2013.