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ISBN: 378 - 26 - 138420 - 5

MINIMIZATION OF VOLTAGE SAGS AND SWELLS USING DVR

N.VISWANATH

Dr. K. RAMA SUDHA

PG Scholar

Professor

Department Of Electrical Engineering,

Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam,
Andhra Pradesh
most concerning disturbance

quality is voltage sag. Voltage sag is a sudden

ABSTRACT: - Power quality problem is an

drop in the Root Mean Square (RMS) [1] voltage

occurrence of non-standard voltage, current or

and is usually characterized by the retained voltage.

frequency that results in a failure or a

The major source of voltage sag is short- circuits

disoperation of end user equipments. Utility

on the utility lines. Faults from the disturbed

distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads

process will generate a momentary voltage sag

and critical commercial operations suffer from

various

types

interruptions

of
which

outages
can

and

cost

[2][3] in the electrical environment to the end user.

service

The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is an

significant

effective Custom Power device which is used to

financial losses. With the restructuring of power

systems and

affecting power

mitigate the impacts of voltage sags on sensitive

with shifting trend towards

loads in distribution systems. DVR is used for

distributed and dispersed generation, the issue

balancing the load voltage due to harmonics and

of power quality is going to take newer

unbalancing at the source end, in order to eliminate

dimensions. The present work is to identify the

switching transients. DVR has to inject voltages

prominent concerns in this area and hence the

with large

measures that can enhance the quality of the

magnitude,

which is completely

undesirable. By varying load voltage angle, if the

power are recommended. This work describes

required nominal voltage is injected at the system

the techniques of correcting the supply voltage

frequency, the control operation will be efficient.

sag, swell and interruption in a distributed

To realize this, a method for estimating the

system. At present, a wide range of very flexible

frequency from the sampled injected voltage signal

controllers, which capitalize on newly available

has been presented.

power electronics components, are emerging for

custom power applications. Among these, the

DVR consists of energy storage device,

distribution static compensator and the dynamic

pulse width modulation inverter, LC filter and

voltage restorer are most effective devices, both

series transformer. Pulse Width Modulated (PWM)

of them based on the VSC principle.

control technique is applied for inverter switching

to produce a three phase 50 Hz sinusoidal voltages

KEY WORDS: Dynamic voltage restorer,

at the load terminals. The PWM scheme which is

Voltage Sag and swell, PWM Generator.

used to synthesize the injected voltage generates

switching frequency harmonics must be prevented

I INTRODUCTION

from entering into the utility and customer system.

The quality of output power delivered

A low-pass filter is introduced to accomplish this

from the utilities has become a major concern. The

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ISBN: 378 - 26 - 138420 - 5

function. Literature shows that a number of

voltage level for mitigation of power quality

techniques are available for improving power

phenomenon, known as Custom Power Devices,

quality problems and frequency estimation to

able to deliver customized solution to power

measure the signals which are available in distorted

quality problems.

form. Least mean square, Kalman filtering,

mitigating devices are normally connected between

Discrete Fourier transform, Smart discrete Fourier

the supply and the load.

Voltage sag and interruption

Transform and Newton method are some of the

Dynamic voltage restorer [5] is a series

techniques shown in literature. Faults in the

connected device designed to maintain a constant

distribution system may cause voltage sag or swell

RMS voltage across a sensitive load. The structure

in the large parts of the system. Voltage sag and

of DVR is shown in Fig. I. The DVR consists of:

swell can cause sensitive equipment to fail and

create a large current unbalance that trips the

Voltage Source Inverters: Voltage Source Inverters

circuit breakers. These effects can be very

converts the dc voltage from the energy storage

expensive for the customer, to avoid equipment

unit to a controllable three phase ac voltage. The

damage. There are many different methods to

inverter switches are normally fired using a

mitigate voltage sags and swells, but the use of a

sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation scheme.

DVR is considered to be the most cost efficient

method. DVR with PI controller has a simple

Injection

structure and offers a satisfactory performance

used in the DVR plays a crucial role in

over a wide range of operating conditions. The

ensuring

main problem of Conventional Controllers [3][4] is

effectiveness of the restoration scheme. It is

the correct tuning of the controller gains. When

connected in series with the distribution feeder.

there are variations in the system parameters and

transformers: Injection

the

maximum

transformers

reliability

and

Passive Filters: Passive Filters are placed at the

operating conditions, the controller may not

high voltage side of the DVR to filter the

provide the required control performance with fixed

harmonics. These filters are placed at the high

gains.

voltage side as placing the filters at the inverter

side introduces phase angle shift which can disrupt

Power Quality problem is the main

the control algorithm.

concern in electricity industry. Power Quality

includes a wide range of disturbances such as

Energy storage devices: Examples of energy

voltage sags/swells, flicker, harmonics distortion,

storage devices are dc capacitors, batteries, super-

impulse transient, and interruptions. And the

capacitors,

majority of power quality problems are due to

superconducting

magnetic

energy

Storage and flywheels. The capacity of energy

different fault conditions. These conditions cause

storage

voltage sag. Voltage sag can occur at any instant of

device

compensation

time, with amplitude ranging from 10-90% and a

has

capability

big
of

impact
the

on

the

system.

Compensation of real power is essential when large

duration lasting for half a cycle to one minute. It is

voltage sag occurs.

generally caused by faults in the power system

and characterized by its magnitude and duration.
The duration of voltage sag depends on clearance
of fault by using protective devices. Power
Electronics based devices installed at medium

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DVR is connected between a terminal bus

and load bus. The control technique to be adopted
depends on the type of load as some loads are
sensitive to only magnitude change whereas some
other loads are sensitive to both magnitude and
phase angle shift. Control techniques that utilize
real

Fig 1: Structure of Dynamic Voltage Restorer

and

reactive

power

compensation

are

generally classified as pre-sag compensation, inII COMPENSATION OF VOLTAGE SAG

phase compensation and energy optimization

USING DVR

technique. The single line diagram of DVR

connected in the distribution system

The single line diagram of test system is

shown in Fig.2. The voltage source is connected
to a feeder with an impedance of

Rs + jXS

(1)

The load is balanced and the impedance of the

load is given by

RL + jXL

(2)

Fig 3 shows the test system with 3phase fault.

Fig.3. single line diagram of dynamic voltage restorer

VL is the source voltage in volts

s

connected to distribution system

vt is voltage at point of common coupling in volts.

t

When the source

Rs+ jX s is impedance of the feeder in ohms

voltage drops

or

increases, the dynamic voltage restorer injects a

series

is the load voltage in voltage

voltage through the injection transformer

so that the desired load [11] voltage magnitude

can be maintained. The series injected voltage of

RL+ jX L is the load impedance in ohms.

the DVR, Vk can be written as:

Is is the source current and IL is the load current

Vk = Vt + Vl

(3)

Vk is the series injected voltage in the distribution

system such that it mitigates the voltage sag and
regulates the load bus voltage, Vl to a reference
value Vl*. It is pre specified value. The reference
voltage of the DVR can be written as
Vk* = Vt + Vl*

(4)

Fig.2. Single line diagram of test system

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

III Function of DVR:

ISBN: 378 - 26 - 138420 - 5

contribute to the losses. The DVR will be most of

the time in this mode. In boost mode (VDVR>0),

The main function of a DVR is the

protection

of

sensitive

loads

from

the DVR is injecting a compensation voltage

voltage

through the booster transformer due to a detection

sags/swells coming from the network. Therefore as

of a supply voltage disturbance.

shown in Figure, the DVR is located on approach

of sensitive loads. If a fault occurs on other lines,
DVR

inserts

series

voltage [6]

VDVR

and

compensates load voltage to pre fault value. The

momentary amplitudes of the three injected phase
voltages are controlled such as to eliminate any
detrimental effects of a bus fault to the load voltage
VL. This means that any differential voltages caused
by transient disturbances in the ac feeder will be
compensated by an equivalent voltage generated by
the converter and injected on the medium voltage
Fig.4.Equivalent Circuit of DVR

level through the booster transformer.

Figure 4 shows the equivalent circuit of
The DVR works independently of the type

the DVR, when the source voltage is drop or

of fault or any event that happens in the system,

increase, the DVR injects a series voltage Vinj

provided that the whole system remains connected

through the injection transformer [9][10] so that the

to the supply grid, i.e. the line breaker does not trip.

desired load voltage magnitude VL can be

For most practical cases, a more economical design

maintained.

can be achieved by only compensating the positive

The series injected voltage of the DVR

and negative sequence [7] components of the

can be written as

voltage disturbance seen at the input of the DVR.

This option is Reasonable because for a typical

Vinj = VL + VS

distribution bus configuration, the zero sequence

part of a disturbance will not pass through the step

(5)

Where;

down transformer because of infinite impedance for

VL is the desired load voltage magnitude

this component.

VS is the source voltage during sags/swells

The DVR has two modes of operation

condition.

which are: standby mode and boost mode. In

standby mode (VDVR=0), the booster transformers

The load current ILoad is given by,

low voltage winding is shorted through the

converter. No switching of semiconductors occurs

in this mode of operation, because the individual

(6)

converter legs [8] are triggered such as to establish

a short-circuit path for the transformer connection.
Therefore, only the comparatively low conduction
losses of the semiconductors in this current loop

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Pulse-width modulation (PWM):

PWM also works well with digital

Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration

controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can

modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique that

easily set the needed duty cycle. PWM has also

controls the width of the pulse, formally the pulse

been used in certain communication systems where

duration, based on modulator signal information.

its duty cycle has been used to convey information

Although this modulation technique can be used to

over a communications channel.

encode information for transmission, its main use is

to allow the control of the power supplied to
electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such
as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two
principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar
battery chargers, the other being MPPT.
The average value of voltage (and current)
fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch
between supply and load on and off at a fast pace.
The longer the switch is on compared to the off
periods, the higher the power supplied to the load.
The PWM switching frequency has to be
much higher than what would affect the load (the
device that uses the power), which is to say that the
resultant waveform perceived by the load must be
as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to
be done several times a minute in an electric stove,
120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz
(kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into
the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and

Fig 5: An Example of PWM in an Ac Motor Driver

computer power supplies.

The

term duty

cycle describes

the

proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or

'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to
low power, because the power is off for most of the
time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100%
being fully on.
The main advantage of PWM is that
power loss in the switching devices is very low.
When a switch is off there is practically no current,
and when it is on and power is being transferred to
the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the
switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage
and current, is thus in both cases close to zero.

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IV SIMULATION FIGURES

Fig.6. Main Block Diagram of DVR

Fig.7. Control System of the DVR

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V SIMULATION RESULTS
The faults in the three phase source can be eliminated by calculating phase angle . But the calculation of
becomes complex some times. So by using PWM generator the calculation of the phase angle can be found
easily from the magnitude part only.
The figure8 shows the three phase waveform where fault occur at phase A. By using DVR with PWM
generator the fault is eliminated and the output waveform is shown in figure9.

Fig.8.The simulation of the input fault

Fig.9. Simulation result of the output

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[11] S. S. Choi, B. H. Li, and D. M. Vilathgamuwa,Dynamic

VI CONCLUSION

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