1.

(a)

The diagram below shows the structure of a spirometer, which can be used to measure lung
volumes in humans.
C h a rt re c o rd e r

W ritin g p e n

W a te r le v e l

M o v a b le lid

C o u n te r b a la n c e

H in g e

S o d a lim e
c o n ta in e r

M o u th p ie c e
O xygen
in le t

(i)

Explain the importance of the soda lime in the spirometer.

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(2)

(ii)

Suggest how you could use this spirometer to measure the vital capacity of a person.
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(3)

Al-NAjah Private School

(b)

An investigation was carried out into the effect of cycling speed on the breathing rate of a healthy
student. In this investigation, an exercise bicycle was used.
The breathing rate of the student was measured at rest. He then cycled at 10 km per hour for 2
minutes and, immediately after, his breathing rate was recorded. He rested for 5 minutes, before
cycling at 15 km per hour for 2 minutes, after which his breathing rate was again measured.
This investigation was repeated at cycling speeds of 20 and 25 km per hour.
The student rested for 5 minutes between each period of cycling.
The results are shown in the table below.
Cycling speed / km h

(i)

Breathing rate / breaths min

0 (rest)

12

10

14

15

17

20

20

25

27

Calculate the percentage increase in breathing rate, as the cycling speed increased from 10
km per hour to 25 km per hour. Show your working.

Answer = ....................................... %
(2)

(ii)

Suggest an explanation for these results.

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Al-NAjah Private School

2.

(a)

The diagram below shows a spirometer, used to measure lung volumes in humans.

(i)

State the function of the soda lime.

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(1)

(ii)

Describe how you would use a spirometer to measure the tidal volume of a person.
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(3)

Al-NAjah Private School

(b)

The graph below shows a spirometer record (spirogram) from a healthy person.
p e rs o n b re a th e d
o u t fu lly

V o lu m e
/ dm 3

p e rs o n b re a th e d
in fu lly

4 .5
4 .0
3 .5
3 .0
2 .5
2 .0
1 .5
1 .0
0 .5
0 .0

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

T im e / s
From the recording, find the vital capacity of the person.
Answer ..................................................... dm

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Al-NAjah Private School

3.

(a)

The diagram below shows a spirometer. This apparatus is used to measure the volume of air
breathed in and out and the frequency of breathing under different conditions.

A spirometer was used to compare a persons breathing at rest and during exercise. The results are
shown in the graphs below.
During exercise

V o lu m e o f o x y g e n / d m

At rest

1 dm

1 dm

10

15

20
T im e / s

Al-NAjah Private School

25

30

35

10

15

20

25

30

35

T im e / s

The minute volume is the volume of oxygen taken into the lungs in one minute, and is calculated
by multiplying the tidal volume by the breathing rate.
(i)

Using the information in the graphs, calculate the minute volume at rest. Show your
working.

Answer ........................................
(2)

(ii)

Calculate the increase in the minute volume that occurred in this person as a result of the
exercise. Show your working.

Answer ........................................
(2)

(b)

Cardiac output also increases during exercise.

(i)

State what is meant by cardiac output.

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(1)

(ii)

Explain how increases in minute volume and cardiac output during exercise enable rapid
delivery of oxygen to muscles during exercise.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Al-NAjah Private School

4.

Diagram A and diagram B below show recordings of the breathing patterns of a person.
In diagram A the person is at rest. In diagram B the person has just finished a period of
strenuous exercise.

V o lu m e o f a ir /d m

D ia g r a m A : a t r e s t

0 .5 d m

10

20
T im e / s

30

40

30

40

V o lu m e o f a ir /d m

D ia g r a m B : a f t e r e x e r c is e

0 .5 d m

Al-NAjah Private School

10

20
T im e / s

(a)

Calculate the mean tidal volume between 10 and 30 seconds when the person is at rest. Show your
working.

Answer .................................
(2)

(b)

The ventilation rate of a person can be calculated by multiplying the rate of breathing by the
depth of breathing. Use diagram B to calculate the ventilation rate of the person during the first 10
seconds after exercise. Show your working.

Answer .................................
(2)

(c)

Using the data in the recordings, compare the breathing patterns of this person before and after
exercise.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

5.

(a)

Explain what is meant by the term vital capacity.

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(2)

Al-NAjah Private School

Al-NAjah Private School

(b)

The graph below shows a recording of lung volumes (a spirogram) from a healthy student.

V o lu m e / c m

100 cm

5
4
T im e / s

From the recording, determine the tidal volume. Show your working.

Answer ........................................
(2)

(c)

Describe the effect of a small increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in inspired air on the
breathing of a person.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Al-NAjah Private School

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