Scribd
Upload
201 views4 pages

Riemann

The document provides a summary of calculus concepts including: - The difference between indefinite and definite integrals. The fundamental theorem of calculus relates the two. - Properties of definite integrals including how to calculate the area under a curve. - Riemann sums and how they can be used to calculate definite integrals by partitioning the interval into subdivisions. - Integration methods including u-substitution and trigonometric substitutions to evaluate integrals of trigonometric functions, rational functions of sines and cosines.

Uploaded by

Zsolt Barkó
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
201 views4 pages

Riemann

The document provides a summary of calculus concepts including: - The difference between indefinite and definite integrals. The fundamental theorem of calculus relates the two. - Properties of definite integrals including how to calculate the area under a curve. - Riemann sums and how they can be used to calculate definite integrals by partitioning the interval into subdivisions. - Integration methods including u-substitution and trigonometric substitutions to evaluate integrals of trigonometric functions, rational functions of sines and cosines.

Uploaded by

Zsolt Barkó
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

Riemann Sums, Substitution Integration Methods


104003 Differential and Integral Calculus I
Technion International School of Engineering 2010-11
Tutorial Summary February 27, 2011 Kayla Jacobs

Indefinite vs. Definite Integrals

A calc student upset as could be


That his antiderivative didn't agree
With the one in the book
E'en aft one more look.
Oh! Seems he forgot to write the "+ C".
-Anonymous

Indefinite integral:   


The function F(x) that answers question:
What function, when differentiated, gives f(x)?

Definite integral:   


o The number that represents the area under the curve f(x) between x=a and x=b
o a and b are called the limits of integration.
o Forget the +c. Now were calculating actual values .

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

(Relationship between definite & indefinite integrals)

If
     and f is continuous, then F is differentiable and
     .
Important Corollary: For any function F whose derivative is f (i.e.,     ),
&

%    
& 



This lets you easily calculate definite integrals!

Definite Integral Properties


    0

       

          




whether or not   , 

Area in [a,b] Bounded by Curve f(x)




Case 1: Curve entirely above x-axis. Really easy! Area =   




Case 2: Curve entirely below x-axis. Easy! Area = |  | = -   

Case 3: Curve sometimes below, sometimes above x-axis. Sort of easy! Break up into sections.

Average Value
The average value of function f(x) in region [a,b] is:

  
average 


Calculus Tutorial Summary February 27,, 2011

Riemann Sum
Let [a,b] = closed interval in the domain of function f
Partition [a,b] into n subdivisions: { [x0,x1], [x1,x2], [x2,x3], , [xn-1,xn]} where a = x0 < x1 < < xn-1 < xn = b
The Riemann sum of function f over interval [a,b] is:
1

*  + ,-  -  -/0 


where yi is any value between xi-1 and xi.
If for all i:
yi = xi-1
yi = xi
yi = (xi + xi-1)/2
f(yi) = ( f(xi-1) + f(xi) )/2
f(yi) = maximum of f over [xi-1, xi]
f(yi) = minimum of f over [xi-1, xi]

-20

Note (xi xi-1) is the length of the ith subdivision [xi-1, xi].

then
S = Left Riemann sum
S = Right Riemann sum
S = Middle Riemann sum
S = Trapezoidal Riemann sum
S = Upper Riemann sum
S = Lower Riemann sum


As ' ( , S converges to the value of the definite integral of f over [a,b]: lim1(
(6 *    

Ex: Riemann sum methods of f(x)) = x3 over interval [a, b]] = [0, 2] using 4 equal subdivisions of 0.5 each:
(1) Left Riemann sum:

(2) Right Riemann sum:

(4) Middle Riemann sum:

(3) Trapezoidal Riemann sum:

Calculus Tutorial Summary February 27, 2011

Integration Method: u-substitution




% 7 7    %

9

9 

7 7

where 7  7 (because 7  7/).


Notes:
This is basically derivative chain rule in reverse.
The hard part is figuring out what a good u is.
If its a definite integral, dont forget to change the limits of integration!  ( 7,  ( 7
If its an indefinite integral, dont forget to change back to the original variable at the end, and +c.

Basic Trigonometric Derivatives and Indefinite Integrals

From trigonometric identities and u-substitution:

Calculus Tutorial Summary February 27, 2011

Integration Method: Trigonometric Substitution for Rational


Functions of Sine and Cosines
To integrate a rational function of sin(x) and cos(x), try the substitution:

@  tan 
2

 

2
@
1  @?

Use the following trig identities to transform the function into a rational function of t:

2 tan 2
2@
sin 


?
1  tan?   1  @
2


1  tan? C D 1  @ ?
2 
cos 
?

1  tan? C2D 1  @

2 tan C2D
2@

tan 
?

1  tan? C D 1  @
2

Integration Method: Trigonometric Substitution


If the integral involves

then substitute

and use the trig identity

E  FE

7   sin G

1  sin? G  cos ? G

E  FE

7   tan G

1  tan? G  sec ? G

FE  E

7   sec G

sec ? G  1  tan? G

Steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Notice that the integral involves one of the terms above.


Substitute the appropriate u. Make sure to change the dx to a du (with relevant factor).
Simplify the integral using the appropriate trig identity.
Rewrite the new integral in terms of the original non- variable
(draw a reference right-triangle to help).
5. Solve the (hopefully now much easier) integral,

You might also like