BRCM COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

BAHAL, BHIWANI

Lab
Manual

Practical Experiment Instructions Sheet

Exp. Title

To study the Brinell hardness testing machine & perform the Brinell
hardness test.

EXP. NO. 1

SOM Lab

Semester-4th

Page No. 1- 3

Aim: To study the Brinell hardness testing machine & perform the Brinell hardness test.
Requirements:
1. Brinell Hardness Tester
2. Test Piece
3. Hardened steel ball 10mm diameter
4. Microscope
Theory:
Hardness represents the resistance of a material to indentation, and involves the measurement of
plastic deformation caused when a loaded ball or diamond is applied to the surface of material.
Brinell Method: In this a hardened steel ball is pressed into the surface under a specified load
which is held on for a fixed period and then released.
Brinell Hardness is defined as the quotient of the applied force F, divided by the spherical area of
impression.
From fig......... we find that:
Brinell Hardness, HB = Test load/Surface area of indentation
= 2F/D(D-D-d) N/mm
Procedure:
1. Place the test specimen and the test table of the testing machine.
2. Apply load slowly and progressively to the specimen at right angle to the surface and
maintain full load for 15 seconds.
3. Release the load and remove the specimen from the table.
4. Measure the diameter of impression on the test specimen by microscope fitted with a
scale.

Observations:
Material of test piece =
Diameter of ball =
Load 'F' =
Load application time =
Diameter of Impression 'd' =
Calculations:
Brinell Hardness HB =Test load\Surface area of indentation
= 2F\D(D-D-d) N\mm

Brinell Hardness Testing Machine

Sr. No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

DESCRIPTIONS
ADJUSTABLE CROSS HEAD
PROVING RING DYNAMOMETER
CRROMIUM PLATED PILLARS
BALL INDENTOR
BASE PLATE
CONTROL VALVE
INDCATOR
ON/OFF PUSH BUTTON
PROVISION FOR HAND OPERATION
HANDLE FOR MANUAL OPERATION
RELASE VALVE
DIAL GAUGE
DUST PROOF CABINET

Precautions:
1. The surface of test piece should be smooth and test spot free of oil and dirt should be
polished to get a clear impression.
2. The load value of indenter diameter should be selected from table 1 depending upon
material of test specimen of its thickness.
Result:
Brinell Hardness =

BRCM COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL, BHIWANI

Lab
Manual

Practical Experiment Instructions Sheet

Exp. Title

To study the Rockwell hardness testing machine & perform the

Rockwell hardness test.

EXP. NO. 2

SOM Lab

Semester-4th

Page No. 4 -5

AIM: To study the Rockwell hardness testing machine & perform the Rockwell hardness test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Emery paper 2. Penetrator
THOERY:
In Rock well hardness test consists in touching an indenter of standard cone or ball into the surface of a test
piece in two operations and measuring the permanent increase of depth of indentation of this indenter under
specified condition. From it Rockwell hardness is deduced. The ball (B) is used for soft materials (e.g.
mild steel, cast iron, Aluminum, brass.Etc.) And the cone (C) for hard ones (High carbon steel.
etc.)
HRB means Rockwell hardness measured on B scale
HRC means Rock well hardness measured on C scale.

PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the surface of the specimen with an emery sheet.
2. Place the specimen on the testing platform.
3. Raise the platform until the longer needle comes to rest
4. Release the load.
5. Apply the load and maintain until the longer needle comes to rest
6. After releasing the load, note down the dial reading.
7. The dial reading gives the Rockwell hardness number of the specimen.
8. Repeat the same procedure three times with specimen.
9. Find the average. This gives the Rockwell hardness number of the given specimen.

TABULATION
S.No.

Material

Scale

Load
(kgf)

Rockwell
Number
1
2

RESULT:
Rockwell hardness number of the given material is _________

hardness Rockwell hardness

Number(Mean)
3

BRCM COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL, BHIWANI

Lab
Manual

Practical Experiment Instructions Sheet

Exp. Title

To study the Erichsen sheet metal testing machine & perform the
Erichsen sheet metal test

EXP. NO. 3

SOM Lab

Semester-4th

Page No. 6 -7

Aim: To study the Erichsen sheet metal testing machine & perform the Erichsen sheet
metal test.
Requirements: Cupping test machine, test specimen, vernier calliper, steel rule.
Theory:
This is a mechanical test used to determine the ductility and drawing properties of sheet metal. It
consists in measuring the maximum depth of bulge or cup which can be formed before fracture.
Cupping number is the depth of impression at fracture, in the cupping test, usually expressed in
millimetres.
Procedure:
1. Measure the dimension of the test piece.
2. Place the test piece in the machine dies and touch the penetrator.
3. Rotate the handle of the machine to penetrate the penetrator in the test piece by pressing
the retaining ring.
4. As soon as crack appears in the test piece stop rotating the handle.
5. Determine the depth of cup from med,which is the cupping number.
OBSERVATION:
1. Thickness of testpiece: 0.5 to 2 mm.
2. Rotation speed: 5 to 20 mm per minute.
3. Diameter of ball: 20 mm
Sr.No.

Test piece thickness in mm

Reading
Initial Final

Cupping Number

Precaution:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Test piece should be perfectly flat.

Testpiece should be free from foreign matter.
The cup formed should be continuously watehed.
The handleshould be rotated uniformly and continuously.

Sources of error:
1. Handle being rotated with jerks.
2. Test piece not perfectly flat.

BRCM COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL, BHIWANI

Lab
Manual

Practical Experiment Instructions Sheet

Exp. Title

To study the Impact testing machine and perform the Impact tests
(Izod & Charpy).

EXP. NO. 4

SOM Lab

Semester-4th

Page No. 8-11

(A)
Aim: To determine the impact strength of a given specimen by Izod test.
Apparatus Used: Mild Steel Specimen, Impact testing machine
Theory:Impact: The capacity of a material to resist or absorb shock energy before it fractures is called
Impact.
Strength: The strength of material is ability to resist the action of an external force without
breaking. It is usually defined as tensile strength, Compressive strength, Shear strength
etc. Energy absorbed by specimen during impact test is known as impact strength.
Izod Impact Test: In the Izod impact test, the surface of the specimen should be smooth and
free from grooves running parallel to the plane of symmetry of notch. The centre of percussion
shall be at the point of Impact of the hammer.

The machine should have following specification:

Angle between top of grip and face holding the specimen vertical: 90
Angle of tip of hammer: 75
Angle between normal to the specimen and the underside of the hammer at striking point: 10
Speed of hammer Impact: 3 to 4 m/s.
Striking energy: 165.6 3.4 N-m
The longitudinal axis of the test piece should lie in the plane of swing of the centre of gravity of
the hammer. The notch shall be positioned so that its plane of symmetry coincides with the top
face of the grips. The notch shall be at right angle to the plane of swing of centre of gravity of
hammer.
Procedure:
1. The given specimen is fully or dimensionally prepared in a lab.
2. To locate the position of specimen where experiment will be done.
3. To set the pointer in Izod scale set.
4. Take the reading from the performance.
Observation:

S.No.

Initial
Reading

Final
Reading

No. of division
(Initial-Final Reading)

Observed Energy
(2 No. of
division)

Mean Energy
Stored

1
2
3
4
5
Result: Mean energy stored by the specimen=J

(B)
Aim: To determine the impact strength of a given specimen by charpy test.
Apparatus Used: Mild Steel Specimen, Impact testing machine
1. V-Notch

2. U-Notch

3.Keyhole Notch

Charpy Impact Test: It is single blow Impact test, in which the notched specimen is supported
at both ends, as a simple beam & broken by a falling pendulum on face opposite to and
immediately behind the notch. The energy absorbed as determined by the subsequent rise of
pendulum is a measure of impact strength or notch toughness and is expressed as N-m/m3.

10

Charpy Notched Impact test:

The test piece should be machined all over at 55 mm long and off square cross-section with 10
mm side. The notch is made at the centre of the test specimen.
The notch should be prepared carefully by any machining method like milling, shaping. The test
piece should lie squarely against the supports with the plane of the notch with in 0.5 mm at the
plane midway between them.

Specimen: A standard mild steel specimen of square section 101055 mm, with a 45 V-Notch
of 2 mm depth, provided at the centre of one side and is supported horizontally.
Procedure:
1. The given specimen is fully or dimensionally prepared on a lab.
2. To locate the position of specimen where experiment will be done.
3. To set the pointer in a charpy scale set.
4. Take the reading from the performance.
Observation:
S.No.

Initial
Reading

Final
Reading

No. of division
(Initial-Final Reading)

1
2
3
4
5
Result: Mean energy stored by the specimen=

11

Observed Energy
(2 No. of
division)

Mean Energy
Stored

BRCM COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL, BHIWANI

Lab
Manual

Practical Experiment Instructions Sheet

Exp. Title

To study the Universal testing machine and perform the tensile test.

SOM Lab

Semester-4

th

EXP. NO. 5
Page No. 1214

Aim: To study the Universal Testing Machine & perform the Tensile Test.
Requirements:
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Test specimen
3. Micrometer
4. Steel scale
Theory:
When a metal piece is loaded by tensile force, metal piece get strained due to which tensile stress
is induced in test specimen. Tensile test consists in straining a test piece by tensile stress,
generally to fracture, with a view of determining one or more of the continuously properties.
This test is done on UTM.
UTM: This machine is consists of three cross heads. Upper & Lower cross heads are rigidly
connected to columns. Lower cross heads is connected to the working piston & third cross head
can be moved up with the help of motor by rotating the threaded spindles. Specimen is fixed
between two cross heads according to tensile or compression test.
Procedure:
1. The diameter of the test piece is measured by means of a micrometer at least at three
plane and determine the mean value. The gauge length is marked.
2. Suitable scale is selected.
3. The test specimen in the grips is inserted by adjusting the cross-heads of the machine.
4. The extensometer on the test piece and set its scale dials to zero position.
5. Graph recording system is activated.
6. Machine is started and readings of dials on the extensometer is taken for a particular
value of load.
7. The rate of loading may be 10 mpc/sec initially and should be reduced to 7.5mpc/sec.
when the yield point is reached.
8. Load is applied continuously till the specimen breaks and then stop the machine.
9. Plot load vs extension diagram.

12

Observation:
L.C. of micrometer =
Original dia. of specimen (d) =
Dia after fracture (du) =
Gauge length (Lo) =
Total length after fracture (Lu) =
L.C. of extensometer =

Calculations:
Stress (Strength) = Load/Area
Percentage elongation = 100(Lu-Lo)/Lo
Percentage reduction in area = 100(Su-So)/So

13

Results:
Proportional limit, MPa
Yield strength, Mpa
Percentage elongation
Ultimate Strength, MPa
Percentage reduction in area
Breaking strength, MPa
Modulus of elasticity
(GPa)

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

14

BRCM COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL, BHIWANI

Lab
Manual

Practical Experiment Instructions Sheet

Exp. Title

To perform compression & bending tests on UTM.

SOM Lab

Semester-4

th

EXP. NO. 6
Page No. 1517

Aim: To perform Compression test & find out the compressive strength of test piece.
Requirements:
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Test piece
Theory:
Compression Test consists in straining a test piece by compression loading. Specimen for
compression test on metal are usually circular, and for concrete square, in-section. To prevent
failure by bulking, the length should be of about the same order as the minimum width. In the
ductile material distortion takes place while in case of brittle materials, usually fail by shearing.
Procedure:
1. Measure the diameter of the test piece at three different planes and take the average
value.
2. Place the specimen between middle and lower cross heads and apply the compressive
load.
3. Increase the load gradually until the specimen fails.
Observations:
Ultimate load =
Average diameter of test piece (D) =
Calculations:
Cross-sectional area =
Ultimate compressive strength =

Precautions:

15

1. The specimen should be straight and ends of specimen must be at right angle to the axis
of specimen.
2. The length of specimen has to be kept small to avoid the buckling of the specimen.

Result:
Ultimate Compressive Strength

16

Aim:

To perform bend test on universal testing machine

Apparatus: UTM machine, wooden specimen of rectangular section, bending dogs, scale.
Theory:
When a beam is subjected to a bending moment M. Bending theory relates the moment to the beams
curvature, deflection and stress.
Assumptions:
1) Small deflections
2) Linear-elastic behavior
3) Plane sections remain plane - line ab straight before and after bending
4) Pure bending - no shear or axial forces - in practice stress and deflections due to
shear and axial forces can be calculated separately and added on using superposition.
Overall simple bending equation M/I= E/R= /y
Procedure:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)

Measure the dimensions of the specimen of wood.

Note the zero error on UTM if any.
Place the wooden specimen in the lower zone (compression zone) of UTM
Fix the bending dogs in UTM.
Lower the moveable arm of the UTM so that bending dog touches the specimen
firmly.
Read the load on the machine if any.
Now apply load on the specimen with the help of loading wheel
slowly till the wooden beam breaks.
Note the load on the UTM.
Calculate moment of inertia I of the specimen.
Measure y of the beam.
Calculate the stress at rupture by using the simple bending
equation.
Find the standard value of rupture stress from the handbook.
Compare the determined and standard value and write the possible
reasons of deviations.

17

BRCM COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL, BHIWANI

Lab
Manual

Practical Experiment Instructions Sheet

Exp. Title

To perform the sheer test on UTM.

SOM Lab

Semester-4

th

EXP. NO. 7
Page No. 18

Aim: To perform the shear test on UTM.

Apparatus Used: A UTM, Specimen, shearing attachment, vernier caliper etc.
Theory: A type of force which causes or tends to cause two contiguous parts of the body to
slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact is called the shear
force. The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of cross-section, acted on by the shear
force is called shear strength.
Procedure:
The method for determining the shear strength consists of subjecting a suitable length of steel
specimen in full cross-section to double shear, using a suitable test rig, in a testing m/c under a
compressive load or tensile pull and recording the maximum load F to fracture.
Observation:
Applied compressive force (F) = ---------kgf.
Diameter of specimen = ---------mm.
Calculations:
The shear strength shall be calculated from the following formulae :
s = (F/2) / (d2/4) = 2F / d2
where d is the actual diameter of the specimen
Conclusion: Shear strength of specimen = --------

18

BRCM COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL, BHIWANI

Lab
Manual

Practical Experiment Instructions Sheet

Exp. Title

To study the torsion testing machine and perform the torsion test.

EXP. NO. 8

SOM Lab

Semester-4th

Page No. 19-22

Aim: To study the Torsion Testing Machine & perform torsion test.
Requirements:
1. Torsion Testing Machine
2. Specimen
3. Micrometer
4. Steel Scale
Theory:
A circular cylindrical shaft is said to be subjected to pure torsion when the torsion is caused by a
couple, so that the axis of the applied couple coincides with the axis of the shaft. In such a case
the state of stress at any point in the cross-section of the shaft is pure shear.
Torsional formula is given by:
T/J = t/r = G/L
Where,
T= Twisting Moment
J= Polar M.O.I. of original cross-section
t= Shear Stress induced in specimen
r= Radius of original cross-section
G= Modulus of Rigidity
= Angle of Twist
L= Parallel length of initial specimen
Procedure:
1. Measure the diameter of the test piece of four different planes on its parallel length by
using a Micrometer. At each plane measure the diameter at right angle to each other.
2. Measure the parallel length of the test piece.
3. Insert the test piece in the grips of the machine.
4. Select a suitable scale on the digital indicator and adjust the initial torque and angle of
twist reading to zero position.
5. Apply the torque on specimen with the driving chuck. To activate the driving chuck,
switch on the. Electrical lever control, with this, the test specimen start twisting and with
the increased load, the digital display on the digital indicator unit progressed.

19

6. Torque is applied until specimen breaks and maximum torque that sample has taken is
read out from Digital Indicator unit by pressing the PEAK push button.
7. Angle of twist is noted from Angle of twist measuring wheel after the specimen has
failed.
8. Initially a line may be marked parallel to the length of the test piece to visually see the
helix formation.
Observations:1. Material of test specimen=
2. Least count of micrometer=
3. Parallel length of test specimen=
4. Diameter:
5. Maximum torque (N-m) =
6. Breaking torque (N-m) =
7. Angle of twist
=

20

21

Calculations:Modulus of rupture ts = Tr/J

Modulus of rigidity G = Tl/J
Where:
T= Maximum twisting moment.
r= Original outer radius of specimen
J= Polar moment of inertia of the original cross-section
= Angle of twist
l= Parallel length of specimen.
Results:1.Maximum torque=
2.Breaking torque=
3.Total angle of twist to fracture
4.Modulus of rupture=
5.Modulus of rigidity=

22

BRCM COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL, BHIWANI

Lab
Manual

Practical Experiment Instructions Sheet

Exp. Title

To determine Mechanical Advantage and Efficiency of Single and

Double Purchase Winch Crab.

SOM Lab

Semester-4th

EXP. NO. 9

Page No. 23-25

Aim: To determine Mechanical Advantage and Efficiency of Single and Double Purchase
Winch Crab.
Apparatus used: Winch crab apparatus, weights.
Theory: Winch crab is a kind of lifting m/c in which velocity ratio obtained by employing spur
gears. This m/c. is basically used on boats ships to raise starboard or tightening rope and on
bridges and dam to operate lockage. These are classified as:
1. Single purchase Winch crab.
2. Double purchase Winch Crab
Single Purchase Winch Crab :- It consists of two parallel spindles, upper one called effort
spindle and lower one is called as load spindle. One effort spindle a small touched wheel pinion
is mounted in such a way that pinion and a lever is attached to apply the effort. On load spindle,
a large toothed wheel known as spur wheel is mounted in such a way that pinion meshes with it.
The load spindle also carries a cylinder of dia d. Both the spindles are suitably mounted on a
rigid frame. A rope is wound round the cylinder while load is attached on the other end,
Let,
P = Effort applied
W = load lifted
Tp = No. of teeth on pinion
Tw = No. of teeth on wheel
l = length of the lever arm
d = diameter of the cylinder
Suppose, lever arm is rotated by one revolution
Therefore distance moved by effort = 2l
The pinion will also make one revolution and the spur wheel makes Tp/Tw rev.
Distance moved by load in Tp/Tw revolutions of spur wheel = d * Tp/Tw
Velocity ratio = Distance moved by effort / Distance moved load.

23

= 2l / d * Tw / Tp
= 2l / d * Tw / Tp
M. A. = W / P
Double Purchase Winch Crab :- In this case to obtain velocity ratio compound gear train is
used, because intermediately gears are compound wheel mounted on the same shaft. Other
arrangements are similar to that of single purchase winch crab.
Let,
T1 & T3 = No. of teeth on pinion.
T2 & T4 = No. of teeth on the spur wheels.
l = Length of the lever
d = Dia.of the load spindle
W = Load lifted,
P = Effort applied to lift the load, at the end of the handle.
For one revolution of lever, distance moved by effort is 2l,
No. of revolutions made by spur wheel of load spindle can be calculated by considering it a case
of compound by train.
Therefore No. of revolutions made by the pinion-1 = 1
And no. of revolutions made by the wheel-2 = T1 / T2 = revolution of pinion-3
And no. of revolutions made by the wheel-4 = T1xT3/T2xT4
Distance moved by load = d x T1xT3/T2xT4
V.R. = 2l / d * T2xT4 / T1xT3
Procedure:
1. Count the number of teeth of the pinion A and spur gear B.
2. Measure the circumference of pulley and of load drum with a string and meter rod or
measure the diameter with an outside caliper.
3. Wrap the string round the effort pulley and the other free end of the string will carry the
effort.
4. Wrap another string round the load drum to carry load W in such a manner so that as the
effort is applied, the load is lifted up.
5. Suspend a load W on the string of the load drum and put the weights in the effort pan so
that load start moving up gradually.
6. Note down the values of W and P and calculate the M.A., V.R. and efficiency.
7. Increase the load W and again find the value of P.
8. In this way take at least six reading at different values of load.
9. Plot the graph between W & P and W & Efficiency.
10. Take W along horizontal axis.
11. Repeat the same procedure for double winch crab.

24

Observation:
For single winch crab:
S.No.

Load (W) Effort

in Nt.

Distance

(P) in Nt. moved

effort

Distance
V.R.
moved
by
by load

M.A.

Efficiency

M.A.

Efficiency

For double winch crab:

S.No.

Load (W) Effort

in Nt.

Distance

(P) in Nt. moved

effort

Distance
by moved
load

Calculations:
M.A. = W/P
V.R. =
Efficiency = M.A./V.R

Conclusion: Hence the winch crab is studied.

25

V.R.
by

BRCM COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL, BHIWANI

Lab
Manual

Practical Experiment Instructions Sheet

Exp. Title

To determine Mechanical Advantage, V.R. and Efficiency of worm

and worm gear of single, double and triple start.

EXP. NO. 10

SOM Lab

Semester-4th

Page No. 26-28

Aim: To determine Mechanical Advantage, V.R. and Efficiency of worm and worm gear of
single, double and triple start.
Apparatus: Worm and worm gear of single, double and triple start and weights.
Theory: As the pulley of the worm moves through n revolutions, n teeth of the wheel pass
completely through the worm. If there are N teeth in the worm wheel, then N revolutions will
have to be given to the pulley of the worm to rotate completely the worm wheel. So that if the
effort applied at the pulley of the worm moves through N revolution the load is raised up by the a
distance equal to the length of the circumference of the pulley of the worm wheel.
So that velocity ratio is
N x circumference of pulley of worm
Circumference of pulley of worm wheel

26

Procedure:
1. Wrap the string round the pulley of the worm the free end of which is to be tied to the effort.
2. Wrap another string to carry the load round the pulley the worm wheel in such a manner that
as the effort is applied the load is lifted up.
3. Suspend a small weight (w) through the free end of the second string and suspend another
weight (p) through the free end of the first string which should just move the load upward.
4. Note w and P, so that mechanical advantage is given by W/ P
5. Increase the load (w) gradually and increase the effort (p) correspondingly and take in this
way about seven readings.
6. Measure the circumference of the pulley of the worm and also that of the worm wheel.
7. The percentage efficiency is given by W x 100 /PV
8. Plot a graph between w and p.
9. The same procedure can be followed for single, double and triple start worm and worm wheel.
Observations :
1. Circumference of pulley of the worm (2R1) = _________ cm.
2. Circumference of pulley of the worm wheel (2R2) =_________ cm.
3. No of teeth in the worm wheel (N) =
4. Velocity ratio for single start= (N x 2R1)/ ((2R2)*1)
5. Velocity ratio for double start= (N x 2R1)/ ((2R2)*2)
6. Velocity ratio for triple start= (N x 2R1)/ ((2R2)*3)
Observations Table for single start:
S. No.

Weight
Lifted (W)

Effort Applied
(P)

Mech. Adv. =
W/P

1
2
3
4
5
6

27

Velocity
Ratio

% Efficiency
=W/PV x 100

Observations Table for double start:

S. No.

Weight
Lifted (W)

Effort Applied
(P)

Mech. Adv. =
W/P

Velocity
Ratio

% Efficiency
=W/PV x 100

Mech. Adv. =
W/P

Velocity
Ratio

% Efficiency
=W/PV x 100

1
2
3
4
5
6
Observations Table for triple start:
S. No.

Weight
Lifted (W)

Effort Applied
(P)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Conclusion: Hence the efficiency of single, double and triple worm and worm wheel is
completed.

28

BRCM COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL, BHIWANI

Lab
Manual

Practical Experiment Instructions Sheet

Exp. Title

To determine the M.A., V.R. and efficiency of a square thread screw

jack and plot a graph between W and P and W and efficiency.

EXP. NO. 11

SOM Lab

Semester-4th

Page No. 29- 31

Aim: To determine the M.A., V .R. and efficiency of a square thread screw jack and plot a
graph between W and P and W and efficiency.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Apparatus used:
Screw Jack Apparatus
Slotted & Conical Weights
Nylon String
Meter Rod & Pan

29

Theory:
This machine is used for lifting heavy load with the application of a smaller effort. It may have
different shapes but the principle is same I, e, it works on the principle of a screw. The screw
head carries the load w. the nut is fixed and the screw is rotated by means of a lever. The effort p
is applied at the screw is rotated by means of a lever. The effort p is applied at the end of the
lever. Please see fig.
Now if the screw head revolves through n number of revolutions, the load w placed on the screw
head will move by a distance p x n, where p is the pitch of the screw thread. The effort p will
move a distance n x 2 R, where 2r is the circumference of the screw head over which P is
coming.
There fore
V = Distance moved by the effort P
Distance moved by the load W
= n x 2 R = 2R
nxp
p
Procedure:
1. Wrap on string round the circumference of the screw head and take it over a small pulley .
Effort p1 is tied to the free end of this string.
2. Wrap another string around the circumference of the screw head in the same direction in
which the above string is wounded and take it over the other small pulley.
3. Place a load w on the screw head.
4. Suspend p1 and p2 to the free ends of both the strings coming over the two small pulleys. This
load p1 and p2 should be increased gradually suitable to give a just upward motion to the load
w placed on the screw head.
5. Note down w and p to determine the M.A. i.e w/p. in this case p1+p2 will be the value of p.
6. p1 and p2 should be noted down carefully.
7. Take in this way about 10 reading by increasing w and finding out the corresponding value of
P(p1+p2).
8. Measure the circumference of the screw head.
9. Measure the pitch i.e. the distance between the two consecutive threads.

30

Observations
1. Circumference of the screw Head = 2R=
2. Pitch =

S. No.

Load
Lifted Effort P1 Effort P2 Total
Upward W
Effort
P1+P2

M.A.
W/P

= Velocity
Ratio V

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Conclusion: Hence efficiency of the screw jack is determined as ___________.

31

Percentage
Efficiency