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Lecture01 Os 13fall

This document provides an overview of operating systems concepts including early systems, generations of operating systems, MULTICS, modern classifications based on use, the role and components of an operating system, and key concepts like processes, threads, files, and system calls. It covers early mainframe systems, the development of personal computers and various types of modern operating systems, and discusses operating systems from the perspective of an abstraction that hides complexity and a resource manager that facilitates efficient use of computer resources.

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Özgür Kayiş
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61 views20 pages

Lecture01 Os 13fall

This document provides an overview of operating systems concepts including early systems, generations of operating systems, MULTICS, modern classifications based on use, the role and components of an operating system, and key concepts like processes, threads, files, and system calls. It covers early mainframe systems, the development of personal computers and various types of modern operating systems, and discusses operating systems from the perspective of an abstraction that hides complexity and a resource manager that facilitates efficient use of computer resources.

Uploaded by

Özgür Kayiş
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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When we start?

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Operating Systems, Beykent University

Early Systems

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Operating Systems, Beykent University

Second Generation

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Operating Systems, Beykent University

Third Generation

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Operating Systems, Beykent University

MULTICS

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Operating Systems, Beykent University

Fourth Generation ...


Personal computers and workstations
MS-DOS , Linux, Windows NT
Massively parallel systems

Pipelining
Array processing / SIMD
General multiprocessing / MIMD
Symmetric multiprocessing / SMP

Computer networks (communication aspect) network


operating systems
Distributed computing distributed operating systems
Cluster computing, grid computing, etc.
Mobile computing (mobile operating systems)
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Operating Systems, Beykent University

Modern classification based on use

Low-end consumer desktop


Assumes no intelligence on part of the user
Focuses on hardware and software compatibility

High-end desktop
User is smart but may not be very computer savvy
Must provide good performance for applications, such as CAD/CAM
Provide hardware and software compatibility

Real-time systems
User is professional programmer
Focus on performance, defined response time, easy extendable hardware support, and
programming control

Embedded systems

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Closed box system to do specific functions well


No expansion slots (standard machine has multiple standard interfaces)
Limited applications
Turn it on and use it (standard host enables all components, scans every interface, and is ready
to run multiple apps)

Operating Systems, Beykent University

Where is Operating System?

ABSTRACTION
- Simple, easier to use
interface (machineindependent)
- Hiding of unnecessary
details
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Operating Systems, Beykent University

Operating System modes

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Operating Systems, Beykent University

Example OS: UNIX


- developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs.
- was first developed in assembly, but by 1973 almost entirely recoded in C.

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Two different views of an OS


Extended machine view
Virtual machine that is easier to understand and
program
Tool to make programmers job easy
Resource manager view
Tool to facilitate efficient operation of computer
system
Provides services to users; processor, memory,
I/O, system bus
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Elements of an OS
Processor/CPU
Controls the operations of computer and performs data processing functions
Exchanges data with memory using memory address register and memory buffer
register
Exchanges data with I/O devices using I/O address register and I/O buffer register
Main memory/Primary memory
Stores data and programs
Typically volatile
I/O modules
Moves data between a computer and external environment
Communicates with a variety of devices including secondary memory (disks),
communications equipment, and
terminals
System bus
Provides for communications among processors, main memory, and I/O modules

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OS Main Components
Process management
process creation; deletion; suspension
process synchronization; communication

Main-memory management
Manage used parts and their current users
Select processes to load
Allocate memory to running processes

Secondary storage management


Free-space management
Storage allocation
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OS Main Components
File system management
File + directory creation; deletion
File manipulation primitives
Mapping files onto secondary storage

I/o system management


general device-driver interface
Drivers for specific hardware devices

Protection system
Distinguish between authorized and unauthorized
usage
Provide means of enforcement

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OS Concepts - Program
Program
Collection of instructions and data kept in ordinary
file on disk
Executable program, complete code output by
linker/loader, with input from libraries
Generated from source program and object code

The file is marked as executable in the i-node


File contents are arranged according to rules
established by the kernel
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OS Concepts - Process
Processes
Created by kernel as an
environment in which a program
executes
May be stopped and later
restarted by the OS
Process may acquire resources
(more memory, open files) not
present in the program
Process Tree: Child and parent
processes
Communication between
processes through messages
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OS Concepts - Threads
Threads
Stream of instruction execution; running instance
of a process code
A dispatchable unit of work to provide intraprocess concurrency
A process may have multiple threads of execution
in parallel, each thread executing sequentially
Threads may execute in time-sharing manner on a
single CPU, on multiple cores concurrently, or on
multiple CPUs
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OS Concepts - Files
Files

Root directory

Services of file management system to


hide disk/tape specifics
System calls for file management
Directory to group files together
Organized as a hierarchical tree
Root directory
Path name
Path name separator
Working directory
Protection of files (9-bit code in Unix
rwx bits)
File descriptor or handle small integer
to identify a file in subsequent
operations, error code to indicate access
denied

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Students

Faculty

Amnon

Gil

Operating Systems, Beykent University

Or
Roni
Papers

Progs

Grants

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OS Concepts System Calls


System calls
Interface between user program and operating system
Set of extended instructions provided by the
operating system
Applied to various software objects like processes and
files
Invoked by user programs to communicate with the
kernel and request services
Broadly divided into six classes:
filesystem (open), process (fork), scheduling (priocntl), IPC
(semop), socket/networking (bind), and miscellaneous (time)
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A System Call

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