Member Member Member Member Behavior Behavior Behavior Behavior

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CE 72.

52 Advanced Concrete

Lecture 4a:

Member
Behavior

((Beams and Columns))


August - 2014

Naveed Anwar

Executive Director, AIT Consulting


Director, ACECOMS
Affiliate Faculty, Structural Engineering, AIT

Loads:

x
Upper Column

MomentsMz ,My,Px attwo


ends

Geometry:

Px

Length,XSection
L th X S ti
AdjoiningMembers

My2

Mz2

Upper End
Column

Material:
Concretestrength
RebarStrength
g

Lower End

Connecting
Beams in Z-Axis

My1

Lower Column
Connecting
Beams in Y-Axis

a) Basic Model

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Px

Mz1

a) Column Loads

Solution

Loads

Material
Shape&Size
Reinforcement

a)IdealSituation
a) Ideal Situation

Loads

TrialMaterial
Trial
Material
TrialShape&Size
TrialReinforcement

Design

Repeat

b)PracticalSituation
b) Practical Situation
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Acceptable
No

Yes

Loading
+P,P,Mx,My
+P P Mx My

Slenderness
Length(Short,Long,VeryLong)
g (
,
g,
y
g)
Bracing(Sway,NonSway,Braced,Unbraced)
Framing(Pin,Fixed,Free,Intermediate..)

Section
Geometry(Rectangular,Circular,Complex..)
Materials(Steel,Concrete,Composite)
Materials (Steel Concrete Composite )

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

EstimateCrosssection
basedonThumbRules

ComputeMu

Compute
DesignMoment
Design Moment

Check
Slenderness
Ratio
NotSlender

Slender

NotOK

Compute
SectionCapacityMn
Mn>Mu

Design
Completed

Determinethe
Determine
the
LayoutofRebars

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Y
Compute
TransverseBars

ReeviseSectio
on/Material

GivenP,Mux,Muy
,fc,fy,L

Assumesectiondimensions
ComputeDesignActions
C
t D i A ti
Elasticanalysisresultsandmagnificationofmomentsdueto
slenderness,minimumeccentricitiesetc
Directdeterminationofdesignactionsusing
PDeltaorfullnonlinearanalysis

CheckCapacityforDesignActions
Check Capacity for Design Actions
Assumefailurecriteria
Assumemateriallayoutandmaterialmodels
Computecapacityandcheckagainstactions

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

My

Mx

Thecurveisgeneratedby
varyingtheneutralaxis
depth

Nnx fc ( )da fsi Asi


i 1
A

Nb

Mny fc ( )da.dz fsi Asidzi


i 1
z A

Nb

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Unsafe
Safe
f

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

10

Howdowecheckcapacitywhentherearethreesimultaneous
actions and three interaction stress resultants
actionsandthreeinteractionstressresultants
Given:Pu,Mux,Muy
Available:PnMnxMnySurface

WecanusetheconceptofCapacityRatio,butwhichratio
Pu/PnorMux/MnsorMuy/Mnyor

ThreemethodsforcomputingCapacityRatio
SumofMomentRatiosatPu
MomentVectorRatioatPu
Moment Vector Ratio at Pu
PMvectorRatio

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

MxMy curveisplottedatappliedaxialload,Pu
SumoftheRatiosofMomentiseachdirectiongivesthe
S
f th R ti
fM
ti
h di ti
i
th
CapacityRatio

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

MxMy curveisplottedatappliedaxialload
RatioofM
R ti f Muxy vectortoM
t t Mnxy vectorgivestheCapacityRatio
t
i
th C
it R ti

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

PM Curveisplottedinthedirectionoftheresultantmoment
RatioofP
R ti f PuMuxy vectortoP
t t PnMuxy vectorgivestheCapacityRatio
t
i
th C
it R ti

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Themembercapacityisbasedonthecapacityofcrosssection
at various locations along the member length
atvariouslocationsalongthememberlength
Themembercapacityisalmostalwayslessthancrosssection
capacityatcriticallocation
p y
Thereductioninmembercapacityisduetothestability
considerations,PDeltaeffectsandnonlinearityinmember
behavior,effectofboundaryconditionsandinteractionwith
otherloadconfigurationetc.

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Moment
Amplification

e
P

Capacity
Reduction

I
e

II
C

D=f(Mc)

I.Mc =P.e
ShortColumn

II:Mc =P(e+D)
LongColumn

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

ColumnCapacity(PM)

OverallObjective
Toestimatemagnificationoftheelasticactionsduetogeometricand
o est ate ag cat o o t e e ast c act o s due to geo et c a d
materialin elasticityornon linearity.
P

RealSituation

GeometricEffectAlone
G
i Eff Al
MaterialEffectAlone

M M0 +PD
M=M
PD

o basedonE0Ig
CrackingIg Ief
basedon(EI)modified (NonlinearEc)

CorrectApproach

N
Nonlinearanalysisthatincludeseffectofgeometricandmaterialnon
li
l i th t i l d
ff t f
ti
d t i l
linearityofentirestructure

ApproximateApproach
MomentmagnificationfactorM= Mo
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Themomentduetoaxialload
multipliedbydeflectionat
eachpointalongthelength
Thedeflectionisanintegration
of total moment diagram
oftotalmomentdiagram,
dividedbystiffnessateach
pointalongthelength

M Lt M L 0 P L
L

EI

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

dx

M x dx
Ex I x

EffectiveLength
Lengthusedformomentintegration
Length used for moment integration
EndFramingandBoundaryConditions
LateralBracingConditions

EffectiveStiffness

CrosssectionsDimensionsandProportions
ReinforcementamountandDistribution
ModulusofElasticityofConcreteandSteel
CreepandSustainedLoads
p

Loads
AxialLoad
EndMomentsandMomentsalongtheLength
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

WhatisSlenderness?
WhentheBucklingLoadcontrolsUltimateCapacity
When the Buckling Load controls Ultimate Capacity
orSecondaryMomentsbecomeSignificant
P

ACIDefinitionofSlenderness
BracedFrames
Kl/r>3212(M1b/M2b)
Unbraced Frames
Kl/r>22
Kl/r > 22

Mc = Mc + P.c

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

TheMomentandStress
AmplificationFactorsare
derivedonthebasisofpin
endedcolumnswithsingle
moment curvature
momentcurvature.
(Cm=1.0)
ForotherMoment
For other Moment
Distribution,thecorrection
factorCmneedstobe
computedtomodifythe
stressamplification.
C
Cm=0.4to1.0
04 t 10

M1
C m 0 .6 0 .4
0 .4
M2
M

M1/M2
P iti
Positive

M1/M2
Negative

M1isthesmallerEnd
Moment
M2isthelargerEndMoment

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

M1

M2

M2
M1=M
M
M2 =M

M1
M1 =0
0
M2 =M

M1
1
M2

M1
0
M2

Cm = 1 0
Cm=1.0

Cm = 0 6
Cm=0.6

M2

M1
M1 =M
M
M2 =M
M1
1
M2

Cm = 0 4
Cm=0.4

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

M1

M2
M1 =0
0
M1
0
M2

Cm = 0 6
Cm=0.6

EI

Ab

0.2EC I g Es I se

or

1 d
0.4EC I g

yb

1 d

Attempttoinclude,
Cracking,VariableE,Creepeffect
Cracking, Variable E, Creep effect
Geometricandmaterialnonlinearity

Ig =GrossMomentofInertia
Ise =MomentofInertiaofrebars
M
fI
i f b
d =Effectofcreepforsustainedloads.

=Pud/Pu

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

bh
12

I se Ab . y b2

ToaccountforAxialFlexuralBuckling
Indicatesthetotalbentlengthofcolumnbetween
I di t th t t l b t l th f l
b t
inflectionpoints
Canvaryfrom0.5toInfinity
Can vary from 0 5 to Infinity
Mostcommonrange0.75to2.0

0.5

1.0

0.5 - 1.0

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

2.0

1.0 -

Unbraced
Frames

Braced
Frames
(
(smallerof)
ll
f)

20 G m
K
1 Gm
20

K 0 .9 (1 G m )

for G m 2

for G m 2

K 0 .7 0 .05 (GT G B ) 1 .0
K 0 .85 0 .05 G m 1 .0

( EI / LC )
Columns
( EI / L)
Beams
K G
G Increase, K Increases

MembersPartofFramedStructure
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

GT Top End
GB Bottom End
Gm Minimum of GT and GB

( EI / lC )
( EI / l )

Columns
Beams
Increase, K Increases
B1

Howabout
How about I
I Gross?Cracked?Effective?
Gross? Cracked? Effective?
ACIRulesBeamsI=0.35Ig,ColumnI=0.7Ig

E ( I C 1 I C 2)
Example T
E ( I B1 I B 2 )
Eforcolumnandbeamsmaybedifferent
E for column and beams may be different
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

C2
B2

C1
B3

B4
C3

Lc

Swayisdependentuponthestructuralconfiguration
as well as type of loading
aswellastypeofloading

Non Sway
NonSway

Sway

ForNonswayFrames(Veryrigidorbraced)

ForSwayFrames(Openframes,notbraced,
dependsonloadsalso)
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

May be Sway
MaybeSway

s
ns

s
ns

1 .0
1 .0

1 .0
1 .0

Appreciablerelativemomentoftwoendsofcolumn

DT

Sway 0

T B

SwayLimits

a ) EI Bracing

DB
walls

6 EI Columns

PU 0
b)
0 . 05
VU l C
c)

lc

lc

Mm
1 . 05
M

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Frameconsidered
Frame
considered
asNonSway

BracedColumn(NonSway)

Unbraced Column(Sway)

Mostbuildingcolumnsmay
beconsideredNonSway
forgravityloads
Morethan40%ofcolumns
i b ildi
inbuildingsareNonSway
N S

for lateralloads
MomentMagnificationfor
Moment Magnification for
Swaycaseismore
significant,more
complicatedandmore
important

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

TheMomentMagnifierMethod

AnApproximateMethodtoaccountforSlendernessEffects
An
Approximate Method to account for Slenderness Effects
MaybeusedinsteadofPDAnalysis
NottobeusedwhenKl/r>100
SeparateMagnificationforSwayandNonSwayLoadCases
SeparateMagnificationFactorsformomentabouteachaxis
Moment magnification generally 1 2 to 2 5 times
Momentmagnificationgenerally1.2to2.5times
Mostlysuitableforbuildingcolumns

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

LargerNon SwayMoment
Final
Design
Moment

L
LargerSwayMoment
S
M
t

ns

ns

Magnificationof
Magnification
of
momentthatdonot
causesway

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

M s

Magnificationof
Magnification
of
momentthat
causesway

M m M ns ns M s s
MagnificationFactorforMoments
that do not cause sway
thatdonotcausesway
BasicEquation

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Cm
ns
Pu
1
0.75 PC

Moment curvature
Coefficient

Equation 10-12
ACI 318-11

Applied column load

Critical buckling load

PC

((EI
EI )
2

( KlU )

Flexural Stiffness

Effective Length Factor


Calculationofns(NonSway)
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Equation 10-13
ACI 318-11

M m M ns ns M s s
MagnificationFactorforMoments
thatcausesway
BasicEquation
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Equation 10-20
ACI 318-11

SwayQuotient

Pu 0
1
a) s
1.0 where Q
1 Q
Vu lc
If

Equation 10-10
ACI 318-11

s 1.5 then
h

1
b) s
1
Pu
1
0.75 Pc

Equation 10-21
ACI 318-11
318 11

SumofCriticalBucklingLoadof
allcolumnsinfloor
Determinationofds (Sway)
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Sumofcolumnloadsinonefloor

Pu 0
Q
Vu lc

Relativedisplacement
DeterminedfromFrameAnalysis
Storeyheight
Storey shear(sumof
shearinallcolumns)

PC

2 ( EI )

FlexuralStiffness

( KlU ) 2
Effective Length Factor
EffectiveLengthFactor

SwayQuotientQandPc
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

LargerNon SwayMoment
Larger Sway Moment
LargerSwayMoment

FinalDesignMoment

Equation 10-12
ACI 318-11

Equation 10-16
ACI
C 318-11

C m 0 .6 0 .4

M1
0 .4
M2

ns

ns

ns

M s

Cm

Pu
1
0 . 75 PC

a) s

( EI )

b) s

PC

( Kl U ) 2

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

1
1 .0
Pu 0
1
Vu lc

If s 1.5 then
th
1
1
Pu
1
0.75 Pc

AccordingtoACI31811Code:
For
ForBracedFrames(Nonsway)
Braced Frames (Non sway)
Kl/r>3412(M1b/M2b)
ForUnbracedFrames(Sway)
Kl/r>22
OrWhenSecondaryMomentsbecomeSignificant

Th
Theseprovisionsdonotconsiderotherfactors,suchasP,
ii
d
t
id
th f t
h P
lateraldeflection,lateralloads,sectionmaterialorproperties

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

ComputationofSlendernessEffectsfor3columnsectionsfor
different axial load and lengths
differentaxialloadandlengths
A=30x30cm
B=40x40cm
C=80x80cm

Braced(NonSway)framesassumingshearwallspreventlarge
l t l di l
lateraldisplacements
t

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Load
Range

Length

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

ColumnCrossSection=30cmx30cmreinforcedwith6d20
ConnectingMembers
Connecting Members
BeamonRight:
Length=5m
Crosssection=30cmx50cm
Cross section = 30cmx50cm

BeamonLeft:
Length=3m
Crosssection=30cmx50cm
Cross section 30cmx50cm

ColumnAbove
Length=3m
Crosssection=40cmx40cm
C
ti
40
40

FixedatBase
Thecolumnispartofanonswaystructure
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

kl/r=14.5

kl/r=28.9

kl/r=47.7

A30 Variationinkl/r
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

kl/r=38.1

kl/r=57.3

Mo
oment Magn
nification Fac
ctor

Variation of Moment Magnification with Axial Load for Various


kl/r ratios
3
kl/r=28.9

2.5

kl/r=38.1

kl/r=47.7

1.5

kl/r=57.3

kl/r=14.5

0.5
0
0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

Normalize d Axia l Loa d Pu/Pno

30 cm

A30 MomentMagnification
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

30 cm

ColumnCrossSection=40cmx40cmreinforcedwith6d20
ConnectingMembers
Connecting Members
BeamonRight:
Length=5m
Crosssection=30cmx50cm
Cross section = 30cmx50cm

BeamonLeft:
Length=3m
Crosssection=30cmx50cm
Cross section 30cmx50cm

ColumnAbove
Length=3m
Crosssection=40cmx40cm
C
ti
40
40

FixedatBase
Thecolumnispartofanonswaystructure
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

kl/r=11

kl/r=22

kl/r=36.2

B40 Variationinkl/r
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

kl/r=29

kl/r=43.4

Variation of Moment Magnification with Axial Load for


Various kl/r ratios

Moment Ma
agnification
n
Fac
ctor

1.6
15
1.5
1.4

kl/r=11

1.3

kl/r=22

1.2

kl/r=29
kl/r
29

1.1

kl/r=36.2

kl/r=43.4

0.9
0.8
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Normalized Axial Load Pn/Pu

40 cm

B40 MomentMagnification
40 cm
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

ColumnCrossSection=80cmx80cmreinforcedwith6d20
ConnectingMembers
Connecting Members
BeamonRight:
Length=5m
Crosssection=30cmx50cm
Cross section = 30cmx50cm

BeamonLeft:
Length=3m
Crosssection=30cmx50cm
Cross section 30cmx50cm

ColumnAbove
Length=3m
Crosssection=40cmx40cm
C
ti
40
40

FixedatBase
Thecolumnispartofanonswaystructure
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

kl/r 5 5
kl/r=5.5

kl/r 11 2
kl/r=11.2

kl/r=18.6

C80 Variationinkl/r
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

kl/r 14 9
kl/r=14.9

kl/r=22.4

Mo
oment Magnification
or
Facto

Variation of Moment Magnification with Axial Load for Various


kl/r ratios
1.09
1
09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1
0.99
0.20

kl/r=5.5
kl/r=11.2
kl/r=14.9
kl/r=18.6
kl/r=22.4

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

Normalized Axial Load Pn/Pu


80 cm

C80 MomentMagnification
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

80 cm

SpecialConsiderations
Limited
Limitedsizeandshapeduetoarchitecturalandspaceconstraints
size and shape due to architectural and space constraints
Generallyveryhighaxialload,speciallyinlowerfloorsofhighrise
buildings
Considerationofdifferentialaxialshortening
Considerationofslendernesseffects,speciallyinsway(unbraced)
frames
Presenceofbiaxialmomentsinthecornercolumnsduetogravityloads
andallcolumnsduetodiagonalwindorseismicloaddirection
Useofhighstrengthconcreteandrelatedspecialconsiderations
Use of high strength concrete and related special considerations
Requireshighductilityinseismiczones

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Step1.Carryoutframeanalysisseparatelyforallmajorload
cases

Deadloads
Liveloads
Windloads
Seismicloads

Step2.SelectaCriticalfloor
St 2 S l t C iti l fl
(maximumheight,maximumloads,maximumdeflectionetc.)

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Step3.CalculateFactoredLoadforvariousload
combinations
1)1.4D+1.7L
2) 1 05D +1 3L +1 3W
2)1.05D+1.3L+1.3W
3)0.9D+1.3W

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Step4.Foreachloadcombination,Checkswayconditions

PU 0
Q
VU l C

Equation 10-10
ACI 318
318-11
11

PU PU 1 PU 2 PU 3......
0 T B
VU VU 1 VU 2 VU 3 .......

lC Clear storey height average

If Q 0 . 05 : Non sway case


Q 0 . 05 : Sway Case
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

DT
PU1

PU2

PU3

PU4
lC

VU1

VU1

VU1

VU1
DB

Step5.DetermineMagnifiedMomentforeachloadcombination
IfcombinationisnonswaythenM
If combination is non sway then Mm =Md
=M dns
Ifcombinationis
If combination is Sway
Sway thenM
then Mm =M
Mns +M
+ Ms ds
s

usually1.05D+1.3L+1.3W
Nonswaypartof
combination1.05D+1.3L

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Swaypartof
yp
combination1.3W

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

59

TheprogramcanincludethePDeltaeffectsinalmostallNon
linear analysis types
linearanalysistypes
SpecificPDeltaanalysiscanalsobecarriedout
The PDelta
Deltaanalysisbasicallyconsidersthegeometric
analysis basically considers the geometric
TheP
nonlineareffectsdirectly
Thematerialnonlineareffectscanbehandledbymodification
ofcrosssectionproperties
TheBucklingAnalysisisnotthesameasPDeltaAnalysis
NomagnificationofmomentsisneededifPDeltaAnalysishas
beencarriedout

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2014,Dr.Naveed Anwar

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