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Fluid Statics PDF

This document discusses hydrostatic forces, buoyancy, and stability of submerged and floating bodies. It covers hydrostatic forces on plane and curved surfaces. The buoyancy principle, known as Archimedes's law, states that the buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced. Applications include calculating buoyant force and using a hydrometer. The stability of submerged and floating bodies depends on the relative positions of the center of gravity and center of buoyancy. Metacentric height determines stability, with positive values indicating stability and negative values instability. Examples are provided for calculating hydrostatic forces and stability.

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315 views9 pages

Fluid Statics PDF

This document discusses hydrostatic forces, buoyancy, and stability of submerged and floating bodies. It covers hydrostatic forces on plane and curved surfaces. The buoyancy principle, known as Archimedes's law, states that the buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced. Applications include calculating buoyant force and using a hydrometer. The stability of submerged and floating bodies depends on the relative positions of the center of gravity and center of buoyancy. Metacentric height determines stability, with positive values indicating stability and negative values instability. Examples are provided for calculating hydrostatic forces and stability.

Uploaded by

ratnabooks
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS CVG 2116

FLUID STATICS Part 2


(HYDROSTATICS)

Ioan NISTOR
[email protected]

3.4 Hydrostatic forces on plane surfaces

NOTE!!
CVG 2116

(x, y)
y

(xcp, ycp)

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(x, y)
(xcp, ycp)

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(x, y)
(xcp, ycp)

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(x, y)
y

(xcp, ycp)

CVG 2116

Centroids and moments of areas of plane surfaces

CVG 2116

3.4 Hydrostatic forces on plane surfaces - Example


Example: An elliptic gate covers the end of a 4m diameter pipe. If the gate is
hinged at the top, what normal force is required to open the gate when water
is 8 m deep above the top of the pipe (Neglect the weight of the gate.)
Calculation of the hydrostatic force

(ellipse with major and minor axis of

5 and 4m,

respectively)

F = pA; F =10m x water x A (A = ab) = 1.541MN


Calculation of coordinates of the pressure centre
and y =12.5m ?
(inclined distance)

ycp- y = 0.125m.
At equilibrium Mhinge=0;

F
(xcp,ycp)

(x, y)

F x 2.625m F x 5m = 0 F = 809kN
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3.5 Hydrostatic forces on curved surfaces

A.

B.

Example: AB is a circular arc with a 2m radius and a width of 1m. Calculate the
magnitude and direction of the force acting on the AB surface.
2m

Fx=FAC= pA =5m x water x 2m2= 98.1kN

4m

Fy=W+FCB; FCB=po A = water x 4m x 2m2=78.5kN;


C

W = water x VABC=30.8kN;
Fy=W + FCB=109.3kN;

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3.5 Hydrostatic forces on curved surfaces - continuation


2m

The coordinates of the pressure center


ycp for the horizontal component
ycp=5.067m

4m

1
1 23
12
5 21

xcp for the vertical component (MC=0)


xcpFy=FBC x 1m+W x xW (Appendix A.1)
xcp=0.957m

x w = 4r 3

Therefore, the horizontal force is


The magnitude F = 146.9kN
The direction = 48o
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3.6 Buoyancy principle


Archimedes Principle: for an object partially or completely submerged in a fluid,
there is a net upward force (buoyant force) equal to the weight of displaced fluid.

F=(Vb+Va), or Vb the volume of the body (ABCD)


Va the volume of water above the body (ABCFE)
F= Va,
FB=F-F= Vb
F

FB

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3.6 Buoyancy principle cont.


Example: In a water tank, a piece of metal is hanging by a thin cord from a
floating wood block. Find the mass m2 of the metal piece and the tension T in the
cord. (S1=0.3, dimension wood piece: 50x50x10mm, V2=6600mm3)
Body 1: T=FB1- W1;FB1= VD1 = 0.184 N
W1= 1V1= S1V1 = 0.0735 N
T= 0.110 N
Body 2: W2=T+FB2;FB2= VD2= 0.0647 N
W2= 0.175 N

FB1

m2= W2/g = ?
W1+T
FB2+T

W2

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3.6 Buoyancy principle cont.


The hydrometer
- instrument used to measure the specific weight of a liquid, .
Whydrom.= fV = waterVo; f=Swater, V = Vo - h a, where a the cross section area of
the tube
waterVo=Swater(Vo - h a); water Vo/S = Vo ha
Zero graduation

1.

h = Vo/a (S-1)/S for the calibration of


h
h

liquids whose specific density


is known
2.

S = (Vo ha)/ Vo for the calculation of the

f
f

specific gravity (and further, of specific


weight)

CVG 2116

3.7 Stability of immersed and floating bodies


Immersed bodies
The stability of an immersed body depends on the relative position of the
center of gravity (G) and the center of buoyancy (C) (= centroid of the volume
displaced by the fluid).

(a)

centre of buoyancy above the centre of gravity

stability

(b)

centre of buoyancy coincide with the centre of gravity

neutral

(c)

centre of buoyancy below the centre of gravity

instability

Stable

Neutral

Unstable

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3.7 Stability of immersed and floating bodies cont.


Floating bodies
The buoyancy center can take various positions with respect gravity center.
The buoyancy center C is above the gravity center G
stability or instability?
definitions:

M - the metacenter: intersection between the direction of the


floatability force before and after a heel
GM metacentric height
GM = I00/V-CG,

I00 - the second moment of the section with


respect to the waterline
V - the total displaced volume
GM >0 stability
GM <0 instability
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3.7 Stability of immersed and floating bodies Example


Floating bodies
Example: A block of wood 30cm x 30cm in cross section and 60cm length
weighs 32.4kg. Will the block float with
sides vertical as shown?
Depth of submergence of the block
Fv= FB - W = 0
V - mg = 0 x 0.3x0.6xd -mg = 0
d = 0.18m
calculation of stability about the longitudinal axis
GM = I00/V-CG =

1
60 303
12
(15 9 )
18 30 60

= - 1.833 cm < 0 instability

calculation of stability about the transverse axis


GM =

1
30 603
12
(15 9 )
18 30 60

= 10.67 cm >0 stability


CVG 2116

SUMMARY

Hydrostatic forces on

- plane surfaces
- on curved surfaces

The buoyancy principle

- (Archimedes's law)
- the hydrometer

Stability of floating and submerged bodies

CVG 2116

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