FIT CITY 1 - Promoting Physical Activity Through Design - AIA New York
FIT CITY 1 - Promoting Physical Activity Through Design - AIA New York
FIT CITY 1 - Promoting Physical Activity Through Design - AIA New York
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Opening remarks by Commissioner Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH ...................................................................................................................................3
Accessibility .............................................................................................................................................................................................................12
Partnership ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................20
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INTRODUCTION
The summary intends to help set the agenda for joint efforts to build enhanced
connection between design and public health, and to form voluntary, policy
and regulatory initiatives reflecting this connection.
1.
2.
3.
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5.
6.
7.
HOUSING
Incorporate more conditions and spaces for physical activity into housing
design, including safe stairwells, play areas and exercise facilities. Educate
tenants and homeowners about enhanced opportunities for movement
in their apartment building or house and their neighborhood. Locate
posters or other prompts about stair use at elevators and escalators of
multi-story residential buildings.
8.
SCHOOL USE
Keep public school buildings and schoolyards open before and after
classroom hours to encourage community use and recreation activities.
Create integral relationships between schools and neighborhood parks to
increase stewardship for open spaces as well as enhance opportunities for
environmental education and awareness.
INTRODUCTION
9.
BICYCLES
Encourage bicycle use by promoting workday bicycle storage within
office buildings, and by increasing number and safety of bike lanes.
12. PARTNERSHIP
Develop mechanisms for the AIA and DOHMH to partner with other
governmental agencies and civic organizations to improve the built
environment to increase physical activity in parks, playgrounds, schools,
housing, workplaces and streets. Encourage bottom-up suggestions on
how to incorporate physical activity into daily life, but also promote what
is available.
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been a slide that Jim Marks shows of someone walking their dog by holding a
leash out of the window of their SUV. They're probably drinking a super-sized
soda inside the SUV. And that kind of epitomizes what's happened to physical
activity in our society.
In New York City, more than 1 in 5 adults is obese. Nationally, it's about 1 in 3.
And that continues to increase, and it starts early. Twenty-four percent of 2
year-olds participating in Head Start programs were obese and 29 percent
of 4 year-olds. We're seeing a change in our society that has devastating
implications. Obesity brings with it many health problems, for those of you
not in the health field. It's not just diabetes; it also increases a wide range of
cancers, a large number of metabolic and other diseases, and musculo-skeletal
diseases. It is a very serious health problem.
And although we believe that it's the food side of the calorie equation that's had
a bigger impact on obesity, the activity side has also been important. Our
living environment contributes to more people spending more time sedentary,
in front of the TV, in front of the computer, often eating. And the challenge is
to change that environment so the default value becomes getting more
physical activity and eating healthier food. In terms of the physical activity
part of that equation, that means, for example, buildings that make it very hard
to find the elevator. I'm glad you took that example in this building, well done,
well planned. You want the stairs to become the default value - at least for a
couple of flights. You can work out the math, if everyone took a couple flights
up, a couple flights down a day, it's enough calories to begin tipping the balance
back. You want the environment to be built such that public places are more
pleasant to walk in, so that people will get off the subway or the bus stop early.
That's not just how wide the sidewalk is, that's what there is in between the
place they get off the bus or subway and where they're going. It's parks that are
appealing and that are used. We have wonderful parks in New York City, but
they are not used to the extent they could be.
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edges of the park. By looking at the park boundary more holistically, you
realize it can become a place that connects park paths and city sidewalks... you
can really think of an edge as having the potential to become playgrounds or
gardens.
Safe public access to these conditions is an essential factor in the promotion
of walkability and physical activity in general. Later in the program Dr. Mindy
Fullilove addressed this issue by presenting her work on marginalized and
decaying neighborhoods with particular focus on the Harlem and South Bronx
neighborhoods of the 1980s and 90s. Some of the real danger has left, but
these streets are quite haunted for people. What this does for activity is to
introduce a kind of paralysis... The parks were also abandoned as part of the
destruction of neighborhoods, the introduction of fear and terror, and
people's inability to move.
One of the projects Dr. Fullilove presented titled CLIMB - City Life is Moving
Bodies, brought together a team of public health experts and designers to
address the problems afflicting the public park space located within these
neighborhoods. CLIMB in our view has many layers. We are interested in this
reclamation of the abandoned physical space and creating connections
between these spaces. In neighborhoods where people have stopped moving
around or minimized moving around, getting people to go to the park just
begins to increase action.
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Re-examine and revise building code to improve stairwell design, access and
visibility. Encourage improved ventilation, safety and amenity of stairwells by
including windows and widening path of movement. Encourage architects and
interior designers to think three-dimensionally and vertically in cross-section
- not just horizontally in plan - thereby improving ease of way-finding and the
desire to move through space without resorting to elevators. Locate posters
or other prompts about stairwell use at e levators and escalators. Include
exercise and shower facilities in all buildings designed for work.
Through subtle changes to the building code, and the positive attitude of
building owners and managers, emergency exit stairs can take on some of the
same attributes as superlative grand stairs. Such is the case at the Center
for Architecture, the AIA New York Chapters three-level storefront at
536 LaGuardia Place, where architect Andrew Berman, AIA, designed the fire
stairs as the primary method of descending to the 150-seat Edgar A. Tafel Hall,
used every day for lectures and seminars. By careful attention to materials,
railings and lighting, as well as creating niches that become extensions of the
gallery space, the architects have made the stair a symbol of the AIA mantra
that design matters.
During the Fit City conference, architect Ronnette Riley, FAIA, described her
experience designing the stair for the award-winning Apple Store on West
Broadway in SoHo, the adaptive re-use of a former post office. She said: What
I really liked about working on this project was not the 38 versions of the stair
that we drew, but the fact that the client was very aware that the stair was going
to make the store. He kept saying that we have to make people use the stair the design has to compel people to go to the second floor. Ms Riley continued:
The elevator at the Apple Store is located to the side of the entrance so that
everyone can be accommodated, but those who dont need the elevator will use
the stair. And they dont use it just to get from one place to another; the landing
is just perfect to eye everything thats going on upstairs and everything thats going
on downstairs. The stair in itself is an object of interest.
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ILLUSTRATIONS
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ZONING RESOLUTION
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was one of the speakers at the Fit
City conference. Among other topics she described the CDC stair study and
detailed the physical changes to the CDCs stairs at its Atlanta facilities, where
carpeting, music and artwork in the stairwells accompany a major campaign of
stair prompts. In addition to the prompts, she noted that it was important to
make these beautiful stairways where people want to walk up them you
encourage use simply by the way they are designed.
Rob Lane, senior planner at the Regional Plan Association, served as a
moderator for one of the two Fit City panels. In his own remarks he spoke of
how the NYC Quality Housing initiative gives bonus points for satisfying a
specific goal rather than exactly prescribing the measures to be used to achieve
a particular result. Holly Leicht, planner and currently Assistant Commissioner
at the NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development, noted how
the biggest challenge is multi-family housing in higher buildings and how we
get more physical activity into the design of housing.
The same can be said about office buildings, where the design of the elevator
and emergency stair core has been considered a science. Safety considerations
change this, but so do environmental considerations that will increasingly
dictate a changed floor plate with more workspace in closer proximity to
windows, as in Western Europe. Convenience stairs connecting narrower
(read greener) floor-plates may be more feasible if there were different
FAR calculations to be made. Zoning resolution changes and design amenity go
hand-in-hand in encouraging stair use and promoting physical activity through
increased provision of physical activity-facilitating spaces such as exercise
rooms and shower facilities.
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ILLUSTRATIONS
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ILLUSTRATIONS
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ACCESSIBILITY
compels the visitor along, by means of an exciting procession, to a majestic
view of the city at the buildings apex. And youre circulating around this
extraordinary feature, which turns out to have two purposes. First of all, it
provides daylight because its a mirrored surface; it brings in horizontal daylight
and projects it down into the chamber. And secondly, its also ventilating the
room. I think this last point while interesting, doesnt go to the premise of
vertical movement, but only describes the interesting environmental feature.
I would leave it out.
Earlier in the program, Ronnette Riley, FAIA spoke of her perception of the
negative impact of accessibility requirements, saying I think sometimes weve
over-designed the rules and regulations to actually impede people from spaces.
Ramps can only be a certain dimension now. I think the ADA handicapped
codes are just horrible for architects. Theyre prescriptive not performancebased. She continued: If architects are given the leeway to create beautiful
spaces, perhaps it doesnt matter if there isnt a handrail exactly 3-6 on either
side of you; a wide and expansive stairwell is a beautiful thing and people will
use it.
The challenges of Universal Design, as described in the afternoon session by
Matt Sapolin, the Commissioner of the NYC Mayors Office for People with
Disabilities, is to allow necessary requirements that assure equality of access for
all people and to reflect the possibilities coming out of designs that encourage
movement. Having elevators available, but not making them the preferred
method of vertical movement insists upon architectural creativity in using
ramps.
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INFRASTRUCTURE GUIDELINES
Implement infrastructure guidelines such as those of the NYC Department of
Desig n and Construction that suppo rt walkability and accessibility of
physical activity-promoting spaces in the public do main by the quality of
design and construction, including uses of space, material durability, amenity
and maintenance. Accessible and visible stairs and dedicated indoor /
outdoor exercise spaces should be incorporated into design and construction
routinely.
The High Performance Infrastructure Guidelines, published in October 2005 by
DDC in collaboration with the Design Trust for Public Space, start by quoting
Jane Jacobs: Streets and their sidewalks the main public places of a city are
its most vital organs. The Guidelines then set out with the premise that
the public right-of-way organizes the massive flow of energy and matter that
courses through the city on a daily basis. By undertaking coordinated,
sustainable approaches to streetscape design, construction, operations, and
maintenance and by joining considerations of function and performance with
concern for the human experience of the urban environment cities can
promote safety, reliability, cost effectiveness, public health, and quality of life.
A section of the document entitled Improve Streetscape for Pedestrians
addresses the goal of designing streetscapes that are conducive to walking and
that optimally balance the needs of pedestrians, bicyclists, mass-transit users,
and automobiles. Specific suggestions in the chapter include:
Increase the size of traffic islands and neckdowns, to provide
safer crossings
Provide separated walking paths, to improve pedestrian safety and
comfort
Develop wayfinding or interpretive signage to provide information to
pedestrians
Utilize leading pedestrian intervals to give pedestrians a head start in
crossing prior to allowing motorists to turn
During the Fit City symposium, Dr. Mindy Fullilove described the efforts of
CLIMB City Life is Moving Bodies saying that we make the road by
walking. Dr. Andrew Rundle also addressed the physical characteristics that
make it easier for people to feel good about walking to the local pub or
drycleaner. Dr. Rundle mentioned specifically Were looking at walkability,
including pedestrian safety, street trees, sidewalk width and urban design.
Picking up the theme of how physical intervention in the landscape
encourages walking and active transportation and recreation, landscape
architect Matt Urbanski, a principal at Michael Van Valkenburgh & Associates,
spoke of the need for design diversity, flexibility and normalcy. In talking
about the diversity of activities that waterfront sites can sustain, Matt spoke of
planning principles that start by trying to match the capacity of the site with
the need. The discussion of use addresses diversity of experience in terms of
different kinds of seasons, getting people out in other times that they might not
think of.
Making spaces that can be used in winter and at night, creating playing fields
that dont preclude, by single-sport striping, a variety of uses, - these are goals
that can be demonstrated by case studies and codified and promulgated in
guidelines.
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SCHOOL USE
Within the school physical education program, good design of space and
selection and placement of equipment and apparatus, can significantly
contribute to making it easier for physical education teachers, to, in Dr. Rutts
words get the kids more active, where everyones not standing in a line,
waiting to throw a basketball, going to the back of the line, where theyre
basically just standing the entire PE class. You get them out, you get them
active, all the kids are moving, which means its not traditional PE, its what they
call Enhanced Physical Education. So you get the kids more active in the time
that theyre in their PE classes.
Schools, depending on their location, can also be a destination, with or
without specially designed community programs and community space. In her
presentation, Linda Pollak spoke of working with science teachers at PS57 in
Staten Island to site the outdoor classroom in an adjacent park, and the idea
that the classroom can be more than a resource, during the day, for schoolchildren; idea that the outdoor classroom is a platform for environmental
experience and environmental education at different scales, that it provides a
destination within a park for people who hadnt been in that piece of land for
50 years, but who walked in that day because they saw something in there;
people who had memories about the place they could share.
Because of liability, security, maintenance and vandalism concerns, schools are
among the least used public buildings in terms of hours of use. The social
structure that would suggest the logic of enhanced public use by groups of
different ages could be augmented by siting and building design considerations
whereby gym spaces are most easily accessed after hours from the most
public side of the building.
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ILLUSTRATIONS
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HOUSING
Housing was an issue that garnered much attention throughout the Fit City
conference. Assistant Commissioner Lynn Silver, MD, MPH of the NYC
Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, introduced the first panel and
described neighborhood differences in obesity rates during the Q&A:
In Riverdale, we have 7 percent obesity; in the South Bronx, 27 percent. It is
our poorest communities in New York City that are most heavily affected by
this epidemic. In thinking through this problem of promoting physical activity,
we must identify strategies and incentives we can put in place to change our
physical environment. This needs to happen not only in the buildings for the
wealthy, but throughout our housing stock, and our commercial buildings. These
changes need to permeate this vast and incredibly diverse city, and the
communities that most need it.
Architect Linda Pollak, AIA also discussed the design principles of housing units
that relate to the city and landscape context: understanding the unit, not only
in terms of the different things that can be in the unit, but the relationship of
the unit to the aggregation, to the site, to the city, so that all of these places
can be understood in design terms at different scales and in terms of their
quality as spaces. Safety is always a huge issue in housing. And one of the things
that is coming out in all the talks is to understand circulation spaces not as a
support for program spaces, but to understand them, whether they're inside
or outside, whether they are in the apartments or in the corridors or lobbies,
to understand them as being spaces that should have design attention paid to
them, so that they should be full of light and air and be pleasurable places to
be in.
Dr. Silver summarized one of the key problems, saying: One of the challenges
we face is identifying what can we do in our existing housing in poor
communities that doesn't involve such extensive renovations that it inevitably
leads to gentrification - what can benefit the people who are living there today
to have better quality housing and to meet the challenges that the speakers
were addressing.
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BICYCLES
Images of large numbers of bicycle riders and bike racks in cities from
Amsterdam to Beijing to Copenhagen make the meager success of our bicycle
lanes in New York seem paltry.
There are many cities around the globe, where the primary method of getting
up and back between home and work is the bicycle. Images of large numbers
of bicycle riders and bike racks in cities from Amsterdam to Beijing to
Copenhagen make the meager success of our bicycle lanes in New York seem
paltry. Some of the speakers, however, addressed the larger issues of not just
the trajectory, but the security issues at one or another trip end. Architect
Ronnette Riley, FAIA noted that: Last year, when I was part of the AIAs
Committee on Design, we went and had a ten-day conference in the
Netherlands. And I was absolutely struck by a four-story bicycle-parking garage
that we saw. In fact, one of my old employees took me to his fraternity, which
was sort of interesting to me, and in the front of the frat were 300 bicycles.
And I was sort of thinking, wow, it's a different way of equating activity here
and there.
Ms. Riley described the bicycle culture that supports such intense activity
as compared with driving or taking the bus: I think bicycling is a very
interesting thing. When I lived in California, I always had a bicycle at the end of
my hand. I rode a bicycle everywhere. You dont dare in New York, although
they tried the bike paths. But theres a way that we could design better
situations for biking. We do have a lot of biking. As a driver, I always view it as
sort of a game. I almost hit someone once, and hes yelling at me and Im yelling
at him, and I realized it was my client. So I dont think one should do that.
But I'm signing a new lease in the Empire State Building, and one of the new
terms is I cannot have a bike in the building. What a shame. You can't bring a
bike into the building, why not? Through the truck dock, up the freight
elevator - why isn't there bike storage or parking so you can do that?
Hillary Brown, AIA, LEED, replied: One of the major connections between
green buildings and healthy buildings is providing bicycle friendly facilities. This
photograph shows an inventive German parking garage for bicycles (something
we could really use in our building) that accommodates a lot of bikes in a very
compact manner. And Candace Rutt noted that it truly was a worldwide
phenomenon that can be aided by concrete interventions: Things that have
been done around the world look like they have the ability to increase
physical activity. Congestion pricing in London they put a big circle around
London and were like If you want to enter the city, its going to cost you $16.
You know what? Biking went up, walking went up and single-occupant cars
went down like 30 percent. It was a huge impact.
Keynote speaker, Richard Jackson, MD, MPH presented further compelling
information: Im just going to focus on what I think is the biggest environmental health threat facing the United States and the planet for a couple minutes,
because we cannot ignore this issue. If I get in the best Prius I can buy and drive
one mile, I put 450 grams of carbon into the atmosphere. If I bicycle one mile,
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PUBLIC TRANSIT
density, and as neighborhoods get denser, you see significantly lower body mass
in these neighborhoods. And it translates into about .86 BMI units across the
range of data in New York City. So here are the results when you throw all the
variables together, and you see population density controlling for subways,
subways controlling for land-use mix, and you see that there are independent
effects of land-use mix, subways, and population density, suggesting that you
can have these different components together and get more of a bang for
your buck.
Candace Rutt, PhD contributed to the discussion, talking about recent
innovations in transit-based development and congestion pricing. She started
by saying: Now finally I'm going to talk about the last thing that was looked at
by the Task Force, and this is transportation policy - what policies are enforced,
and in transportation policy specifically - how much money do you dedicate
to transit versus automobiles, do you put bike racks on the buses, what are you
mandating?
The concluding statement, by Andrew Rundle, DrPH, summarized some of the
difficulties: Im not actually under the impression that Im going down to City
Hall and say, Drop in some more subways for me please. But I would like to see
in the cost/benefit analysis in deciding to extend a subway line; I would like to
see health factored into that analysis. Id like to see the argument pushed so that
health becomes a tangible metric that goes in to decision-making processes.
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PARTNERSHIP
A preliminary list of public agencies that should be partners in this effort
include:
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C L O S I N G R E M A R K S BY R I C H A R D J A C K S O N , M D , M P H
The bad news and good news is that obesity is not the most important reason
why you as designers and architects and planners greatly influence the health
of the people in this country, and the health of the people around the world.
The challenges I will lay out feel insurmountable, but when I was a medical
student 35 years ago I first learned of an insurmountable public health
problem, related to buildings, and it is informative. That summer I served as a
medical student on the pediatric wards at Mount Sinai Hospital uptown.
On one of my visits to the ward, I saw about twenty five little kids running
around, hyperactive as could be. I said to the attending pediatrician "Why are
they here? They look fine." And he replied they're being treated for lead
poisoning." These children were having chemicals put in their blood to pull lead
out of their bodies - their blood-leads were about 60. He took me to a
semi-private room and there was a two-year-old in there, blind and in coma,
who died several days later of lead poisoning. She probably had a blood lead
of 150 mcg/dl or more. Every year in the US, we were losing about ten children
to lead poisoning in our major cities. Lead was everywhere: in our food, water,
air, paint, gasoline and even toys. The problem felt insurmountable.
My blood lead back then was about 22, normal for an American in 1970. The
lowest identified blood level on the face of the earth was a blood lead of 3, and
we thought it was impossible to have a lower level. Yet today, the average blood
lead in the United States - because we got rid of lead in our paint, lead in our
food, lead in our water, and lead in our gasoline - is now less than 2 mcg/dl.
A miraculous, unbelievable improvement in the population. By attacking all
the sources of lead, huge benefits were conferred on every person in our
country, especially our cities.
As the blood lead goes down, IQ goes up. What would be the value of all those
improved IQ's of our children, because our kids are now about 5-6 points
smarter than we were in my generation; their brains are not damaged by lead.
IQ is a very good predictor for how long one stays in school, and a single IQ
point is worth roughly $15,000 in lifetime income. So every child in American
has been given 6 or 7 additional IQ points because of the removal of lead. And
each years cohort of children is given a gift of a quarter of a trillion dollars in
lifetime income because of the removal of lead. This is a social benefit, a health
benefit, but also an enormous economic benefit to our society.
I tell this story because some of what I will discuss can feel insurmountable, but
I think it is surmountable in the way that the lead problem was. By focusing on
children and the prevention of harm to them, we can confer benefits that may
take a generation to be capture, but which will benefit them for their own and
many other lifetimes. We might achieve some benefit for older folks, but the big
changes are going to be for our kids, which is why I will focus on them in this talk.
In an earlier talk, you saw the changing US obesity maps. I think we are a tipping
point. There is a real shift in consciousness, first about food and obesity, but
also about the effects of the built environment on human well being. The
obesity epidemic is affecting profits, for example, many businesses purchase much
heavier furniture. I predict that 15 years from now every hospital room will be
built with an overhead hoist, because hospitals are losing very expensive
employees like nurses to lifting injuries. in fact, it is a major reason for nurses
leaving the profession, and the major cost for keeping hospitals going right now
is the recruitment and retention of nurses.
We have other environmental impacts from every American having gained, on
average, ten pounds. Those additional ten pounds calculate to $1 billion worth
of jet fuel every year, just to fly our excess-adiposity around the American
landscape. The response of the medical system is to deconstruct
the problem to more effectively analyze it and then to supply medical
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FitCity:
City: Promoting
Physical
Activity
through
Design Design
Fit
Promoting
Physical
Activity
through
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Planetizen: The Planning & Development Network
Designing Spaces to Fight Obesity
http://www.planetizen.com/node/18014
ACE FitnessMatters
This bimonthly magazine is the source for the most accurate, up-to-date
fitness information you need to live a healthy, active life. Subscribe to ACE FitnessMatters online at http://www.acefitness.org/fitnessmatters
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Journal of Public Health. American Public Health Association.
Washington, DC, September 2003. Vol. 93, No. 9.
The Physical Environment and Health
Websites
www.activelivingbydesign.org
Homepage of Active Living by Design, a national program of The Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation and a part of the UNC School of Public Health in Chapel Hill,
North Carolina designed to establish and evaluate innovative approaches to
increase physical activity through community design, public policies and
communications strategies.
www.smartgrowthamerica.org/sprawlindex.html
Links to a PDF of a report by Reid Ewing of Rutgers University and Rolf Pendall of
Cornell University that is the most comprehensive effort yet undertaken to define, measure and evaluate metropolitan sprawl and its impacts.
www.planning.org/physicallyactive/index.htm
American Planning Association website detailing the work they are doing on
Planning and Designing the Physically Active Community funded by a grant
from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
www.cnu.org
Homepage of Congress of New Urbanism
www.trailsandgreenways.org
The clearinghouse provides technical assistance, information resources and
referrals for trail and greenway advocates and developers across the nation.
www.railstrails.org
Homepage of Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, a group that aims to enrich
Americas communities and countryside by creating a nationwide network of
public trails from former rail lines and connecting corridors.
www.sierraclub.org/sprawl
The Sierra Club is calling attention to the problem of sprawl with yearly reports,
providing resources for activists across the country, and exploring how transportation patterns can be improved to make our neighborhoods safer and more
convenient.
www.sonic.net/abcaia/narrow.htm
This database includes communities that have recently adopted reduced street
width standards as on of the first steps to achieving more livable street design.
Also included are contact and resource lists.
www.walkable.org
Homepage of Walkable Communities, Inc., a non-profit organization established
in 1996 to help communities and neighborhoods become more walkable.
www.planning.org
Home of the American Planning Association
www.pps.org
Homepage for Project for Public Spaces, a non-profit organization dedicated to
creating and sustaining public places that build communities.
See also:
www.pps.org/issue_papers/health_and_community_design.htm
A site explaining Project for Public Spaces belief that great public spaces those
that allow for physical activity can turn around the declining situation in public
health.
www.sprawlwatch.org
The Sprawl Watch Clearinghouse mission is to make the tools, techniques, and
strategies developed to manage growth, accessible to citizens, grassroots organizations, environmentalists, public officials, planners, architects, the media, and
business leaders.
www.walkinginfo.org
A website with resources to help make your community walkable.
www.roads.dft.gov.uk/roadnetwork/ditm/tal/walking/06_00/index.htm
The United Kingdoms Department of Transport website describing their guidelines for providing journeys on foot.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/
The Center for Disease Control website concerned with the interaction between
people and their environments, natural as well as human-made, and how this
relationship continues to emerge as a major issue concerning public health.
www.njfuture.org
Homepage of New Jersey Future, the states largest smart-growth advocacy group.
The Physical Environment and Health
Hard Copies
www.tcaup.umich.edu/facultystaff/faculty/stricklandrprofile.html
Biographical information page for Roy Strickland, Associate Professor and
Director of Urban Design at the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban
Planning at the University of Michigan.
www.sprawlcity.org/index.html
Website about consumption growth and population growth and their roles in the
urban sprawl that destroys natural habitat and farmland around US cities.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ewing, Reid H. Characteristics, Causes, and Effects of Sprawl: A Literature
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Ewing, Reid and Robert Cervero. Travel and the Built Environment: A
Synthesis. The Transportation Research Record 1780, Paper No. 01-3515,
p.87-106.
Frank, Lawrence D. and Peter Engelke. How Land Use and Transportation Systems
Impact Public Health: A Literature Review of the Relationship Between Physical
Activity and Built Form.
Frank, Lawrence D. and Gary Pivo. Impacts of Mixed Use and Density on Utilization of Three Modes of Travel: Single-Occupant Vehicle, Transit, and Walking.
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Frumkin, Howard. Urban Sprawl and Public Health. Public Health Reports.
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McCann, Barbara and Roy Kienitz. Physical Activity, Community Design and
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Greenberg, Michael, Peyton Craighill, Henry Mayer, Cliff Zukin and Jan Wells.
Brownfield Redevelopment and Affordable Housing: A Case Study of New Jersey. Housing Policy Debate. Vol. 12, Issue 3: 2001.
Growing Pains: The Impact of Urban Sprawl. Public Health: Rollins School of
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Hamilton, William L. Helping Paterson Get Better Grades in Urban Renewal.
Healthy Place, Healthy People: Promising Public Health and Physical Activity
Through Community Design. A Report of an Experts Meeting. November 27-28,
2000. Washington DC, Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Hirschhorn, Joel S. and Paul Souza. New Community Design to the Rescue: Fulfilling Another American Dream.
Increase Physical Activity Through Community Design: A Guide for Public Health
Practitioners. Prepared by the National Center for Bicycling and Walking:
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Association. June 2001.
Reed, Julian and Karen Stabiner. Urban Transit: Three Women. Three Cities. One
new device that confirms what weve always suspected: Where we live can make
us fit or fat. Vogue. May, 2001.
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of Walking and Cycling: Findings From the Transportation, Urban Design, and Planning Literatures. Environment and Physical Activity. Vol. 25, No. 2, 2003.
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www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/kidswalk/
Robert Wood Johnson Website
www.nsbn.org
New Schools/Better Neighborhoods
www.Cfpub.epa.gov/schools/index.html
US Environmental Protection Agencys Healthy Schools Environment webpage
www.state.nj.us/njded/facilities
New Jersey Department of Educations website on their school facilities with
information about current projects and the state facilities program on the whole.
www.schoolconstructionnews.com/archives/ja2001/feature1ja01.html
An article from January 2001 entitled Applying Green Roofs to Schools: A New
Roofing Concept Takes Root.
Healthy Schools
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Kids Walk-to-School: A Guide to Promote Walking to School. Prepared by the
Department of Health and Human Services at the Center for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Miller, Johanna. Hey Kid, Try Walking!: Communities Win When Schools are Close
to Home.
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County Bicycle Coalition. Vol. 1, Issue 1.
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Center for Disease Control.
Political and Social Environment for Health
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Website for the National Personal Transportation Survey
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A List of publications concerning highways and local programs prepared by the
Washington State Department of Transportation.
www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/consumer/heart/contract.htm
Website for the State of New York Department of Health Healthy Heart program.
www.alpes.ws/references.htm
Active Living Policy and Environmental Studies website
See also: www.alpes.ws/links.htm
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Homepage of the Guide to Community Preventive Services (Community Guide), a
group convened in 1996 by the Department of Health and Human Services to provide leadership in the evaluation of community, population, and health care system strategies to address a variety of public health and health promotion topics
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Trends, Implications, and Strategies for Balanced Growth in the Atlanta Region.
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Acknowledgements:
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH, Commissioner
Lynn Silver, MD, MPH, FAAP, Assistant Commissioner,
Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control
Karen K. Lee, MD, MHSc, FRCPC, Deputy Director,
Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control
Marcela Betzer, MPH, Special Assistant to the Assistant Commissioner,
Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention and Control
CREDITS
2006 Conference Speakers:
Commissioner Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH
Richard Jackson, MD, MPH, University of California, Berkeley
Hillary Brown, AIA, New Civic Works
Mindy Fullilove, MD, New York State Psychiatric Institute,
Columbia University
Rob Lane, Regional Plan Association
Menaka Mohan, Sustainable South Bronx
Linda Pollak, AIA, ASLA, Marpillero Pollak Architects
Ronnette Riley, FAIA, Ronnette Riley Architect
Andrew Rundle, Dr PH, Mailman School of Public Health,
Columbia University
Candace Rutt, PhD, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention
and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Lynn Silver, MD, MPH, FAAP, NYC DoHMH Assistant Commissioner,
Chronic Disease Prevention and Control
Matthew Urbanski, Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, Inc.
Printer & Design:
Dawson Publications, Stephen Tomecek