1. The diagram shows electrolysis of sodium chloride solution.

c h lo r in e g a s h y d ro g e n g a s

s o d iu m c h lo r id e
s o lu tio n

p o s itiv e n e g a tiv e
e le c tro d e (c a rb o n ) e le c tr o d e ( c a r b o n )

p o w e r s u p p ly

(a) Complete and balance these equations to show the reactions during electrolysis.

At the positive electrode

Cl– – e– → Cl2

At the negative electrode

Na → Na
(2)

(b) Silver halides such as silver chloride and silver bromide are used in photography.
The equation shows a reaction to prepare a silver halide.

reactants product1 product 2

NaBr(aq) + AgNO 3(aq) → AgBr(s) + NaNO 3(aq)

Name and describe the products of this reaction, in words, as fully as you can.

product 1

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product 2

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(4)
(Total 6 marks)

Keswick School 1
2. Read the passage carefully and then answer the questions.

The electrolysis of acidified water

After a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid have been added to some distilled water, there
will be three types of ion in solution:

from the water, H2O(l) → H+(aq) + OH–(aq)

from the acid, H2SO4(aq) → 2H+(aq) + SO42– (aq)

When the electrodes (anode and cathode) in a circuit are put into the acidified water, the
hydroxide ions and the sulphate ions are both attracted to the electrode called the anode.
However, it is harder for the sulphate ions to give up their electrons than for the hydroxide
ions to do this. So the hydroxide ions are the ones which react and bubbles of oxygen are
formed at the anode.

There are only hydrogen ions to be attracted towards the cathode and, when they get there,
they take up electrons to form hydrogen molecules.

From Chemistry Matters by Richard Hart, reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press

Even in a small volume of water acidified with dilute sulphuric acid there will be billions of
ions. Some will be anions and some will be cations.

(i) Name the ions in water acidified with dilute sulphuric acid.

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(1)

(ii) Explain why only some of the ions are attracted to the anode.

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(2)

(iii) Balance the equation for the reaction of hydroxide ions at the anode.

4OH– → H2O + O2 + e–
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Keswick School 2
3. Read the article and then answer the questions that follow.

Hydrogen fuel for cars?

Hydrogen is an excellent fuel. It can be made by the electrolysis of potassium

hydroxide solution.

Hydrogen gas can be stored under pressure in a cylinder but a leak of the gas could
cause an explosion.

It has been found that lithium nitride can absorb and then release large volumes of
hydrogen. A chemical reaction takes place between the hydrogen and the lithium
nitride. The hydrogen is held in the resulting compounds by chemical bonds.

The problem is that the rate at which hydrogen is absorbed and then released from
normal sized particles of lithium nitride is slow.

Recently scientists have made ‘nanosized’ particles of lithium nitride. These particles
absorb hydrogen in the same way as normal sized lithium nitride particles. The
‘nanosized’ particles have the advantage that they absorb and release the hydrogen
much faster when needed in the fuel cell.

It is hoped that ‘nanosized’ particles of lithium nitride may provide a safe method of
storing hydrogen in the future.

(a) Hydrogen is produced at the negative electrode during the electrolysis of potassium
hydroxide solution.

(i) Why are hydrogen ions attracted to the negative electrode?

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(1)

(ii) Potassium ions are also attracted to the negative electrode.

Explain why hydrogen gas is formed but not potassium.

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(1)

Keswick School 3
 (b) Lithium nitride is made by reacting lithium with nitrogen.

Balance the equation for this reaction.

.......... Li + N2 → .......... Li3N

(1)

(c) (i) The equation for the reaction of lithium nitride with hydrogen is:

Li3N + 2H2 LiNH2 + 2LiH

What feature of this reaction allows the hydrogen to be released?

...........................................................................................................................

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(1)

(ii) Hydrogen stored in a fuel tank filled with lithium nitride would be safer in an
accident than a cylinder full of hydrogen.

Suggest and explain why.

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(2)

(d) (i) State how ‘nanosized’ particles will be different from normal sized particles of
lithium nitride.

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(1)

(ii) Suggest why the ‘nanosized’ particles of lithium nitride absorb and release the
hydrogen more quickly than normal sized particles.

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(1)

Keswick School 4
 (e) Lithium nitride is an ionic compound which contains lithium ions (Li+) and nitride ions
(N3–).

(i) The formation of a lithium ion from a lithium atom is an oxidation reaction.

Explain why.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) The diagram shows the electronic structure of a nitrogen atom.

Complete the diagram below to show the electronic structure of a nitride ion (N3–).

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

4. (a) By reference to their structure, explain how the particles in a piece of metal are held
together and how the shape of the metal can be changed without it breaking.

(You may use a diagram in your answer.)

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(5)

Keswick School 5
 (b) Explain why metals are good conductors of electricity and suggest why this conductivity
increases across the periodic table from sodium to magnesium to aluminium.

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(4)
(Total 9 marks)

5. The diagram shows a model of part of the giant lattice of a metal.

(a) Name particles X and Y.

X .....................................................

Y .....................................................
(2)

Keswick School 6
 (b) Explain, in terms of the giant structure above, why is it possible to bend a piece of metal.

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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

6. (a) The formula for the chemical compound magnesium sulphate is MgSO4.

Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr)of this compound. (Show your working.)

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(2)

(b) Magnesium sulphate can be made from magnesium and dilute sulphuric acid.

This is the equation for the reaction.

Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2

Calculate the mass of magnesium sulphate that would be obtained from 4g of magnesium.
(Show your working.)

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Answer..................................... g
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

7. Epoxyethane has the formula C2H4O. It is used to make antifreeze and some types of plastic.

Keswick School 7
 When choosing a method of making a chemical, it is important to consider:

• the percentage yield

• the atom economy.

Epoxyethane can be made from ethene by two different methods. The overall equation for each
method is shown below.

Method 1

C2H4 + Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 → C2H4O + CaCl2 + H2O

ethene epoxyethane

Method 2

catalyst
2C2H4(g) + O2(g) 2C2H4O(g)

ethene epoxyethane

The table gives the relative formula masses (Mr) of the reactants and products for Method 1.

Formula of reactant or product Relative formula mass (Mr)

H2O 18
C2H4 28
C2H4O 44
Cl2 71
Ca(OH)2 74
CaCl2 111

The percentage atom economy can be calculated using:

Percentage atom economy = × 100%

M r of usefulproduct
Total M r of all reactantsadded together

The percentage atom economy for Method 2 is 100%.

(a) Calculate the percentage atom economy for Method 1.

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(2)

Keswick School 8
 (b) Method 2 has the higher atom economy.

Suggest why this is an advantage.

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(2)

(c) State and explain how an increase in pressure would affect the equilibrium yield of
epoxyethane using Method 2.

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(2)

(d) One problem with Method 2 is that ethene can also react with oxygen to make carbon
dioxide and water.

C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O

How might this reaction affect the percentage yield of epoxyethane?

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(1)
(Total 7 marks)

8. The monomer chloroethene is made from ethene in a two-stage process,

(a) The first stage is to convert ethene to 1,2-dichloroethane.

2C2H4(g) + 4HC1(g) + O2(g) 2C2H4Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g)

ethene 1,2-dichloroethane

State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on:

(i) the yield of 1,2-dichloroethane;

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(2)

Keswick School 9
 (ii) the rate of reaction.

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(2)

(b) In the second stage 1,2-dichloroethane is converted into chloroethene.

C2H4C12 → C2H3C1 + HCl

This reaction is a thermal decomposition.

Suggest what would need to be done to decompose 1,2-dichloroethane.

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(1)
(Total 5 marks)

9. Sodium chloride solution is a useful raw material for the manufacture of other substances.

S o d iu m c h lo r id e P o ro u s m e m b ra n e
s o lu tio n

C h lo rin e H y d ro g en
gas gas

+ –
P o s itiv e N e g a tiv e
e le c tro d e e le c tro d e

(i) What is the name of the process shown?

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Chloride ions lose electrons at the positive electrode. What is the name of this type of
reaction?

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(1)

Keswick School 10
 (iii) The solution formed at X is alkaline. What causes this solution to be alkaline?

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(2)

(iv) Give a balanced ionic equation for the formation of hydrogen gas at the negative
electrode.

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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

10. Electrolysis can be used to remove unwanted hair from the skin.

P o s i t i v e
e l e c t r o d e

N e g a t i v e
e l e c t r o d e
P o w e r s u p p l y

H a i r

B o d y f l u i d
H a i r f o l l i c l e

The hair is first coated with a layer of gel containing ions in solution.

The positive electrode is connected by a patch to the skin.

The negative electrode is connected to the hair. Electricity flows through the gel and causes
electrolysis of the body fluid around the hair follicle.

(a) Metal wires conduct electricity to the electrodes.

Explain how metals conduct electricity.

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(2)

Keswick School 11
 (b) Explain why the gel containing ions in solution can conduct electricity.

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(1)

(c) The body fluid is a solution that contains sodium chloride. The electricity causes the
electrolysis of a small amount of this solution.

This solution contains hydrogen ions that move to the negative electrode.

(i) The half equation represents the reaction at the negative electrode.

2H+ + 2e– → H2

Explain why this reaction is a reduction.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) As a result of the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution, an alkali forms which
kills the hair follicle.

What is the name of this alkali? .......................................................................

(1)

(iii) Complete the half equation for the reaction at the positive electrode.

Cl – → Cl2
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

11. Ammonia is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen. The reaction is shown in the equation
below.

N2 3H2 exothermic
2NH3
+
nitrogen hydrogen ammonia
endothermic

Keswick School 12
 The diagram shows some details of the manufacturing process.

c o m p resso r u n re a c te d
n itr o g e n 250
a tm o s p h e re s n itro g e n
p re ssu re and
a m m o n ia
m ix tu re 4 5 0 ºC
o f g a ses iro n
h y d ro g e n under pow der
p re ssu re m ix tu r e
c o n ta in in g
REA C TO R 15%
(re in fo rc e d a m m o n ia
s te e l)

a m m o n ia
c o o le d to liq u id
a n d re m o v e d

The graph shows the percentage of reacting gases converted into ammonia at different
temperatures and pressures.

70
3 5 0 ºC
60

50

% of 40 4 5 0 ºC
re a c tin g g a s e s
c o n v e rte d in to 3 0
a m m o n ia
20 5 5 0 ºC

10

0
0 100 200 300 400
P re s s u re (a tm o s p h e re s )

At room temperature and pressure, the reaction is very slow and only a small percentage of the
reacting gases is converted to ammonia.

Use the information on the diagram and graph to:

Keswick School 13
 (a) describe the conditions used in the manufacture of ammonia to increase the rate of
reaction.

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(4)

(b) describe and explain the conditions used in the manufacture of ammonia to increase the
yield.

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(7)
(Total 11 marks)

12. Read the article about the use of nanoparticles in sun creams.

Keswick School 14
 Sun creams

Many sun creams use nanoparticles. These sun creams are very good at absorbing
radiation, especially ultraviolet radiation. Owing to the particle size, the sun creams
spread more easily, cover better and save money because you use less. The new sun
creams are also transparent, unlike traditional sun creams which are white. The use of
nanoparticles is so successful that they are now used in more than 300 sun cream
products.
Some sun creams contain nanoparticles of titanium oxide. Normal-sized particles of
titanium oxide are safe to put on the skin.
It is thought that nanoparticles can pass through the skin and travel around the body
more easily than normal-sized particles. It is also thought that nanoparticles might be
toxic to some types of cell, such as skin, bone, brain and liver cells.

(a) Explain why nanoparticles pass through the skin and travel around the body more easily
than normal-sized particles of titanium oxide.

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(2)

(b) Explain why sun creams containing nanoparticles should be tested further.

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(1)

(c) Suggest why some companies that make sun creams might not want to do more tests.

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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

13. Perfumes contain a mixture of chemicals.

Keswick School 15
 The main ingredients of perfumes are a solvent and a mixture of fragrances.

(a) A sample of the solvent used in one perfume contained 0.60 g of carbon, 0.15 g of
hydrogen and 0.40 g of oxygen.

Relative atomic masses: H = l; C = 12; O = 16.

Calculate the empirical (simplest) formula of the solvent.

You must show all of your working to gain full marks for this question.

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(4)

(b) Solvent molecules evaporate easily.

Explain why substances made of simple molecules evaporate easily.

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Keswick School 16
 .....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Most companies claim that their perfumes have been tested on skin. A study was made of
the tests they used. The study found that each company used different tests.

The perfumes were tested in the companies’ own laboratories and not by independent
scientists.

Some companies did not give any information about the tests that they had used.

(i) Suggest why companies test their perfumes on skin.

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(1)

(ii) Did the study show that the tests made by the different companies were valid and
reliable?

Explain your answer.

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Keswick School 17