Internet

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It is an
international network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business,
and government packet switched networks, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and
optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources
and services, such as the inter-linked hypertextdocuments and applications of the World Wide
Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks for file
sharing and telephony.

Fig. no. 1: Internet map - transparent

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The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States
government in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer
networks. While this work, together with work in the United Kingdom and France, led to
important precursor networks, they were not the Internet. There is no consensus on the exact date
when the modern Internet came into being, but sometime in the early to mid-1980s is considered
reasonable. From that point, the network experienced decades of sustained exponential growth as
generations of institutional, personal, and mobile computers were connected to it.
The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation in the 1980s, as well as
private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the
development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. Though the
Internet has been widely used by academia since the 1980s, the commercialization of what was
by the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into
virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of June 2012, more than 2.4 billion people
over a third of the world's human populationhave used the services of the Internet;
approximately 100 times more people than were using it in 1995. Internet use grew rapidly in the
West from the mid-1990s to early 2000s and from the late 1990s to present in the developing
world. In 1994 only 3% of American classrooms had access to the Internet while by 2002 92%
did.
Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are
being reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as voice over
Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Internet Protocol television (IPTV). Newspaper, book, and other
print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds.
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The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant
messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping has boomed both for major
retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to-business and financial services on the
Internet affect supply chains across entire industries.
The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for
access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies. Only the overreaching
definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space
and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and
standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that
anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.

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Terminology

The Internet Messenger by Buky Schwartz in Holon.

The Internet, referring to the specific global system of interconnected IP networks, is a proper
noun and written with an initial capital letter. In the media and common use it is often not
capitalized, viz. the internet. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used
as a noun, but not capitalized when used as a verb or an adjective. The Internet is also often
referred to as the Net.
Historically the word internet was used, uncapitalized, as early as 1883 as a verb and adjective to
refer to interconnected motions. Starting in the early 1970s the term internet was used as a
shorthand form of the technical term internetwork, the result of interconnecting computer
networks with special gateways or routers. It was also used as a verb meaning to connect
together, especially for networks.

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The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech; it is
common to speak of "going on the Internet" when invoking a web browser to view web pages.
However, the World Wide Web or the Web is just one of a very large number
of services running on the Internet. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents (web
pages) and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. As another point of
comparison, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP, is the language used on the Web for
information transfer, yet it is just one of many languages or protocols that can be used for
communication on the Internet.[13] In addition to the Web, a multitude of other services are
implemented over the Internet, including e-mail, file transfer, remote computer
control, newsgroups, and online games. All of these services can be implemented on
any intranet, accessible to network users.
The term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically
to parody a technically unsavvy user.

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History

Fig. no. 2: Professor Leonard Kleinrock

Professor Leonard Kleinrock with the first ARPANET Interface Message Processors at UCLA.
Main articles: History of the Internet and History of the World Wide Web
Research into packet switching started in the early 1960s and packet switched networks such
as Mark I at NPL in the UK, ARPANET,CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet,
were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in
particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate
networks could be joined together into a network of networks.
The first two nodes of what would become the ARPANET were interconnected between Leonard
Kleinrock's Network Measurement Center at theUCLA's School of Engineering and Applied
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Science and Douglas Engelbart's NLS system at SRI International (SRI) in Menlo Park,
California, on 29 October 1969. The third site on the ARPANET was the Culler-Fried Interactive
Mathematics center at the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the fourth was
the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of future growth, there were
already fifteen sites connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years
were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing.
Early international collaborations on ARPANET were sparse. For various political reasons,
European developers were concerned with developing theX.25 networks. Notable exceptions
were the Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR) in June 1973, followed in 1973 by Sweden with
satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter T. Kirstein's research group in the UK,
initially at the Institute of Computer Science, University of London and later at University
College London.
In December 1974, RFC 675 Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program, by
Vinton Cerf, YogenDalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand
forinternetworking and later RFCs repeat this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in
1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science
Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the
concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet
was introduced.

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Fig no. 3: T3 NSFNET Backbone, c. 1992.

TCP/IP network access expanded again in 1986 when the National Science Foundation Network
(NSFNET) provided access tosupercomputer sites in the United States from research and
education organizations, first at 56 kbit/s and later at 1.5 Mbit/s and 45
Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and early
1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was fully commercialized in
the U.S. by 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use
of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. The Internet started a rapid expansion to Europe and
Australia in the mid to late 1980s and to Asia in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Since the mid-1990s the Internet has had a tremendous impact on culture and commerce,
including the rise of near instant communication by email, instant messaging, Voice over
Internet Protocol (VoIP) "phone calls", two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide
Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. Increasing
amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating
at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more.

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Worldwide Internet users

2005

2010

2013a

World population[34] 6.5 billion 6.9 billion 7.1 billion

Not using the Internet

84%

70%

61%

Using the Internet

16%

30%

39%

Users in the developing world

8%

21%

31%

Users in the developed world

51%

67%

77%
a

Estimate.

Source: International Telecommunications Union.

The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and
knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking. During the late 1990s, it was
estimated that traffic on the public Internet grew by 100 percent per year, while the mean annual
growth in the number of Internet users was thought to be between 20% and 50%. This growth is
often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the
network, as well as the non-proprietary open nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages
vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the
network. As of 31 March 2011, the estimated total number of Internet users was 2.095 billion
(30.2% of world population). It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the
information flowing through two-way telecommunication, by 2000 this figure had grown to

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51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated information was carried over the
Internet.

Types of Internet

Technology changes at a rapid pace and so do Internet connection speeds. We reviews

connection speeds ranging from dial-up to T3 and everything in between.
As technology grows, so does our need for bigger, better and faster Internet connections. Over
the years the way content is presented via the Web has also changed drastically. Ten years ago
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being able to center, bold, and produce text in different colors on a webpage was something to
admire. Today, Flash, animations, online gaming, streaming video, database-driven websites,
ecommerce and mobile applications (to name but a few) are standards.

The Need for Speed

The need for speed has changed the options available to consumers and businesses alike in terms
of how and how fast we can connect to the Internet. The connection speeds listed below
represent a snapshot of general average to maximum speeds at the time of publication. This is no
doubt will change over time and Internet connection speeds also vary between Internet Service
Providers (ISP).

Analog: Dial-up Internet Access

Also called dial-up access, an analog Internet connection is both economical and slow. Using
a modem connected to your PC, users connect to the Internet when the computer dials a phone
number (which is provided by your ISP) and connects to the network. Dial-up is an analog
connection because data is sent over an analog, public-switched telephone network. The modem
converts received analog data to digital and vice versa. Because dial-up access uses normal
telephone lines the quality of the connection is not always good and data rates are limited.
Typical Dial-up connection speeds range from 2400 bps to 56 Kbps. Today, analog has been
widely replaced by broadband (Cable and DSL).

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ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network

Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications standard for
sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires. Typical
ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.

B-ISDN - Broadband ISDN

Broadband ISDN is similar in function to ISDN but it transfers data over fiber optic telephone
lines, not normal telephone wires. SONET is the physical transport backbone of B-ISDN.
Broadband ISDN has not been widely implemented.

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

DSL is frequently referred to as an "always on" connection because it uses existing 2-wire
copper telephone line connected to the premise so service is delivered simultaneously with wired
telephone service -- it will not tie up your phone line as an analog dial-up connection does. The
two main categories of DSL for home subscribers are called ADSL and SDSL. All types of DSL
technologies are collectively referred to as xDSL. xDSL connection speeds range from 128
Kbps to 9 Mbps.
Recommended Reading.

ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

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ADSL is the most commonly deployed types of DSL in North America. Short for asymmetric
digital subscriber line ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data
(known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the
upstream rate). ADSL requires a special ADSL modem.

ADSL+2 - ADSL Extension

An extension to ADSL broadband technology that provides subscribers with significantly faster
download speeds when compared to traditional ADSL connections. ADSL+2 works in the same
fashion as ADSL a special filter is installed on a subscriber's telephone line to split existing
copper telephone lines (POTS) between regular telephone (voice) and ADSL+2. ADSL2+
service is most commonly offered in highly-populated metropolitan areas and subscribers must
be in close geographical locations to the provider's central office to receive ADSL2+ service.

SDSL - Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Short for symmetric digital subscriber line, SDSL is a technology that allows more data to be
sent over existing copper telephone lines (POTS). SDSL supports data rates up to 3 Mbps. SDSL
works by sending digital pulses in the high-frequency area of telephone wires and cannot operate
simultaneously with voice connections over the same wires. SDSL requires a special SDSL
modem. SDSL is called symmetric because it supports the same data rates for upstream and
downstream traffic.
VDSL - Very High DSL
Very High DSL (VDSL) is a DSL technology that offers fast data rates over relatively short
distances the shorter the distance, the faster the connection rate.

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Cable - Broadband Internet Connection

Through the use of a cable modem you can have a broadband Internet connection that is
designed to operate over cable TV lines. Cable Internet works by using TV channel space for
data transmission, with certain channels used for downstream transmission, and other channels
for upstream transmission. Because the coaxial cable used by cable TV provides much greater
bandwidth than telephone lines, a cable modem can be used to achieve extremely fast access.
Cable providers typically implement a cap to limit capacity and accommodate more customers.
Cable speeds range from 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps.

Wireless Internet Connections

Wireless Internet, or wireless broadband is one of the newest Internet connection types. Instead
of using telephone or cable networks for your Internet connection, you use radio frequency
bands. Wireless Internet provides an always-on connection which can be accessed from
anywhere as long as you geographically within a network coverage area. Wireless access is
still considered to be relatively new, and it may be difficult to find a wireless service provider in
some areas. It is typically more expensive and mainly available in metropolitan areas.
Recommended Reading.

T-1 Lines Leased Line

T-1 lines are a popular leased line option for businesses connecting to the Internet and for
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone. It is a dedicated phone
connection supporting data rates of 1.544Mbps. A T-1 line actually consists of 24 individual

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channels, each of which supports 64Kbits per second. Each 64Kbit/second channel can be
configured to carry voice or data traffic. Most telephone companies allow you to buy just one or
some of these individual channels. This is known as fractional T-1access. T-1 Lines support
speeds of 1.544 Mbps. Fractional T-1 speeds are 64 Kbps per channel (up to 1.544 Mbps),
depending on number of leased channels.

Bonded T-1
A bonded T-1is two or more T-1 lines that have been joined (bonded) together to increase
bandwidth. Where a single T-1 provides approximately 1.5Mbps, two bonded T1s provide
3Mbps or 46 channels for voice or data. Two bonded T-1s allow you to use the full bandwidth of
3Mbps where two individual T-1s can still only use a maximum of 1.5Mbps at one time. To be
bonded the T-1 must run into the same router at the end, meaning they must run to the same ISP.
Typical Bonded T-1 (two bonded T-1 lines) speed is around 3 Mbps.

T-3 Lines Dedicated Leased Line

T-3 lines are dedicated phone connections supporting data rates of about 43 to 45 Mbps. It too is
a popular leased line option. A T-3 line actually consists of 672 individual channels, each of
which supports 64 Kbps. T-3 lines are used mainly by Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
connecting to the Internet backbone and for the backbone itself. Typical T-3 supports speeds
ranging from 43 to 45 Mbps.

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OC3 - Optical Carrier

Short for Optical Carrier, level 3 it is used to specify the speed of fiber optic networks
conforming to the SONET standard. OC3 is typically used as a fiber optic backbone for large
networks with large voice, data, video, and traffic needs. Speeds are 155.52 Mbps, or roughly the
speed of 100 T1 lines.

Internet over Satellite

Internet over Satellite(IoS) allows a user to access the Internet via a satellite that orbits the earth.
A satellite is placed at a static point above the earth's surface, in a fixed position. Because of the
enormous distances signals must travel from the earth up to the satellite and back again, IoS is
slightly slower than high-speed terrestrial connections over copper or fiber optic cables. Typical
Internet over satellite connection speeds (standard IP services) average around 492 up to 512
Kbps.

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Reference
1) Internet :- information getting from www.google.com
And some information from www.wikipidia.org

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