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Power System Protection

The document discusses power system protection and relaying, including defining relays and their functions, desirable relay characteristics, faults and fault clearing, and primary and backup protection schemes. Relays are measuring and control devices that signal circuit breakers to disconnect equipment during abnormal power system conditions. Primary protection has the fastest clearing for faults within its zone, while backup protection provides redundancy in case of primary element failures.

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JLPirela1000
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
315 views

Power System Protection

The document discusses power system protection and relaying, including defining relays and their functions, desirable relay characteristics, faults and fault clearing, and primary and backup protection schemes. Relays are measuring and control devices that signal circuit breakers to disconnect equipment during abnormal power system conditions. Primary protection has the fastest clearing for faults within its zone, while backup protection provides redundancy in case of primary element failures.

Uploaded by

JLPirela1000
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Power System Protection

Dr. Lionel R. Orama Exclusa, PE


Week 1

Philosophy of Protective Relaying


Readings-Mason Chapter 1
Relay function
What exactly is a relay?
CTs and PTs
Abnormal conditions-faults
Desirable relay characteristics
Zones of protection
Primary and backup protection
Jan 18/2006

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

Relay function
Causes fast disconnection of equipment
from power system during abnormal
conditions
Minimizes damage
Minimizes effects on the system operation
Maximizes power transfer

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

Relay function
Power transfer (from C.R. Mason page 13)

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

What exactly is a relay?


Measuring device-receives a signal from
the Power System (PS) & determines if
the condition is abnormal
Control device-for abnormal conditions, it
signals Circuit Breakers (CB) to
disconnect equipment
It kind of relays a signal from the PS to the CB
Relay & CB is a system protection team
Fuses are simpler system
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

What exactly is a relay?

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

What exactly is a CB?

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

What exactly is a relay?

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

Current Transformers (CTs)


Device that produces
current proportional to
current in the power
system conductor
Ideal CT has current of:

I CT

I SYS
=
N CT

Rated ICT is aprox. 5A,


typically (called CT
secondary current)
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

Current Transformers (CTs)


Common ratios

Current
50:5
100:5
200:5
400:5
600:5
1000:5
20005

Turns
10
20
40
80
120
200
400

Polarity dot convention

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

10

Potential Transformers (PTs)


Device that produces
voltage proportional to
voltage in the power
system bus
Ideal PT has voltage of:

VPT = VSYS

N2
N1

Rated VPT is aprox. 120V,


typically (called PT
secondary voltage)
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

11

Relaying Diagram

Jan 20/2006

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

12

Simple Contacts Diagram


Short hand notation
for the trip circuit
Control Relaying &
Instrumentation
Diagram (CR&I)

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

13

Relay Contacts
a Contact
Open when relay that controls it is
not picked up, or when CB that
controls it is open
Closed when relay that controls it is
picked up, or when CB that controls
it is closed

b Contact
Closed when relay that controls it is
not picked up, or when CB that
controls it is open
Open when relay that controls it is
picked up, or when CB that controls
it closed
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

14

Contacts
A relay is said to be picked up
when its:
Its a contacts are closed
or
Its b contacts are open

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

15

Faults (Short Circuits)

Most common type of abnormal condition


Often Abnormally high currents flow IF>>IL
Flow of current in a path not intended for it
To interrupt IF, circuit must be opened
Relays often set based on calculated IF

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

16

Faults (Short Circuits)


Cause high current
mechanical stress

Cause high temperature arcs


destroy equipment, cause fires

Alter system voltage


Cause system unbalance
Block the flow of power
Cause generator overspeed
Instability, loss of synchronism
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

17

Fault Current Interruption

No current flow when breakers open


Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

18

Desirable Relay Characteristics


Speed (time to make decision 1/60sec)
Minimizes damage from current
Maximizes power transfer and stability

Security
Relay should not cause CB to open during
normal conditions

Dependability (reliability)
Relay should cause CB to open during
abnormal operation
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

19

Desirable Relay Characteristics


Sensitivity
Ability to detect all faults for the expected limiting
system and fault conditions

Selectivity
Ability to discriminate between faults internal and
external to its intended zone of protection

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

20

Primary & Backup Protection


Relays, CBs, CTs &
PTs located at
substations
Substation is a point
of
Interconnection
Switching
Voltage
transformation

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

21

Primary & Backup Protection


Every equipment should be protected by
at least two independent protection
systems
Equipment
Lines, busses, transformers, generators

Protection system
Primary and backup

Jan 23/2006

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

22

Primary Protection
Primary
To do it, zones are drawn on the systems
one-line diagram
Zones are defined by CT location and include
equipment & CBs that isolate equipment

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

23

Primary Protection

Primary protective zones


CBs located in connection
to each PS equipment
Zones configured so the
fault within the zone causes
all CBs in the zone to open
CBs open simultaneously &
instantaneously (no
intentional delay)
If primary zone is
successful, minimum effect
on the system (power
transfer ability)

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

24

Primary Protection
Primary
protective zones
Zones defined
by the CTs
located in the
bushings of the
CBs
Zones overlap to
avoid uncovered
areas and CB
failure
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

25

Primary & Backup Protection


Causes of Relay Failure
CTs and circuits
PTs and circuits
Loss of DC supply
Short circuit
Open circuit
Failure of auxiliary switches

Relay failure
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

26

Primary & Backup Protection


Causes of CB failure
Loss of DC supply
Open trip coil
Short circuit trip coil
Mechanical failure
Failure of main contacts

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

27

Backup Protection
Provided in case of:
Primary relay failure
Circuit breaker failure

Ideally primary & backup must be independent


Relay, CBs, CTs, PTs
However, duplicity of CBs is not practical & causes
other problems

Backup is slower than primary


Opens more CBs than necessary to clear a fault
Provides primary protection when primary
equipment is out of service
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

28

Backup Protection
Types of backup protection
Remote backup
Clears fault one substation away from where the
failure has occured

Local backup
Clears fault in the same substation where the
fault has occured

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

29

Remote Backup

CBs P and O opens


CB M stay closed
Then B, C and I has to open
Load is lost in this case
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

30

Remote Backup
Trips more system than necessary to clear
the fault
Long backup times from 50-60 cycles (0.81.0 sec)
Difficult to set remote relays
Initially, more economical
In the long run is more expensive
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

31

Local Backup
Primary relay op.
& energizes timer
If CB relays
remain picked up
& timer times out
Opens all CBs on
the bus (trips all
CBs)

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

32

Local Backup

J opens
H closed
G and I opens
Load is operating
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

33

Local Backup

P and O open
M closed
G and I opens
L trips locally
I tripped by
communicated signal
(Transfer Trip)
A special kind of
backup keeps Z
closed
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

34

Local Backup
When a CB does not work
Trips least amount of system in clearing a
fault
Fastest backup times are 9-20 cycles
(0.15-0.33 sec)
Simple relay settings
Initially has a higher cost
Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

35

Remote vs. Local Backup


Remote

Local

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

36

Remote vs. Local Backup


Remote

Local

Copyright L.R. Orama 2006

37

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