David Mitrany (1888-1975): An Appreciation of His Life and Work

Author(s): Dorothy Anderson

Source: Review of International Studies, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Oct., 1998), pp. 577-592
Published by: Cambridge University Press
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Review

of International

Studies

24, 577-592

(1998),

Copyright

? British

International

Studies

Association

David Mitrany (1888-1975): an appreciation

of his life and work
DOROTHY

ANDERSON

was one of the originators,

almost
the founding
David Mitrany
father, of the
to
and
his
ideas
world
have
functional
government,
pragmatic
proved as
approach
in the
relevant at the end of this century as when they were first fully expounded
was
concerned
with
other
1940s.
that
time
At
thinkers,
many
political
early
Mitrany,
in planning for the international organization
of peace in the
with new approaches
was
even
to
in
be
of
functionalism
world.
His
effective,
welcomed,
postwar
advocacy
was
to
account
and
be
taken
into
for
the
with
demands
future;
by
keeping
public
on the Charter
in particular
in the
of the new United Nations,
those working
establishment
of its specialized agencies.
on 1 January 1888, and after
David Mitrany was born in Bucharest, Romania,
in search of further professional
service left the country
his military
completing
in
in higher
then
the
education.
Romania,
(Under
regime
existing
opportunities
were restricted
for Jews; nor, though military
education
and in the professions
could they become officers.) For three years, from 1908 to
service was compulsory,
in a business office' and taking
in
he
lived
1911,
Hamburg,
'gathering a little money
at
the
of Hamburg).
the
Kolonial
Institut
classes
(later
University
evening
His interests were aroused by a particular kind of social work akin to Toynbee
to London
Hall, and he moved
intending to pursue his studies in such work. In the
autumn of 1912 he enrolled at the London
School of Economics
(LSE) to study
at the same
under
Graham
L.
T.
Hobhouse
and
economics
under
Wallas,
sociology
time continuing with social work. The outbreak of the First World War in August
1914 changed his outlook and the purpose of his career. For the next four years he
was involved in working
for the war effort, for a while attached to the Romanian
in
then
London,
undertaking
intelligence work for the Foreign Office and
Legation
the War Office. Originally
he had tried to join the air force but found, in spite of
influential friends, he 'could enlist only as ground staff at some home base'; but he
did at least have one experience of front-line activity when taken with a group of
in 1916. He also con
foreign editors to the front at the Battle of the Somme
which were produced under the editorship of Sir
tributed to the Peace Handbooks
George
Society,

Prothero,
touring

an active member
of the first League
on
the
lectures
need for and hopes
giving

and became
the country

of Nations
of the new

League.

encounter with C. P. Scott, the editor of the Manchester

fortuitous
Guardian,
a
summer
on the
led first to
of four weeks and then to a position
engagement
1919 to 1922, with special responsibility
editorial staff of the newspaper, from May
for foreign affairs. His relations with Scott were particularly
cordial, and Scott paid
him a special tribute when he left, stating that during his period of work with the
A

577

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578

Anderson

Dorothy

Guardian may have been criticized for its views but never for
paper, the Manchester
its facts. In 1922, indeed, Mitrany's
paper on the illegality of France's
background
claim to occupy the Ruhr as a form of sanctions was used by the British Govern
ment

in opposing
the French claim. During his time with the Manchester
as its correspondent
in Berlin, and was able
months
three
spent
Mitrany
at
to
that
that
time armaments were
visits to the Krupp
prove
factory
with the paper lasted for the rest of his
His association
manufactured.
were occasions when he wrote leaders, and many more occasions when his
or introduced new ideas.
the paper stimulated discussions

Guardian
to arrange
not being
life; there
articles in

inMitrany
C. P. Scott's confidence
and approval of his views (Mitrany said that
to look alike on the new world to which the grand Paris Conference
'we happened
was supposed to give birth') led to his agreeing to an extensive European
tour for his
to follow his father),
in the company
of
son, E. T Scott (then being groomed
two
ten
to
March
1924
the
with
their
toured
From
men,
wives,
May
Mitrany.
and close contacts with a variety of
countries, and Mitrany with his wide knowledge
in Eastern Europe,
introduced the young Scott to new
political figures, particularly
interview for the two
ideas and different needs in postwar Europe. One outstanding
as
men was with Mussolini,
with
another,
recalled,
Mitrany
King Carol of Romania.
In 1922 Mitrany
editor of a
embarked on a new career as assistant European
on the economic
and social history of the war, which was
series of publications
for Inter
Endowment
and financed by the Carnegie
sponsored
being prepared,
of James Shotwell. This experience
Peace under the general editorship
national
of Mitrany's
formed the basis for much of the later development
thought, as he
and acquired
worked with authors from many different countries and backgrounds,
on problems
such as sanctions, minorities,
land
detailed knowledge
nationalism,
close relationship
between
and agrarian
reform, and the increasingly
and
economics.
politics
a writer and artist, and they moved
Ena Limebeer,
from
In 1923 he married
to the village of Kingston
Blount near Oxford, which
London
into the countryside,
base and home for the rest of his life.
became Mitrany's
It was during his period working
for the Carnegie
Endowment
that he made
for discussions
that
several attempts to bring together opposing European politicians
to
his own approach
would be in private and in confidence. He also determined
disputes

politics: in a letter to his friend, Felix Frankfurter,

his lifelong creed:
But

never

I have

suffered

from

dogmatism.

My

interest

1925 he expressed

inMay

is to see

some

organization of peace, and I care little how it is done and by whom

takes

us

towards

that

in the

it is done as long as it

end.

not accept membership

of any political party
on International
the Labour Party Advisory Committee
nor would he participate
in any organization which was
for
his refusal to be involved in any of the motivation
sense
one
was his personal
and
in
it
yet
strength;

He would

development

simply

(though
Affairs

he was a member of
from 1918 to 1931);

hence
basically nationalist,
the new state of Israel. This
isolated Mitrany
from the

of British academic political thought.

to round off his formal academic
the time during this period
at
in 1918 with a PhD in 1929 and a
LSE
his
the
BSc(Econ.)
following
qualifications,
in 1931.
DSc in Economics

mainstream
He also

found

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Retrospective:

David Mitrany

579

came his introduction

to the
Endowment
his work for the Carnegie
Through
a first visit in 1924-5 as the guest of the Endowment
followed
his
USA,
by
being
at
two
in
Harvard
1931-3.
for
of
years
University
acceptance
visiting lecturerships
In 1932 came the invitation to give the influential Dodge Lectures at Yale University,
of citizenship. He was
which traditionally dealt with problems of the responsibilities
to
to
of
the
lectures
and
widen
the
the
scope
present his views on
given
opportunity
in
his lectures,
the
third
of
'The
in
the
international
national
context;
politics
he outlined
for the first time his
of World Affairs',
Organization
in 1933, the
the four lectures were published as a collection
functional
ideas. When
an
was
The
International
indication
where his
of
Government,
title,
Progress
of
were
thoughts
leading.

Communal

of his academic
and
knowledge
standing and his unusual
recognition
as
in
followed
with
his
1933
Professor
of
affairs
experience
European
appointment
in the School of Economics
and Politics at the Institute of Advanced
Study at
in the School and he was the
Princeton University.
His was the first appointment
The Institute was both a prestigious
establishment
and an
only non-American.
no
was
a
were
no
to
it
be
of
there
lectures;
scholars',
students,
'society
experiment:
More

friends and colleagues

included
with time for thought and study, and Mitrany's
at
his
the
Institute
Albert Einstein and Robert Oppenheimer.
Through
professorship
academic life that he lacked in the UK.
he was to gain standing within American
over the next six years, with opportunities
to
His experience of life in America
a
was
at
what
crucial
time
Roosevelt's
and
observe
(the Depression,
study
happening
New Deal, the struggles to make things work in the context of a rigid constitution,
view of history and potential
achievements.
etc.), balanced his hitherto European
as
in Midpassage',
of America
Four essays reflecting his examination
published
showed the influence upon his thought of American
Interpretations,
of the Tennessee
the setting-up
and organization
solutions:
Valley
a
was
in
of
'form
notable
view,
Authority
example,
following function'.
Mitrany's
At the time of the Munich
crisis in 1938 he was approached by the British Foreign
Office with a request that in the event of war he should become a member
of an
a
with
the
academic intelligence unit,
think-tank
task of observing and commenting,
and proposing
solutions for the problems that war and the subsequent peace would
American
functional

the group would be under the direction of the Royal Institute of

bring. Ostensibly
for the Foreign
International
Affairs
(RIIA), but its work was to be exclusively
was
to
to
not
while
each
member
be
Office,
independent,
subject
political pressure.
The day after the outbreak
of war in September
1939, he joined this group, the
at Balliol College,
and Press Service, which had its headquarters
Foreign Research
Oxford. In the series of papers that he prepared and put before the Foreign Office in
the next three years he offered ideas that were new and, from the point of view of
the Foreign Office, sometimes unwelcome,
in looking
the war but of the peace that would follow. In October
'The New Nationalism
and the New Internationalism',
the Agenda
Ideological,

at the likely outcome not of

1940 he submitted a paper on
and in June 1941 one entitled

of Peacemaking'.
In another paper in January 1941, entitled 'Territorial,
or Functional
International Organization?',
he examined the functional

approach.

At the end of 1942 he resigned from the group (which was already considerably
as others like himself were finding
to accept the Foreign
it difficult
diminished,
Office's definition of independent
thought) in order to work freely on his own ideas.

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580

Dorothy

Anderson

The results appeared in a small pamphlet with the unassuming

title, A Working Peace
An
the
Functional
International
Argument
for
System:
of
Organization.
Development
Publication
of the first three editions in 1943 was by the RIIA. The impact of the
translations were made into Italian, Danish and
paper and its ideas was considerable,
and copies were smuggled into Europe for use by resistance groups.
Norwegian,
Indeed, with the outbreak of war there was a new vigour among political thinkers,
with possibilities
for innovation. Whereas
they had been restricted by the need to
conceive solutions for peace within the framework of a disintegrating
Europe, now
of a world order uncluttered
there was urgency in the search for the foundation
by
the failure of the League of Nations. Mitrany was one of many political
thinkers
the prospects
of a future where
arguing and debating
not
be
self-determination
would
all-dominant
and poten
sovereignty
a
as Lord
in
The
debate
became
factor
wartime
destructive.
tially
propaganda:
were
moment
in
sacrifices
of
the
the
antici
it,
only acceptable
expressed
Beveridge
a
a
The
functional
had
of
better
future.
approach
particular public appeal in
pation
throughout

the country
and national

the years when

Britain had stood alone, and the

Europe had proved untrustworthy,
was
of
the
world
small pamphlet was
clearly apparent. Mitrany's
interdependence
discussed
and
welcomed,
accepted.
There were other political
thinkers also who
the advantages
of
recognized
functionalism:
for example, E. H. Carr, whose work Conditions of Peace, published
not the federal
union based on the functional
in 1942, argued for a European
who emphasized
the importance
of social and
and Leonard Woolf,
factors as a basis in developing
international
union.
All three
any
political
a future in which international cooperation would be firmly established by
functional
and Carr were
agencies; and Mitrany
building up a network of working
adamant that federalism, whether based on geography or ideology, could never be a
approach,
economic
advocated

long-term

solution.

In the last two years of the war, with the country looking towards peace, Mitrany,
like other political
thinkers, was active in talking, writing,
lecturing and broad
was
ensure
new
to
His
main
aim
that
the
peace processes would be based
casting.
a
not on a constitutional
of a peace conference,
with
framework
like
approach
rigid
on
of
but
the
and
the 1918 Versailles
Treaty,
pragmatic
requirements
practical
an
was
in
rest
and
the
of
the
that
functional
and
world,
recovery
Europe
approach
sociological.
In 1946, as the RIIA had exhausted
its paper quota, a new edition of A Working
was published
Peace System, with a new introduction,
Peace
by the National
was
Council. By then there was peace and a new international
organization
coming
in his introductory
the advantages
of
into existence. Mitrany
essay acknowledged
over
new
the old League, in particular
that the
had
the United Nations
organization
to take account
of economic
and social functions.
been established
Indeed,
ideas as set out in A Working Peace System were recognized and accepted,
Mitrany's
to be embedded
in the founding documents
of the specialized agencies of the UN.
as professor
to
of returning
With
the end of the war came the possibility
of a new position
and a new
and there came too the opportunity
Princeton,
Ltd, and
by the multinational
corporation, Unilever
challenge. He was approached
affairs. It was a bold and imaginative
invited to be its adviser on international
of
approach, and a unique one, which came about as a response from the Chairman
to Mitrany's
statement that after the war there would be little to separate
Unilever

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Retrospective:

David Mitrany

581

for the one would be dominated

and politics, and that decisions
by the
as an
it
of
both
the
the
other.
thinking
accepted
position,
Mitrany
policies
an
was
a
as
with
invalid
and
he
and
that,
wife,
challenge,
acknowledging
experiment
thus given the freedom to live in the UK, and at the same time to continue with his
in the
role at Princeton.
The experiment was to last until his retirement
academic
1960s.
early
on aspects of international
Over the next few years his writings
politics were
economics

of

as were his lecturing tours both in the UK and on his visits to the
considerable,
USA. At the same time he was preparing a further detailed and contrasting work,
which had its origins in his earlier studies and career, was related to his Romanian
in Eastern Europe since
and was a reflection on all that had happened
background,
he had written
the years with the Carnegie Endowment
the First World War. During
land tenure and agrarian
and edited a number of studies dealing with the peasant,
a vast amount of material from a variety of sources in
reform, and had accumulated
various languages. These he brought
together in what was to become a definitive
work

in detailing and describing Communist

workers: Marx
against the Peasant: A Study
in the next
and
translations
1951,
appeared
It was a
German
and
Japanese,
Portuguese.
reviews

and articles,

and received much

attitudes and actions towards peasant

was published
in Social Dogmatism
in
few years in Italian, Chinese, Korean,
in
work that was examined worldwide
even
most
the
abuse, though
praise?and

the wealth of research that had gone into the

acknowledged
left-wing journalists
saw this work as possibly his most
work. Mitrany
himself
important contribution.
For a while Mitrany
the agrarian expert became better known than Mitrany
the
international exponent of functionalism.
in the international framework
Indeed, during the 1950s, interest in new prospects
as
of the world community
countries
diminished,
struggled to regain balance and
prosperity and the totality of the split between East and West negated endeavours
at Princeton and became
for a whole community. Mitrany
gave up his professorship
a Permanent Member, with access to the Institute, its facilities and its hospitality. He
in the USA and
moved between the USA and the UK, with as his bases Princeton
to write, to probe new ideas, to look ahead to
in London. He continued
new
to
in a society increasingly dominated
arise
likely
envisage
problems
by the
encroachment
of politics upon economics
and upon the individual. Two projects he
about the rights
initiated at this time revealed him again as an innovator. Concerned
he
the
solutions
of other
of the individual
the
state,
investigated
opposed
by
In 1957, at
institution of the Ombudsman.
countries and looked at the Scandinavian
his own expense, he had the various Swedish documents
translated and in two
of introducing
Guardian discussed
the possibility
such a
articles in the Manchester

Unilever

person or persons into the British political system. This was at least two years before
there was a sudden interest in and publicity about the need in the UK for such a
a study project at the small independent
institute,
post. In 1958 he instigated
of the execu
and Economic
(of which he was an active member
Planning
to examine the interlinked relationship between British trade unions
tive committee),
and the Labour Party, a dependence which, he believed, was bound to distort the
that the antiquated
outlook and
progress of both. In particular, he was concerned

Political

in nineteenth-century
practices of the trade unions, with their dogma entrenched
battles, would defeat any serious schemes for economic
planning which might be
as the basis for a Labour
in 1958, and the
introduced
That was
government.

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582

Dorothy

Anderson

relevance of his concern was to become very evident by the end of the 1960s and on
into the 1970s as (what he regarded as) the m?salliance
between the political and the
union sides of the Labour Party in office became so apparent.
came into existence, and with the
When
the European Coal and Steel Community
Rome
of
of
the European Union,
the
and
the
of
there was
Treaty
signing
beginning
once again a flurry of interest in functionalism;
and in what the political
scientists
Influential writers such as Ernst Haas,
considered
its new form, 'neo-functionalism'.
on human rights and the International
were
Labour Organization,
a
to
in
Inis
Claude
Swords
into
Plowshares
included
functionalism;
devoting chapters
on
Letters
functionalism.
and
for
articles
and
information
reached
requests
chapter
In 1966 a
from all over the world,
including Poland and even Moscow.
Mitrany
in Chicago
of his essays was published
with
the cooperation
of the
collection
an
a
for
World
Service
and
with
Federation
introduction
Hans
J.
Society
by
new
A
in
the
entitled
text
also
Peace
full
the
of
book,
Morgenthau:
Working
System,
the 1943 pamphlet was reprinted. He continued to lecture, and in 1967 embarked on
a three-month
tour of US academic
centres?Harvard,
Yale, Columbia?with
was
in
talks
and
television
interviews
he
his
lectures,
(and
eightieth year).
in his books

More meetings
and conferences
and requests for papers followed, and at the end
met
at Bellagio
1969 an outstanding
of academics
conference
under
the
for
Peace
of
the
Endowment
International
and
the
Institute
sponsorship
Carnegie
of the University
of Sussex. Its overall
for the Study of International Organization
title was simply 'Functionalism',
and Mitrany
the
presented
opening paper in which
he summed up all that he had been saying over the past forty years, putting it in the
context of future political and social developments.
There were further publications,
of his ideas appeared in 1975, edited by A. J. R. Groom
and an overall examination
of

in International Relations,
to
and Paul Taylor, Functionalism:
Theory and Practice
A
which Mitrany
contributed
another paper,
Political Theory for the New Society'.
In 1975 the LSE arranged for a further publication
of his collected writings with the
a
on
career: in The Functional Theory
notes
of
memoir
and
his
his
addition
personal
an historical perspective
was
as he
in
David
reiterated
Mitrany's
of Politics,
theory
discussed how in the light of his experiences and of history, his functional approach
to international politics had developed. He died in July 1975.
In its essence the 'Mitranian theory' (the description
of one American
political
to
is
and
work
and
for
with
scientist)
simple
pragmatic:
people; to cooperate on the
that unite not divide; to look for solutions by function not form;
issues and matters
or
their country,
interests whatever
nationality
can
to
done
in
be
step by step,
practically,
religion;
preference
and political
agreements.
rigid solutions which require legality and constitutions
is an approach rather than a theory, and it is one of compassion
and
Functionalism
a man of vision,
of David Mitrany
tolerance.
himself,
Inded, it is the mirror
He was always the student, he said of himself, always
simplicity and compassion.
interests
ready to listen and to learn; and at the same time a scholar of wide-ranging
to consider

people's
and to work

common

on what

with many
of peoples and countries at his fingertips. He
languages, and knowledge
was always thinking ahead, considering
the 'relation of things', and was deeply
of the past, especially those that had followed the First
concerned
that the mistakes
own
World War,
should never be repeated.
There were many
people whose
were
of
and
future
enriched
because
had
known
and
worked
past
they
perceptions
with David Mitrany.

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Retrospective:

583

David Mitrany

Bibliography1

This Bibliography
lists the published works and unpublished papers by David Mitrany.
His working papers together with his professional
correspondence have been presented
to the British Library of Political and Economic Science
(the library of the London
where they may be consulted on appli
School of Economics
and Political Science)
cation to the Librarian.

Published

1915

1916

works

'Rumania: Her History

and Polities', Oxford Pamphlet;
also inN Forbes, et
A
al, The Balkans;
Serbia, Greece, Rumania,
History
of Bulgaria,
Turkey,
Oxford, Clarendon Press.
'German

Penetration

in Rumania',

Quarterly

Review,

Vol.

226, No.

449,

October.

1917
1918

1919
1919
1922
1922
1923
1924
1924
1925
1925

1926

Greater Rumania; A Study inNational

Ideals, London, Hodder & Stoughton.
'The London
and Political
School of Economics
Science', Clare Market
Review Series No. 1, Student Union of the London School of Economics
and
Political Science.
'Minor States and the League; A Scheme of Devolution',
The Manchester
Guardian, April 19.
'Notes on a Visit to Germany',
462, pp. 245-251.
'France's Claim to Act Alone',

(Anonymous)

Quarterly Review, Vol.

233, No.

The Manchester
Guardian, May 24.
'Sanctions under the Treaty of Versailles', The Manchester
Guardian, April.
'The Literature
of Peasantist
The Manchester
Guardian
Reconstruction',
Commercial-Reconstruction
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Europ?en de laDotation
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The Functional
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reprinted

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for

as

584

Dorothy
'Marx

si Taranimea;

Biblioteca
1928
1930

1930

Anderson

econ?mica,
in Croatian.)

teoria

agrariana

lui Marx,

Reactie

Proporanista',

de arte grafice, No.

Institut

Bucarest,

7, 1930.

(Also

appeared
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the War and Agrarian
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Reform
for
Endowment
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and
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(Carnegie
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Social History of theWorld War) Oxford University
or a Danger?'
Political
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1, No.
4,
Hope
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An International
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Oxford
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Yale Review, New Haven,
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1934.
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1932 World
1932

1937.
today, tomorrow, New York, Prentice Hall,
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1933
'Land Tenure in Eastern Europe and the Near East', Encyclopedia
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1933 The Progress
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Haven, USA,
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1934
'Method for the Middle
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Lippmann's Method
of
No.
Yale
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December.
24,
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Freedom, Macmillan)
Review,
1933

1935
1935

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XIX

and Article

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in Modern War', Annals
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1938
1939

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New

in RIIA
Statesman

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Oxford

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1941

in A. J. Toynbee
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Deal: An

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its Origin

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Agenda,

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1,

4, October.

in Eastern Europe', The Advancement

'Large Scale and Peasant Farming
of
for the Advance
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on the Transfer of Populations'
1943
'Some Notes
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Political Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 4, October-December.
1943 A Working Peace System: An Argument for the Functional Development
of
1944. 4th edition, with
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new Introduction,
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London, National

1942

1944
1944

and Danish editions, Cambridge

Italian, Norwegian
Frontiers and Minorities
'Transfers of Population:
16.
The Times, February
'The USSR

and

South-Eastern

Affairs, Vol. 20, No.

'War and Revolution'

Europe:

Press, 1945.
University
in the Peace Settlement',

Permanent

International

Factors',

3, July.

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(Editorial) The Manchester
The Manchester
'The New League: Will
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Guardian,
13.
October
to Security,
Peace Council,
Peace Aims
1944 The Road
National
London,
No.
December.
29,
Pamphlet
text A TVA for the
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1944

1944

1944

1944

1945
1945
1945

1945

1946.
Danube Valley', Contact, London,
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of
the
'The General
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in Agrarian

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IPA.
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8.
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1945
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Charter: A

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1945 Introduction
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1946 A Labour Party for America',
12.
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1946
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'The United Nations',

The Manchester
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Common Wealth Review,

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June.

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1946
1946
1946
1946
1946
1946

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to Planners', World Digest, London, October.
'AWarning
'The Art of Peace Making',
Contact, London.
Publi
Contact
Four
Political
American
London,
Essays,
Interpretations:
cations.

as Agencies
International Public Corporations
Friedmann,
No.
2.
World
Booklets,
London,
Unity
of Reconstruction,
India Quarterly, New Delhi,
'Human Rights and International Organization',
1947
Vol. 3, No. 2, April-June;
?tudes Internationales,
Brussels, Vol. 1,No. 3, July
1948.
'The Social Balance of Power', Contact, July.
1947
New
The Eastern Economist,
'The Prospect
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1947
Co-operation',
No.
Vol.
9, September.
9,
Delhi,
Yale Review, New
of National
'The International
1947
Planning',
Consequences
1946

Haven,

1948

1948
1948

1.

37, No.

Vol.

'Should Christianity
46, No.

1948

toW G

Foreword

2,

Count

in International

Relations?'

Journal, Vol.

Hibbert

January.

The Manchester
Some Practical
Federation:
Difficulties',
27.
Guardian, April
The Manchester
Some Risks behind Western Action',
'Regional Segregation:
Guardian, July 14.
The
Conflict
An Old
the Peasants:
and
'Communism
Re-emerges',
'International

1948

Guardian, July 31.

International
to World
'The Functional
Affairs,
Organisation',
Approach
and K. J. Twichett
in C. A. Cosgrove
London, Vol. 24, No. 3, July. Reprinted
1970.
(eds.), The New International Actors, London, Europa Publications,
First
World
the
in
'Mental Health and World Unity'
Congress
Proceedings
of
onMental Health, London, 4 vols, Vol. IV
The Manchester
American
'The End of Isolation: Russia Makes
Policy',

1949

20.
Guardian, December
for
'New Horizons
Management',

1949

Spring.
'America and

Manchester
1948

1948

March
1949

Progress,

London,

Vol.

40, No.

222,

the Pact: Some Liberal Misgivings',

The Manchester

Guardian,

and Perplexities',

The Manchester

Guardian,

26.

'Western Union:

Some Doubts

June 30.
1949
1950
1950

1950

Guardian
The Manchester
of Europe),
(Council
Experiment'
6.
August
(Editorial)
International
on Unesco
of Persons
'Reflections
Programme',
Exchange
Social Science Bulletin, Paris, Vol. 2, No. 2, Summer.
'Communism and the Peasants: The Social Lesson of Korea', The Manchester
Bulletin of the Peasant Union, Vol. 1,No. 6-7,
15;Monthly
Guardian, August
'Great

July-August.
'Evolution of the Middle Zone', Annals
and Social Science, Vol. 271, September.

of the American

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of Political

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587

et d'Expansion,
Soci?t? Belge d'Etudes
'Le Nouveau
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Common Cause, Chicago, Vol. 4, No. 4, November.
1950
'Functional Federalism',
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1950
'Functional Unity and Political Discord'
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Peace Council, London.
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1951 Marx against the Peasant: A Study in Social Dogmatism,
London, Weidenfeld

1950

& Nicolson.
American
edition: University
of North Carolina Press, Chapel
edition: Hong Kong, Union
Hill; Chinese
Press; Korean
edition; Japanese
e i
edition: Kyoto, University
of Kyoto Press; Italian edition: TI Marxismo
edition: 'Marxismus und
contadini', Firenze, La Nuova
Italia, 1954; German
Isar Verlag,
edition: 'Marx contra o
1956; Portuguese
Bauerntum', Munich,
1951
1952

compones', Rio de Janeiro, Editora Ipanema, 1957.

'Communism and the Peasants', Annals of the American Academy of Political
and Social Science, Vol. 276, July; Progress, London, Vol. 42, No. 233, Winter.
'Marx, Stalin and the Peasants', The Listener, March 20.

Isolationism'
(Review of
Foreign Policy: The Futility of the New
Kennan's
The
Manchester
8.
Guardian, April
book),
George
to Colonial
1952
'The Functional Approach
Self-Government'
(for study group on
in
in
Problems
the
government
colonies)
published
of Parliamentary
Government in the Colonies, London, Hansard Society, 1953.

1952 American

1952
1952

1952
1952
1953
1954

'The Forgotten Peasant' (Editorial) The Manchester

Guardian, August 9.
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Technical
Assistance
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1953.
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Science,
25,
to 'Oriens' (Guy Wint) Land Reform
in China, A Background
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in the Commonwealth'
in Sir Drummond
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'Functional Co-operation
A Family of Peoples, London, Odhams.
(ed.), The British Commonwealth:
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Basis of World Organization',
Vol.
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en Mati?re
'Un Progr?s
de Representation
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D?mocratique,
as 'The International NGO's:
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in
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title A New
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The
Role
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English, French and German.

1954 Food and Freedom, A Background

Book, Batchworth Press, April.

in Europe. I. The Coal Pool at Work.
II. Political Practice',
Living Unity
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7 and 8.
Guardian, December
'Einstein as a Man: A Record of Goodness',
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1954 A
1955

19.

1955
1955

'How Einstein Received

the Offer
& Middle East Review, April 22.
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to be President'
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The Manchester

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Dorothy

of a Science:
13.

1955

'In Search

1955

September
'Russians at Stockholm',

"Poll Democracy"',
The Manchester

The Manchester

Guardian

Guardian,

(Miscellany)

September

13.

and Poll Democracy',

Democracy
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Parliamentary
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on the Occasion
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The
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1956 Appreciation
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Look
1957 A New
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1955

London,

1957
1959
1959

1959

Summer.

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of Rights', The
6
and
7.
Guardian, August
to Pyarelal,
Towards New Horizons,
Introduction
Ahmedabad,
Navajivan
Last Phase).
House
from
Mahatma
Gandhi?The
Publishing
(reprint
toWorld Government',
'The Functional Approach
Lecture to the Conference

'Protecting
Manchester

the Citizen.

of Internationally-Minded
'International Co-operation

Schools, Unesco, April 6; published under the title

in Action',
International
Associations,
Brussels,

September.
Organizations,
European

(Study Group)

London,

PEP, George

Allen

&

Unwin.

in B. Landheer
of Regional Unity',
(ed.), Limits and Problems of
The
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European Integration,
'The Prospect
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1965
Integration: Federal or Functional?'
Common Market
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'Delusions

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1972; in A. J. R.
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'The Making
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Evolving United Nations, London, Europa Press.

in Historical
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4, November.

1975

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1975

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in International
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Press, 1975.
The Functional

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of Politics,

London,

in A.

J. R. Groom

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and P. Taylor,
of London
for LSE.

Retrospective:
Unpublished

Labour

589

David Mitrany

papers

Party Advisory

Committee

papers

of the League in Austria' Labour Party paper 295; paper 286 was
of Nations
of the interview with Zimmerman,
League
in Austria
Commissioner
1923
'Loan to Hungary' Labour Party paper 301.
1928 A Labour Policy on Sanctions' Labour Party paper 366, May.
1928
'Minorities Problem' Labour Party paper 385, February; 385A, March.
on the Minorities
1929
'Memorandum
Question' Labour Party paper 401.
on M. Briand's Proposal
for a Pan-European
Union' Labour
1930
'Memorandum
1923

'The Work

the

translation

Party paper 412, July.

1939-1942
3/10/39
1/11/39
3/10/40

Foreign Office

papers

(list probably

not complete)

Note on the new nationalism

and the new internationalism.
An American
the law of neutrality.
proposal for amending
on a functional basis of international action with special
Notes
to the U.S.

reference

19/12/40 Peasant problem of Eastern Europe.

2/ 1/41 Territorial,
international
organisation?
ideological or functional
(Original
paper expanded into Working Peace System.)
'Eastern Europe: a note on Mr
3/ 2/41 The problem of Eastern Europe, originally
memorandum'.

Macartney's

25/ 2/41

Contact

with American

opinion.
Some postulates which a new international order should satisfy.
II 3/41 The social incidence of international
lending.
in Rumania.
12/ 3/41 German
economic penetration
on the United States.
19/ 3/41 Lord Melchett's memorandum
31/ 3/41 American
trade union leaders invited to Great Britain.
II 4/41 Some American
views on the League and international organization.
international Bill of Rights.
9/ 6/41 Notes on a proposed
20/ 6/41 Agenda of peacemaking.
8/ 7/41 Contacts between English and American
labour.
on research in 'grand strategy' (with H. A. Sargeaunt).
10/ 7/41 Memorandum
2/10/41 Note on the need for an international development
commission.
20/11/41 Notes on relations between USSR and the states of Eastern Europe.
25/ 2/41

21/

1/42 Labour in the United

How can we develop

States.
a method

13/ 2/42

18/ 3/42 A note on the problem

II 5/42 League inquiry.
23/ 5/42 The New Deal.
30/ 6/42
22/ 8/42
9/10/42

"These

of

of German

'peaceful change'?
disarmament.

The

transfer of population.*
of the USA with Latin America.
of
transfer (with A. G B. Fisher).*
Aspects
population
The

relations

two later published

in Political

Quarterly,

1943.

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590
No
No
No

Dorothy

Anderson

date
date

What to do with Germany.

A note on the replies prepared

date

of MI 7.
A note on Professor
reprisals

by the German

on

Memorandum

Brierly's

to certain questions

section

the

of

aspects

legal

(with memo).

General
1917
1920

'Small States and the League of Nations',

on Irish Questions'.
'Memorandum

Lecture,

League

of Nations

Society.

Undated
1920s
1931
1932
1933
1933
1933-34
1934
1934
1934
1935

'Nationalism
and Nationality',
Lecture, King's College, London.
'Research in International Relations'.
on Research
'Memorandum
in the International
of National
Implications
P.
Economics'
Charles
Howland, Yale).
(with
'The Western
Powers and the Balkans',
Lecture, Brown University
(US
on European History).
Historical Association
Round Table Conference
'The Press and International Relations',
Lecture, Princeton, March 20.
on the study of International
'Memorandum
Relations'
(for Rockefeller
Foundation).
'The New "Bureaucracy"
and the New Social Approach
(Memorandum
requested by Felix Frankfurter).
'Socialism, Brown and Black'.
'War and Society',
Harvard

Lecture.

Lectures,

and Possibility
of Regional
4th?'Danger
and Change without
5th?'Law
Revision
6th?'Would
Peaceful Change Endanger
Territorial
Integrity Guaranteed
by
1936
1937

'Regional Pacts?Their
Danger
on
the Significance
'Note
International

1938

Arrangement'
Force'
the Political Independence
Article X of Covenant?'

and Possibility'.
of Non-Recognition

in

and

System

of

Sanctions'.

1941

and Nationality'
(24 page draft).
'Sanctions and the Pacifist', Lecture, Pendle Hill, Pa.
'International Economic
Planning', Lecture, Masaryk

1941

'Rise and Decline

1938

to Government'

'Nationalism

of Liberalism',

Lecture,

PPE

Society.
students, Balliol

College,

Oxford.
1943
1943
1943

'Poverty

July 15.
'Functional
Relations',
November

1943

and Political

May 5.
'Note on a Danubian

Overhead
Road

Transport

of
Organisation
Political
Lecture,
11 (with discussion).

Memorandum
Mimeographed
National
Peace Council.

in S.E. Europe'
Authority'

(Private memorandum)
(Private memorandum)

the British
Study

in its International
Empire
Group,
Royal
Empire
Society,

(December

14) for Peace Aims

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Conference,

1944
1944
1944
1944
1944
1944
1944
1944

591

David Mitrany

Retrospective:

Society' (with typed and expanded article)

'Organization of International
Lecture, Fabian Conference, Oxford, January 8.
and Mixed
'International
Communities',
Lecture, Anglo
Organization
Palestinian Club, February 3.
'Political Survey of New Europe', Lecture, Society of Friends, February 18.
to Mr Rykens)
'Note on Dutch
Study Group'
(private memorandum
February 22.
as a Basis for Peace' (Mss. notes, typed address
'Functional Co-operation
and summary) Lecture, Imperial College, February 28.
and Possibilities',
'UNRRA?Its
Structure, Programme
Lecture, National
Peace Council, March
16.
between
Organization
12.
Morley College, May
and Social Background
'Economic
'International

1919-39',

Lecture,

of Danubian

Problems',

Forces,
Lecture,

School
1944
1944
1945
1945
1945
1945
1945

of Slavonic Studies, July 17.

of World Organization',
'Development

H.M.

Centre, September
Oaks
'Dumbarton

Lecture,

Friends'

International

22.

and Security',
National
Peace Council
Lecture,
November
14.
London,
Conference,
'The Problem
of International
Lecture, Le Play Society,
Organization',
of
3
(with summary
discussion).
January
'Road to International
Security' (Ms. notes and typed synopsis) Lecture,
National
Peace Council, February 21.
Address
introducing film on TVA, June 12 (Unilever House).
'International
June 20.

and Freedom',

Organization

Lecture,

Progressive

League,

'What is the Meaning

of International
Lecture, Student
Co-operation?'
23.
Conference,
July
Post-War
Lecture, New
Education',
'Major Social Changes
affecting
Education Fellowship Conference, August 23.
and Eastern Europe', Lecture, University
of London
'Security?Britain
30.
United Nations Course, November
Issues of World Government'
'Constitutional
(Ms. notes and typed draft)
Peace
Aims
13.
Lecture,
Conference, April
on Security, June 18.
Draft synopsis for International
Studies Conference
Federation

1945
1945
1946
1946
1947
1947
1947

'Human Rights', Lecture, Yale University, March 3.

'Problems of International Organization',
Lecture, Yale University, March
in International
'The Social Factor
Lecture, Yale Institute
Polities',
International

1947

'Functional
March

1947
1947
1947

11.
Studies, March
International
Development',

Lecture,

Harvard

5.
of

University,

12.

'Nationality

and Nationalism',

Cambridge University.
'Russia and the West',
21.
November
'International
International

Lecture,

Lecture,
National

Economic
Organization',
Bureau Conference, December

Eastern
Peace

Majlis,
Council

Discussion
22.

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November

12,

Conference,
at

Fabian

592
1948

Dorothy

Anderson

1950

in the Social Balance

of Power' for Symposium
of British
of
on
Alfred
Sim
Contact
America,
article,
Opinion
compiled by
(based
'The
Social
of
Balance
1947,
July
Power').
'The Hague Congress', Lecture, London
International Group, June 3.
'Political Framework
of Co-operation
with Europe',
Fabian
Lecture,
June 5.
Conference,
'The Study of International
Problems',
paper commissioned
by Unesco,

1952

April.
'The Causes

(with Dr

1952

Broadcast,
'Inflation

College,

1948
1948

'America

and Effects
of Revolution'
London calling Asia, July 10.
in Language',
Lecture, Haverford

David
Pa., USA,

Thomson)
October

14.

1952

on International
Technical Co-operation',
with
Discussion
Peace Committee,
29.
October
Philadelphia,
'International
of
Economic
Lecture,
Consequences
Planning',
Netherlands
for
11.
abroad, November
College
representation
'Some Political
of the Schuman
Lessons
Plan' (intended
for Political
but
Quarterly,
withdrawn).
'Information

Friends'

1953
1954
1954
1955
1956

'Pacifism'

(40 page paper, revised 1972).

and Large States: The Problem
in International
of Equality
IPSA
Relations',
paper,
Stockholm, August.
Congress,
International
Seminar, Oxford,
'Equality of States', Lecture, NATO
July
'Small

26.

1956
1956
1957
1957
1958

'A Note
for the Study on Government
and Administration'
(PEP)
5.
November
or Partnership?'
van Hogendorp
'Western Union;
Lecture,
Marriage
December
11.
Society, Rotterdam,
sent to
'The New International
for BBC programme,
Society' (suggestions
Miss J. Rowntree,
January 10).
'Lament for Political Theory',
to small
paper, February
14, circulated
of
scientists.
group
political
'Paradoxes of the Liberal Position', Lecture, Liberal International,
April
13.

1958
1959
1964
1967
1969

in Industrial
note
'The Political
Element
for Unilever
Relations',
27.
Eastbourne Conference, November
sent to Encounter, August
13.
'Ombudsman',
Introduction
for a proposed volume of collected essays (50 pages).
of lecture on Functionalism
tour (34 pages)?
Draft
for American
Harvard, Chicago, Northwestern,
Columbia, Yale and Smith College.
'The Functional
Idea in the International
Context',
paper for Carnegie
on 'Functionalism',
Conference
Bellagio,
Italy, September.

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