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    10 Steps of Glycolysis

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    Hayley Welsh
    Glycolysis is a 10 step process that converts glucose into pyruvic acid, producing energy in the form of ATP. Step 1 involves hexokinase phosphorylating glucose. Steps 2-5 convert the phosphorylated glucose into two molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate. In step 6, triose phosphate dehydrogenase transfers hydrogen from glyceraldehyde phosphate to NAD+, forming NADH. Steps 7-10 use the glyceraldehyde phosphate molecules to ultimately form two pyruvic acid molecules, two ATP, two NADH and two H2O molecules.

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    10 Steps of Glycolysis

    Uploaded by

    Hayley Welsh
    248 views3 pages
    Glycolysis is a 10 step process that converts glucose into pyruvic acid, producing energy in the form of ATP. Step 1 involves hexokinase phosphorylating glucose. Steps 2-5 convert the phosphorylated glucose into two molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate. In step 6, triose phosphate dehydrogenase transfers hydrogen from glyceraldehyde phosphate to NAD+, forming NADH. Steps 7-10 use the glyceraldehyde phosphate molecules to ultimately form two pyruvic acid molecules, two ATP, two NADH and two H2O molecules.

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    10 Steps of Glycolysis

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    Glycolysis is a 10 step process that converts glucose into pyruvic acid, producing energy in the form of ATP. Step 1 involves hexokinase phosphorylating glucose. Steps 2-5 convert the phosphorylated glucose into two molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate. In step 6, triose phosphate dehydrogenase transfers hydrogen from glyceraldehyde phosphate to NAD+, forming NADH. Steps 7-10 use the glyceraldehyde phosphate molecules to ultimately form two pyruvic acid molecules, two ATP, two NADH and two H2O molecules.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    248 views3 pages

    10 Steps of Glycolysis

    Uploaded by

    Hayley Welsh
    Glycolysis is a 10 step process that converts glucose into pyruvic acid, producing energy in the form of ATP. Step 1 involves hexokinase phosphorylating glucose. Steps 2-5 convert the phosphorylated glucose into two molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate. In step 6, triose phosphate dehydrogenase transfers hydrogen from glyceraldehyde phosphate to NAD+, forming NADH. Steps 7-10 use the glyceraldehyde phosphate molecules to ultimately form two pyruvic acid molecules, two ATP, two NADH and two H2O molecules.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    10 Steps of Glycolysis

    Step 1
    The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates (adds a phosphate group
    to) glucose in the cell's cytoplasm. In the process, a phosphate
    group from ATP is transferred to glucose producing glucose 6phosphate.
    Glucose (C6H12O6) + hexokinase + ATP ADP + Glucose 6phosphate (C6H11O6P1)
    Step 2
    The enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose 6-phosphate
    into its isomer fructose 6-phosphate. Isomers have the same
    molecular formula, but the atoms of each molecule are arranged
    differently.
    Glucose 6-phosphate (C6H11O6P1) + Phosphoglucoisomerase
    Fructose 6-phosphate (C6H11O6P1)
    Step 3
    The enzyme phosphofructokinase uses another ATP molecule to
    transfer a phosphate group to fructose 6-phosphate to form fructose
    1, 6-bisphosphate.
    Fructose 6-phosphate (C6H11O6P1) + phosphofructokinase + ATP
    ADP + Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (C6H10O6P2)
    Step 4
    The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two
    sugars that are isomers of each other. These two sugars are
    dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate.
    Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (C6H10O6P2) + aldolase
    Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (C3H5O3P1) + Glyceraldehyde
    phosphate (C3H5O3P1)
    Step 5
    The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase rapidly inter-converts the
    molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde
    phosphate. Glyceraldehyde phosphate is removed as soon as it is
    formed to be used in the next step of glycolysis.
    Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (C3H5O3P1) Glyceraldehyde

    phosphate (C3H5O3P1)
    Net result for steps 4 and 5: Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate (C6H10O6P2)
    2 molecules of Glyceraldehyde phosphate (C3H5O3P1)
    Step 6
    The enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase serves two functions
    in this step. First the enzyme transfers a hydrogen (H-) from
    glyceraldehyde phosphate to the oxidizing agent nicotinamide
    adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to form NADH. Next triose phosphate
    dehydrogenase adds a phosphate (P) from the cytosol to the
    oxidized glyceraldehyde phosphate to form 1, 3bisphosphoglycerate. This occurs for both molecules of
    glyceraldehyde phosphate produced in step 5.
    A. Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 H- + 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2
    H+
    B. Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 P + 2 glyceraldehyde
    phosphate (C3H5O3P1) 2 molecules of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
    (C3H4O4P2)
    Step 7
    The enzyme phosphoglycerokinase transfers a P from 1,3bisphosphoglycerate to a molecule of ADP to form ATP. This happens
    for each molecule of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. The process yields
    two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules and two ATP molecules.
    2 molecules of 1,3-bisphoshoglycerate (C3H4O4P2) +
    phosphoglycerokinase + 2 ADP 2 molecules of 3phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1) + 2 ATP
    Step 8
    The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the P from 3phosphoglycerate from the third carbon to the second carbon to
    form 2-phosphoglycerate.
    2 molecules of 3-Phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1) +
    phosphoglyceromutase 2 molecules of 2-Phosphoglycerate
    (C3H5O4P1)
    Step 9
    The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP). This
    happens for each molecule of 2-phosphoglycerate.

    2 molecules of 2-Phosphoglycerate (C3H5O4P1) + enolase 2


    molecules of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) (C3H3O3P1)
    Step 10
    The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from PEP to ADP to form
    pyruvic acid and ATP. This happens for each molecule of PEP. This
    reaction yields 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 ATP molecules.
    2 molecules of PEP (C3H3O3P1) + pyruvate kinase + 2 ADP 2
    molecules of pyruvic acid (C3H4O3) + 2 ATP

    Summary
    In summary, a single glucose molecule in glycolysis produces a total
    of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of
    NADH and 2 molecules of water.
    Although 2 ATP molecules are used in steps 1-3, 2 ATP molecules are
    generated in step 7 and 2 more in step 10. This gives a total of 4
    ATP molecules produced. If you subtract the 2 ATP molecules used in
    steps 1-3 from the 4 generated at the end of step 10, you end up
    with a net total of 2 ATP molecules produced. For a detailed view of
    the 10 steps, see: Details of the 10 Steps of Glycolysis.

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