Computer

Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Ref Page

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 1/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn about:
Reasons for
numbers

using

binary

instead

of

decimal

Basic arithmetic operations using binary numbers

Addition (+)
Subtraction (-)
Multiplication (*)
Division (/)

Ref Page 49

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

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Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary over Decimal

Information is handled in a computer by electronic/
electrical components
Electronic components operate in binary mode (can
only indicate two states on (1) or off (0)
Binary number system has only two digits (0 and 1),
and is suitable for expressing two possible states
In binary system, computer circuits only have to handle
two binary digits rather than ten decimal digits causing:
Simpler internal circuit design
Less expensive
More reliable circuits
Arithmetic
numbers

Ref Page 49

rules/processes

possible

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

with

binary

Slide 3/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Examples of a Few Devices that work in

Binary Mode
Binary
State

On (1)

Off (0)

Bulb
Switch

Circuit
Pulse

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Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

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Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary Arithmetic

Binary arithmetic is simple to learn as binary number

system has only two digits 0 and 1

Following slides show rules and example for the four

basic arithmetic operations using binary numbers

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Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 5/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary Addition
Rule for binary addition is as follows:
0
0
1
1

Ref Page 50

+
+
+
+

0
1
0
1

=
=
=
=

0
1
1
0 plus a carry of 1 to next higher column

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 6/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary Addition (Example 1)

Example
Add binary numbers 10011 and 1001 in both decimal and
binary form
Solution
Binary

Decimal

carry 11
10011
+1001

carry 1
19
+9

11100

28

In this example, carry are generated for first and second columns

Ref Page 51

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 7/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary Addition (Example 2)

Example
Add binary numbers 100111 and 11011 in both decimal
and binary form
Solution
Binary
carry 11111
100111
+11011
1000010

Ref Page 51

Decimal
carry 1
39
+27
66

The addition of three 1s

can be broken up into two
steps. First, we add only
two 1s giving 10 (1 + 1 =
10). The third 1 is now
added to this result to
obtain 11 (a 1 sum with a 1
carry). Hence, 1 + 1 + 1 =
1, plus a carry of 1 to next
higher column.

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

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Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary Subtraction
Rule for binary subtraction is as follows:
0
0
1
1

Ref Page 51

0
1
0
1

=
=
=
=

0
1 with a borrow from the next column
1
0

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 9/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary Subtraction (Example)

Example
Subtract 011102 from 101012
Solution
12
0202
10101
-01110
00111
Note: Go through explanation given in the book

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Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

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Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Complement of a Number
Number of digits
in the number
C

Complement
of the number

Ref Page 52

Bn

Base of the
number

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

The number

Slide 11/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Complement of a Number (Example 1)

Example
Find the complement of 3710
Solution
Since the number has 2 digits and the value of
base is 10,
(Base)n - 1 = 102 - 1 = 99
Now 99 - 37 = 62
Hence, complement of 3710 = 6210

Ref Page 53

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 12/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Complement of a Number (Example 2)

Example
Find the complement of 68
Solution
Since the number has 1 digit and the value of
base is 8,
(Base)n - 1 = 81 - 1 = 710 = 78
Now 78 - 68 = 18
Hence, complement of 68 = 18

Ref Page 53

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 13/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Complement of a Binary Number

Complement of a binary number can be obtained by
transforming all its 0s to 1s and all its 1s to 0s
Example
Complement of

0 1

is

Note: Verify by conventional complement

Ref Page 53

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 14/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Complementary Method of Subtraction

Involves following 3 steps:
Step

1:

Find the complement of the

are subtracting (subtrahend)

Step

2:

Add this to the number

are taking away (minuend)

from

number

you

which

you

Step 3: If there is a carry of 1, add it to obtain

the result; if there is no carry, recomplement the
sum and attach a negative sign
Complementary subtraction is an additive approach of subtraction

Ref Page 53

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 15/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Complementary Subtraction (Example 1)

Example:
Subtract 5610 from 9210 using complementary method.
Solution
Step 1: Complement of 5610
= 102 - 1 - 56 = 99 56 = 4310
Step 2: 92 + 43 (complement of 56)
= 135 (note 1 as carry)

The result may be

verified using the
method of normal
subtraction:

Step 3: 35 + 1 (add 1 carry to sum)

92 - 56 = 36

Result

Ref Page 53

= 36

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 16/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Complementary Subtraction (Example 2)

Example
Subtract 3510 from 1810 using complementary method.
Solution
Step 1:
=
=
=

Complement of 3510
102 - 1 - 35
99 - 35
6410

Step 2:

18
+ 64 (complement
of 35)
82

Step 3:

Result

Since there is no carry,

re-complement the sum and
attach a negative sign to
obtain the result.
= -(99 - 82)
= -17

The result may be verified using normal

subtraction:
18 - 35 = -17

Ref Page 53

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 17/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary Subtraction Using Complementary Method

(Example 1)
Example
Subtract 01110002 (5610) from 10111002 (9210) using
complementary method.
Solution
1011100
+1000111 (complement of 0111000)
10100011
1 (add the carry of 1)
0100100
Result = 01001002 = 3610

Ref Page 53

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 18/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary Subtraction Using Complementary Method

(Example 2)
Example
Subtract 1000112 (3510) from 0100102 (1810) using
complementary method.
Solution
010010
+011100 (complement of 100011)
101110
Since there is no carry, we have to complement the sum and
attach a negative sign to it. Hence,
Result = -0100012 (complement of 1011102)
= -1710

Ref Page 54

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 19/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary Multiplication
Table for binary multiplication is as follows:
0x0=0
0x1=0
1x0=0
1x1=1

Ref Page 55

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 20/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary Multiplication (Example 1)

Example
Multiply the binary numbers 1010 and 1001
Solution
1010
x1001

Multiplicand
Multiplier

1010
0000
0000
1010

Partial Product
Partial Product
Partial Product
Partial Product

1011010

Final Product
(Continued on next slide)

Ref Page 55

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 21/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary Multiplication (Example 2)

(Continued from previous slide..)

Whenever a 0 appears in the multiplier, a separate partial

product consisting of a string of zeros need not be generated
(only a shift will do). Hence,

1010
x1001
1010
1010SS (S = left shift)
1011010

Ref Page 55

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 22/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary Division
Table for binary division is as follows:
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

=
=
=
=

Divide by zero error

0
Divide by zero error
1

As in the decimal number system (or in any other number

system), division by zero is meaningless
The computer deals with this problem by raising an error
condition called Divide by zero error

Ref Page 57

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 23/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Rules for Binary Division

1. Start from the left of the dividend
2. Perform a series of subtractions in which the divisor is
subtracted from the dividend
3. If subtraction is possible, put a 1 in the quotient and
subtract the divisor from the corresponding digits of
dividend
4. If subtraction is not possible (divisor greater than
remainder), record a 0 in the quotient
5. Bring down the next digit to add to the remainder
digits. Proceed as before in a manner similar to long
division

Ref Page 57

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 24/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Binary Division (Example 1)

Example
Divide 1000012 by 1102
Solution
110

0101 (Quotient)
100001 (Dividend)
110

Divisor greater than 100, so put 0 in quotient

1000
110

Add digit from dividend to group used above

Subtraction possible, so put 1 in quotient

Remainder from subtraction plus digit from dividend

Divisor greater, so put 0 in quotient

100
110

1001 6
110 7
11

Ref Page 57

Add digit from dividend to group

Subtraction possible, so put 1 in quotient
Remainder

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 25/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Additive Method of Multiplication and Division

Most computers use the additive method for performing
multiplication and division operations because it simplifies
the internal circuit design of computer systems
Example
4 x 8 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 32

Ref Page 56

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 26/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Rules for Additive Method of Division

Subtract the divisor repeatedly from the dividend until

the result of subtraction becomes less than or equal to
zero

If result of subtraction is zero, then:

quotient = total number of times subtraction was

performed

remainder = 0

If result of subtraction is less than zero, then:

Ref Page 58

quotient = total number of times subtraction was

performed minus 1

remainder = result of the subtraction previous to

the last subtraction

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 27/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Additive Method of Division (Example)

Example
Divide 3310 by 610 using the method of addition
Solution:
33 - 6 = 27
27 - 6 = 21
21 - 6 = 15
15 - 6 = 9
9-6= 3
3 - 6 = -3

Since the result of the last

subtraction is less than zero,
Quotient = 6 - 1 (ignore last
subtraction) = 5

Total subtractions = 6

Ref Page 58

Remainder = 3 (result of previous

subtraction)

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 28/29

Computer
Computer Fundamentals:
Fundamentals: Pradeep
Pradeep K.
K. Sinha
Sinha &
& Priti
Priti Sinha
Sinha

Key Words/Phrases

Additive method of division

Additive method of multiplication
Additive method of subtraction
Binary addition
Binary arithmetic
Binary division
Binary multiplication
Binary subtraction
Complement
Complementary subtraction
Computer arithmetic

Ref Page 58

Chapter 5: Computer Arithmetic

Slide 29/29