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Electric Circuits: General & Particular Solutions

This document discusses solutions to first and higher order differential equations that describe electric circuits. It introduces the concept of integrating factors to solve first order differential equations of the form di/dt + Pi = Q. For networks described by differential equations, the general solution has two parts: a particular integral (iP) and a complementary function (iC). The document provides examples of applying the solution methods to RL circuits and discusses how to apply initial and final conditions to solve for specific cases. It also covers solving second order differential equations using characteristic equations and discusses how to apply two initial conditions.

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28 views13 pages

Electric Circuits: General & Particular Solutions

This document discusses solutions to first and higher order differential equations that describe electric circuits. It introduces the concept of integrating factors to solve first order differential equations of the form di/dt + Pi = Q. For networks described by differential equations, the general solution has two parts: a particular integral (iP) and a complementary function (iC). The document provides examples of applying the solution methods to RL circuits and discusses how to apply initial and final conditions to solve for specific cases. It also covers solving second order differential equations using characteristic equations and discusses how to apply two initial conditions.

Uploaded by

VS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electric Circuits

General & Particular Solutions


Vineet Sahula
[email protected]

First & Higher Order Differential Equations p. 1/13

Linear Diff. Eq.


di(t)
+ a1 i(t) = v(t)
a0
dt
dn i
dn1 i
di
a0 n + a1 n1 + ... + an1 + an i = v(t)
dt
dt
dt
v(t) is forcing function or excitation

First & Higher Order Differential Equations p. 2/13

Integrating Factor
di
+ Pi = Q
dt
Using Integrating Factor (I.F.) eP t we get
eP t

di
+ P ieP t = QeP t
dt

d
(ieP t ) = QeP t
dt
Solving leads to
Z
ieP t =
QeP t dt + K
i = eP t

QeP t dt + KeP t
R

For P being a function of time, I.F. will be e

P dt

First & Higher Order Differential Equations p. 3/13

Network solution
I part is Particular integral & II part is Complementary function
Z
i = eP t QeP t dt + KeP t
Q is forcing function & K is arbitrary constant
Thus, with t i.e. Steady State
lim KeP t = 0

i() = lim i(t) = limt eP t


t

QeP t dt

Whereas, with t 0 i.e. Initial condition


Z
i(0) = lim i(t) = limt0 eP t QeP t dt + K
t0

In case, P & Q are constants,


Q
i(0) =
+ K = K2 + K
P
Q
i() =
+ K = K2
P
In general,
i(t) = iP + iC = iss + it

First & Higher Order Differential Equations p. 4/13

Example
For an RL circuit under switched-on condition
di
di
L dt
+ Ri = V i.e. dt
+R
Li =
R
P
t
i=e
QeP t dt + KeP t

i=

V
R

+ Ke

V
L

with P =

R
L

&Q =

V
L

Rt
L

Tt

In general, when P & Q are constants, i = K2 + K1 e


In case, P & Q are constants,
K2 = i()
K2 + K1 = i(0)
K1 = i(0) i()
Tt

i = i() [i() i(0)]e

First & Higher Order Differential Equations p. 5/13

Example-2
L

R1

R2
V

Determine current when K is CLOSED at t = 0 and later after


steady state is reached when K is OPENED
at t = 0 i() =
i(0) =
i=

V
R1 +R2
V
R1

V
R1

&T =

L
R1
R t
L1

R1
R1 +R2 e

First & Higher Order Differential Equations p. 6/13

More Complicated Networks


Networks described by one time-constant ?
Simple circuits having simple RC or RL combinations
Containg single L or C, but in combination of any number
of resistors, R
Networks, which can be simplified by using equivalence
conditions so as to represented by a single equivalent
L/C/R
Solve many examples !!

First & Higher Order Differential Equations p. 7/13

Initial Conditions in Networks


Resistor: VR = iR the current changes instanteneously, if the voltage
changes instanteneously
diL
Inductor: vL = L didtL ,
dt for L is finite, hence current CANNOT
change instanteneously; BUT an arbitrary voltage may appear
across it
dvC
Inductor: iC = C dvdtC ,
dt for C is finite, hence voltage
CANNOT change instanteneously; BUT an arbitrary current may
appear across it

Element

Equivalant ckt at t = 0

Open Ckt (OC)

Short Ckt (SC)

L, I0

Current source I0 in parallel with OC

C, V0

Voltage source V0 in series with SC

First & Higher Order Differential Equations p. 8/13

Final Conditions in Networks


Element, IC

Equivalant ckt at t =

Open Ckt (OC)

Short Ckt (SC)

L, I0

Current source I0 in parallel with SC

C, V0

Voltage source V0 in series with OC

First & Higher Order Differential Equations p. 9/13

Two special cases- Initial Conditions


A loop or mesh containing a VOLTAGE source Vs with only
capacitors,
implying a virtual short-circuit across Vs ;
Imagine infinite current to flow through capacitors so as to
charge them to appropriate voltages instanteneously
In a dual situation: A node connected with a CURRENT
source Is with only Inductors in other branches
implying a virtual open-circuit across Is ;
Imagine infinite voltage across Is to exist so as to drive
finite FLUX in all the inductors to bring appropriate current
in them instanteneously

First & Higher Order Differential Equations p. 10/13

Second Order Diff. Equations


d2 i
di
a0 2 + a1 + a2 i = v(t)
dt
dt
To satisfy the equation, the solution function MUST be of such
form that all three terms are of SAME form.
i(t) = kemt
a0 m2 kemt + a1 mkemt + a2 kemt = 0
Charateristic Equation, a0 m2 + a1 mk + a2 k = 0
p
a1
1
m1 , m2 = 2a0 2a0 a21 4a0 a2
i(t) = k1 em1 t + k2 em2 t

First & Higher Order Differential Equations p. 11/13

Solving Second order Diff. Eqns.


roots may simple (real), equal OR complex (conjugate)
Simple roots i(t) = k1 em1 t + k2 em2 t
Equal roots m1 = m2 = m
i(t) = k1 emt + k2 temt
Complex (conjugate) roots m1 , m2 = j
i(t) = k1 et e+jt + k2 et ejt
i(t) = et (k1 e+jt + k2 ejt )
i(t) = et (k3 cos t + k4 sin t)
i(t) = et k5 cos(t + )

First & Higher Order Differential Equations p. 12/13

ng Second order Diff. Eqns.- Initial Conditio


Two constatns k1 & k2 need be evaluated
This requires two IC to be formulated
First IC is computed as either i(0+) OR v(0+), whichever
is independent/unknown [i is independent in a series
circuit; v is independent in a parallel circuit ]
Second IC is based on first order differential of the same
dv
di
(0+)
parameter, (0+) or
dt
dt

First & Higher Order Differential Equations p. 13/13

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