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Full-Range Fourier Series

The document discusses Fourier series and provides examples of calculating Fourier series for periodic functions defined over an interval. Specifically: 1. A Fourier series represents a periodic function as the sum of sines and cosines. It provides the coefficients that define this representation. 2. Calculating Fourier series involves determining the coefficients by integrating the function against basis sine and cosine terms. 3. Examples show calculating Fourier series for functions defined over -2 to 2 and 0 to 2, obtaining representations as sums of sines or cosines with the determined coefficients.

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66 views8 pages

Full-Range Fourier Series

The document discusses Fourier series and provides examples of calculating Fourier series for periodic functions defined over an interval. Specifically: 1. A Fourier series represents a periodic function as the sum of sines and cosines. It provides the coefficients that define this representation. 2. Calculating Fourier series involves determining the coefficients by integrating the function against basis sine and cosine terms. 3. Examples show calculating Fourier series for functions defined over -2 to 2 and 0 to 2, obtaining representations as sums of sines or cosines with the determined coefficients.

Uploaded by

andraaaaapm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fourier Series

These summary notes should be used in conjunction with, and should not be a replacement
for, your lecture notes. You should be familiar with the following denitions.
A function f is periodic with period 2L if f (x) = f (x + 2L) for all x. For example sin and
cos are both periodic with period 2.
If f is any function dened in the interval (L, L] or [L, L) then the 2L-periodic extension of f , denoted F , is dened by
{
f (x)
if x (L, L] or x [L, L)
F (x) =
F (x + 2L) otherwise
f is an odd function if f (x) = f (x) for all x.
f is an even function if f (x) = f (x) for all x.

0
f (x) dx =
2
n

if f is odd

f (x) dx

if f is even

1. Full-range Fourier Series


The Full-range Fourier series representation of f on (L, L) is
[
( nx )
( nx )]

f (x) a0 +
an cos
+ bn sin
,
L
L
n=1

where

L
1
a0 =
f (x) dx,
2L L
( nx )
1 L
an =
f (x) cos
dx (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .),
L L
L
( nx )
1 L
dx (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
bn =
f (x) sin
L L
L

If f is 2L-periodic then the above series is a representation of f . If f is only dened on (L, L)


then the series is actually a representation of F , the 2L-periodic extension of f .
Calculation of a Fourier series boils down to computing the coecients a0 , an and bn , and a
rm grasp of integration by parts is required to complete these calculations successfully.

Example 1 For the function dened by f (x) = x2 on the interval 2 < x < 2 sketch the
4-period extension of f and determine the Fourier coecients.
Sketch f on the interval (2, 2) and then repeatedly shift this to the right and to the left to
obtain the graph of the 4-period extension F .

Figure 1: The 4-period extension of f


Lets now compute the Fourier coecients. Note that L = 2 in this case.
[
]2

1 2 2
1 1 3
1
4
a0 =
x dx =
x
= (8 (8)) = .
4 2
4 3
12
3
2

an

1
=
2
1
=
2

=
=
=

x2 cos

( nx )

([

2 2
x sin
n

dx
2
( nx )]2
2

n
2

x sin
2

( nx )
2

)
dx

))
([
2
( nx )]2
( nx )
8
8
4
2
2
sin(n)
sin(n)
x cos
+
cos
dx
n
n
n
n
2
n 2
2
2
))
(
(
1
4
4 [ ( nx ) ]2
4
4
cos(n)
cos(n) + 2 2 sin
dx
00

2
n
n
n
n
2
2
))
(
(
1
4
4
4
4
(1)n + 2 2 (sin(n) sin(n))

(1)n
2
n
n
n
n
)
(
2
4
8

(1)n + 2 2 (0 0)
n
n
n
16
(1)n .
2
2
n

1
=
2
=

Note that sin(n) = 0 for all n Z and cos(n) = (1)n for all n Z.

bn

1
=
2

x2 sin
2

( nx )
2

dx

( )
Before we dive into the integration observe that x2 denes an even function while sin nx
2
denes an odd function. Since the product of an even and an odd function is odd, it follows
that bn = 0 for all n. This simple observation saves us from having to perform a rather laborious
integration.
The Fourier series is given by
( nx ) 4 16 (1)n
( nx )
4 16
n
f (x) +
(1)
cos
=
+
cos
.
3 n=1 n2 2
2
3 2 n=1 n2
2

Here are the graphs of the (truncated) series for N = 2, N = 11 and N = 101 terms. Notice
that as N increases the series converges to the extended function.

Figure 2: N = 2

Figure 3: N = 11

Figure 4: N = 101
Example 2 For the function dened by
{
x 2 2 < x < 0
f (x) =
x+2
0<x<2
sketch the 4-period extension of f and determine the Fourier coecients.

Figure 5: The extended function

a0

1 2
f (x) dx
=
4 2
( 0
)
2
1
=
(x 2) dx +
(x + 2) dx
4
2
0
([
]0
[ 2
]2 )
1
x
x2
=
2x
+
+ 2x
4
2
2
2
0
1
([0 6] + [6 0])
4
= 0
=

an =
=
=
=

( nx )
1 2
f (x) cos
dx
2 2
2
( 0
2
( nx )
( nx ) )
1
dx +
dx
(x 2) cos
(x + 2) cos
2
2
2
2
0
( 0
0
2
2
( nx )
( nx )
( nx )
( nx ) )
1
x cos
dx 2
cos
dx +
x cos
dx + 2
cos
dx
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
(
)
[
[
( nx )
( nx )]0
( nx )]2
2
1
2
2
x cos
+2
dx 2
sin
sin
2
2
n
2
n
2
2
2
0

1
(0 2 0 + 2 0)
2
= 0

Note that
x cos

( nx )

2
denes an odd function so the value of the integral between 2 and 2 is zero.

bn =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

( nx )
1 2
f (x) sin
dx
2 2
2
( 0
2
( nx )
( nx ) )
1
dx +
dx
(x 2) sin
(x + 2) sin
2
2
2
2
0
( 0
0
2
2
( nx )
( nx )
( nx )
( nx ) )
1
dx 2
dx +
dx + 2
dx
x sin
sin
x sin
sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
(
)
[
[
( nx )]0
( nx )]2
( nx )
2
1
2
2
dx 2
cos
+2
cos
x sin
2
2
n
2
n
2
2
2
0
(
( 2
)
(
))
)
(
2
1
nx
2
2
2
n
n
dx 2
2
x sin
+
(1) + 2 (1) +
2
2
n n
n
n
0
( ([
)
)
]2
2
)
(
)
(
nx
4
1
2
nx
2
4
4
4
n
n
cos
dx +
2 x cos
+

(1)
(1) +
2
n
2
n 0
2
n n
n
n
0
)
)
( (
[
]
( nx ) 2
1
4
2
2
8
8
n
2 (1) +
sin
+

(1)n
2
n
n n
2
n n
0
)
(
1
8
8
8

(1)n
(1)n +
2
n
n n
4
8

(1)n
n n
4
(1 2(1)n )
n

Note that
x sin
denes an even function so
2
x sin
2

( nx )
2

( nx )
2

dx = 2

x sin
0

( nx )
2

dx.

The Fourier series is given by

( nx )

4
n
(1 2(1) ) sin
.
f (x)
n
2
n=1

Here are the graphs of the series for 5, 50 and 100 terms.

Figure 6: 5 terms

Figure 7: 50 terms

Figure 8: 100 terms

2. Half-range Fourier Series


If a function f is dened on the interval (0, L) then the 2L-periodic extension of f can be dened
to be an odd function or an even function. This then gives rise to the Half-range Fourier sine
series for f and the Half-range Fourier cosine series for f , respectively.
Sine Series: In this case the extended function F is dened to be an odd 2L-periodic extension
of f , i.e.

0<x<L
f (x)
F (x)
F (x) =

F (x + 2L)
The coecients are then a0 = an = 0 for all n = 1, 2, 3, . . . and

( nx )
2 L
bn =
f (x) sin
dx.
L 0
L
Thus
f (x)

bn sin

( nx )

n=1

Cosine Series: In this case the extended function F is dened to be an even 2L-periodic
extension of f , i.e.

0<x<L
f (x)
F (x)
F (x) =

F (x + 2L)
The coecients are then bn = 0 for all n = 1, 2, 3, . . . and

1 L
a0 =
f (x) dx
L 0

( nx )
2 L
an =
f (x) cos
dx.
L 0
L
Thus
f (x) a0 +

n=1

an cos

( nx )
L

Example 3 For the function dened by f (x) = x2 on the interval (0, 2) determine the Fourier
sine and cosine series.
Sine series:
bn =
=
=
=

( nx )
2 2 2
x sin
dx
2 0
2
[
2
( nx )]2
( nx )
4
2 2
+
x cos
x cos
dx
n
2
n 0
2
0
)
([
2
( nx )]2
( nx )
2
8
4
2

cos(n) +
x sin
sin
dx
n
n
n
2
n 0
2
0
)
(
8
4
4 [ ( nx )]2
n
(1) +
cos
n
n n2 2
2
0
7

8
16
(1)n + 3 3 (cos(n) cos(0))
n
n
8
16
16
n
= (1) + 3 3 (1)n 3 3
n
n
n
16
8
n
n
=
((1) 1)
(1) .
n3 3
n
=

Therefore

)
(
( nx )

16
8
n
n
((1)

1)

(1)
sin
.
F (x) =
33
n
n
2
n=1

Cosine series:
a0

an

Hence

1
=
2

[
]2
4
1 1 3
x dx =
x
= .
2 3
3
0
2

( nx )
2 2 2
=
x cos
dx
2 0
2
[
2
( nx )]2
( nx )
2 2
4
=
x sin
dx

x sin
n
2
n 0
2
0
)
([
2
( nx )]2
( nx )
4
2
2
dx
=
x cos
+
cos
n
n
2
n 0
2
0
(
)
4
4
4 [ ( nx )]2
=

cos(n) 2 2 sin
n
n
n
2
0
16
=
(1)n .
n2 2
( nx )
4 16 (1)n
.
F (x) = + 2
cos
3 n=1 n2
2

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