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Economic Operation of Power Systems: Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Azmy

This document summarizes the economic operation of power systems, including economic load dispatch and unit commitment. It discusses how economic dispatch determines the optimal output of each generating plant to minimize overall fuel costs while meeting demand. The document also outlines various technical constraints power systems must adhere to, such as generator limits, voltage ranges, transmission line capacities, and reserve requirements. It provides examples of input-output and cost curves for thermal plants and examines economic dispatch equations when losses are neglected. The summary establishes the optimization problem and conditions for minimizing total fuel costs across all generators.

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Ali Hussien
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219 views34 pages

Economic Operation of Power Systems: Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Azmy

This document summarizes the economic operation of power systems, including economic load dispatch and unit commitment. It discusses how economic dispatch determines the optimal output of each generating plant to minimize overall fuel costs while meeting demand. The document also outlines various technical constraints power systems must adhere to, such as generator limits, voltage ranges, transmission line capacities, and reserve requirements. It provides examples of input-output and cost curves for thermal plants and examines economic dispatch equations when losses are neglected. The summary establishes the optimization problem and conditions for minimizing total fuel costs across all generators.

Uploaded by

Ali Hussien
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECONOMIC OPERATION

OF POWER SYSTEMS
Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Azmy
Department of Electrical Power and Machine Engineering
Tanta University - Egypt

Faculty of
Engineering

Tanta University

Economic load dispatch


The unit commitment study
It optimally defines the required generators to
meet the expected load and to provide a
specified margin of operating reserve over a
specified period of time

The economic dispatch


It determines the output power of each plant
that would minimize the overall fuel cost. This
represents a coordination process between
the unit productions in an economic manner.

System Constraints
The technical limitations that have not to be violated
under any condition
The violation of these constraints affects the power
quality and the general operation of the power
system and causes stability problems
The constraints can be divided into two groups:
equality constraints and inequality constraints
Inequality constraints can have a hard nature,
where the variables are definite and specific like the
tap-changing transformer, or a soft nature, where
the variables are smoothly varied within a specific
range like the nodal voltages

System Constraints
Constraints

Equality constraints

Inequality constraints

hard nature
The variables are
definite and specific
like the tap-changing
transformer

soft nature
The variables are
smoothly varied within
a specific range like
the nodal voltages

System Constraints
Equality Constraints
The main equality constraints are the basic load flow
equations that establish the flow balance equations
For example, the equality constrains according to
Newton-Raphson Method are
n

Pi Vi V j y ij cos( i - j - ij )
j1
n

Q i Vi Vj y ij sin( i - j - ij )
j1

System Constraints
Inequality Constraints
Generator constraints
The thermal stability of generators requires that the
total VA "Sg" loading of any generator has not to
exceed a certain maximum value Sg-max:

Sg Pg2 Qg2 Sg, max


where: Pg and Qg are the active and reactive
generated power respectively

System Constraints
Inequality Constraints
Generator constraints
The upper limit of the active power Pmax is
constrained by the thermal consideration
The lower limit Pmin is constrained by the flame
instability of the boiler
Consequently, the generated power from any unit
"Pg" has to be kept within the limits:

Pmin Pg Pmax

System Constraints
Inequality Constraints
Generator constraints
There are upper and lower limits for the reactive
power of the generator
These limitations are defined by the overheating of
the rotor for the upper limit and the stability limit of
the machine for the lower limit

Q min Qg Qmax

System Constraints
Inequality Constraints
Voltage constraints
Both the magnitudes and angles of node voltages
have to be controlled in order to keep them within
acceptable limits
The power quality necessitates that the voltage
magnitudes at load terminals are kept within
specific limits or else the equipments will not
operate satisfactorily
The regulation of the voltage starts from the
generators (exciters) to reduce the cost of extra
voltage regulating devices

System Constraints
Inequality Constraints
Voltage constraints
The upper limit of phase angles is defined
regarding the transient stability of power systems
On the other hand, the lower limit of the angles is
defined taking into account achieving an efficient
utilization of transmission facility
Typical operating angle of transmission line lies
between 30 - 45

System Constraints
Inequality Constraints
Voltage constraints

Vmin Vn Vmax
min n max
where: is the magnitude of node angle with an
angle of dn at node n

System Constraints
Inequality Constraints
Running spare capacity constraints
To ensure the existence of enough spinning reserve
to overcome any emergency situation
The generation should guarantee a minimum spare
capacity in addition to load demand and power losses
Pg > PLoad + Ploss
This difference, i.e. spare capacity, is defined
according to economic issues and technical aspects
like the ramping rates of the generators

System Constraints
Inequality Constraints
Transmission line constraints
There is a thermal capability of each transmission
line that defines the allowed flow of active and
reactive power
The transmitted power is limited as follows

PT.L PT.L ,max


Where PT.L,max is the maximum loading capacity of
the transmission line

System Constraints
Inequality Constraints
Network security constraints
Violation of constrains can take place subsequent to
abnormal conditions like a line outage, either
scheduled or forced, which affects the security of the
network
Sometimes a so called (x-1 study) is performed to
examine the reliability and security of the system
The x-1 study means that the network is studied with
outage of one branch at a time

System Constraints
Inequality Constraints
Transformer tap settings
Sometimes, there is a possibility to change the
voltage in steps, i.e. to chose between different
values rather than varying the voltage smoothly

0 t t max
For auto-transformers, tmax can be unity

System Constraints
Inequality Constraints
Transformer tap settings
Phase shift-ing transformers have phase shift limits

min max

Economic Dispatch Problem


Economic load dispatch concerns with the operating
cost rather than the fixed cost
Only fuel cost is considered in the study where all
other costs that are depend on the generated power
will be included in the expression of the fuel cost
Obviously, the cost of fuel is concerned since thermal
plants are assumed
An early approach of power dispatch was to supply
power from the most efficient plant till the point of
maximum efficiency and then from the next most
efficient plant and so on

Economic Dispatch Problem


Another approach was to load the machines so that
all units have the same incremental cost of
production
However, the locations of power plants and the
trans-mission losses are not considered
Generating power in far plants requires supplying the
transmission losses in addition to the load demand
Economic distribution of load demand among
generating units necessitates expressing the cost as
a function of the generated power
The performance curve of boiler-turbine-generator
set is required, which is called input-output curve

input-output curve
Input fuel (Btu/h)

Pmin

Pmax
Output power (MW)

Economic Dispatch Problem


The incremental heat rate the heat rate is the ratio of
input fuel to the corresponding output power (Btu/MWh)
Heat rate (Btu/MWh)

Minimum
heat rate

Pmin

Pmax
Output power (MW)

Economic Dispatch Problem


The incremental fuel rate is given as
(input) d (F)

Incremental fuel rate =


(output) d (P)

(Btu/MWh)

With F is the input fuel and P is the output power


The reciprocal of the incremental heat rate is known
as the incremental efficiency
To operate at the maximum fuel efficiency, the point
of the minimum heat rate has to be defined
Multiplying the incremental fuel rate by the fuel cost,
the incremental fuel cost is obtained in ($/MWh)

Example
The input fuel in (Btu/h) for a power plant with
minimum and maximum power of 10 and 100 MW
respectively is given by:
F=(40+4*P + 0.012*P2)*106
where P is the generated power in (MW). Plot the
input-output curve of the plant. Calculate the heat
rate and plot its curve against the output power.
Assuming a fuel cost of 0.12*10-6 $/Btu, calculate
the incremental fuel cost in $/MWh and plot its
curve against the output power.

The fuel is given as:


F=(40+4*P + 0.012*P2)*106
Also, the heat rate can be calculated from equation
input fuel (Btu/h)
Heat rate
output power (MW)

The fuel cost as a function of the output power is:


C=0.12*10-6 *F= 4.8 + 0.48*P + 0.0014*P2 ($/h)
The incremental fuel cost is:
Ifr = 0.48 + 0.0028*P ($/MWh)

P (MW)

10

20

30

70

80

90

100

F*10-6 (Btu/h) 81.2 124.8 170.8 378.8 436.8 497.2 560


Heat rate *10-6
8.12 6.24 5.69 5.41 5.46 5.52 5.6
(Btu/MWh)
IFR ($/MWh) 0.5

0.53 0.56 0.67 0.7

0.73 0.76

Input output curve


6

Input fuel (Btu/h) * 108

Output power (MW)


10

40

70

100

Heat rate curve


Heat rate(Btu/MWh) * 105
8

Output power (MW)


10

40

70

100

Incremental fuel cost


Incremental fuel cost ($/MWh)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Output power (MW)
10

40

70

100

Operating cost of thermal plants


According to the input-output curve of thermal
power plant, the cost function is simplified in a
quadrate form:
C = a + b*P + *P2
This relation gives a good approximation to the
actual variation of the cost with the variation of
the output power

Economic Dispatch Neglecting Losses


It is assumed that all
generators are connected
at the same bus without
losses in transmission lines
The economic dispatch
problem
neglecting
all
losses in the transmission
system is defined as:

F1
F2
Fn

P1

1
2

P2
.
.
.

PD

Pn

n
n

n
Min FT =

Fi

i 1

Subject to

PD Pi
i 1

Pmin,i Pi Pmax,i

Economic Dispatch Neglecting Losses


n

n
Min FT =

Fi

i 1

PD Pi
Subject to

i 1

Pmin,i Pi Pmax,i

With FT is the total input fuel to the generators, Fi is


the input fuel to ith unit, PD is the total load demand,
Pi is the output power of the ith unit and Pmin,i and
Pmax,i are the lower and upper limits of unit i
For simplicity, assume only two units connected at
the same bus

PD = P 1 + P 2

FT = F1 + F2

Economic Dispatch Neglecting Losses


PD = P 1 + P 2

FT = F1 + F2

For minimum total fuel consumption and selecting


the power of the first unit as a variable
FT
P1

dF1
dP1

F2
P1

dF1
dP1

dF2 P2

dP2 P1

Differentiating the load demand equation with


respect to the power of generating 1 we get:

PD = P 1 + P 2

P2
P1

P2
P1

Economic Dispatch Neglecting Losses


dF1
dP1

dF1
dP1

dF2
dP2

dF2
dP2

P2
P1

...

dFn
dPn

P2
P1

P2
P1

Condition of
optimal operation

where: is the Lagrange multiplier

dFi
The term
represents the incremental production
dPi cost of the ith plant in $/MWh
All generators have to operate at the same
incremental cost of production to achieve an
economic operation

Economic Dispatch Neglecting Losses


The condition for optimal operation is

B1+21P1=b2+22P2=...=bn+2nPn=
Thus, the optimal generated power from each unit is

bi
Pi
2 i

i=1,n

1 2 n
PD

...
2 1
2 2
2 n

Economic Dispatch Neglecting Losses


1 2 n
PD

...
2 1
2 2
2 n
1
1
1 b1 b2
bn

P D

...

...
2 n 21 2 2
2 n
21 2 2
n

bi
PD
i 1 2 i

n 1

i 1 2 i

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