High

Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

As a Marine Material

Written by: Tobias Clarke

HDPE in the Marine Application

TC Designs

Introduction
In the marine industry and all areas of life, engineers and designers are always looking for a
better/different material to use. High Density Polyethylene or HDPE is growing in popularity in the
marine sector but because it is relatively new to structural applications there is a general lack of
information about HDPE.

Background
Before the 1950s the only polyethylene was a low density material but with an advance in the
manufacturing process it was possible to create a material with a higher density that had a higher
chemical resistance, harder, more opaque than before, and more importantly a higher specific strength.
This new material, HDPE, has a density of between 0.93 and 0.97 g/cm3, slightly lighter than water.
There are two main uses, the first is in blow moulding, used to make items such as plastic bottles and
the other area where it has been extensively used is in piping. Both of these take advantage of its
resistance to chemicals and to the fact that it does not rot or corrode.

Material Properties
The main engineering properties are given in Table 1, with aluminium given as a reference material.
Figure 1 gives a stress strain curve from material testing of HDPE.
Property

Units

Density
Youngs Modulus
Modulus of Elasticity
Tensile Strength (yield)
0.2% Yield Strength
Poissons Ratio
Operating Range
Melting Point

g/cm3
MPa
2

(N/mm )

Mpa
Mpa

0
C
0
C

HDPE
PE100
0.93-0.965

Aluminium
5086 H116
2.66

786

70,000

24.5
15.7
0.38
-30-85
130

380

0.33

660

Table 1: Material properties for HDPE & Aluminium

Because of its inert nature HDPE is resistant to most chemicals that are commonly used, because of this
it is considered a food grade material. When HDPE is used in the marine environment that translates to
being able to be used for fuel tanks, waste tanks, tanks for most chemicals. Importantly it does not need
to be given an antifoul coating as marine growth cannot penetrate the surface to strongly adhere to it,
so all it takes to remove barnacles and the like is a high pressure wash.

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HDPE in the Marine Application

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Figure 1: Stress-Strain Diagram for HDPE

Failure Mode
Unlike aluminium, which is the most common marine boat building material, the behaviour of HDPE as it
nears failure is substantially different to most other materials. The percentage of elongation before
complete failure is over 180%, which means that it is very rare for the material to totally fail but will
continue yielding.

Figure 2: Failure mode for HDPE & Aluminium

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HDPE in the Marine Application

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Engineering Issues
Like all materials there are particular items that need to be considered during design and construction.
The main areas of HDPE are listed below:

High thermal expansion

Unlike other materials HDPE has a large degree of thermal expansion. This is particularly important to
be aware of during the assembly stage as if material is cut at a significantly different temperature to
other components issues may arise with fitting the assembled pieces. The rate of expansion is four to
five higher than that of Aluminium (120*10-6 compared to 24*10-6/ 0C for Aluminium). A rule of thumb
for expansion is given below
= 0.2 (Celcious)

Weld inspection
One potential problem with HDPE compared to either steel or aluminium is that it is impossible to check
the quality of a weld with conventional methods such as X-ray or die testing. This possesses a problem
when it is critical to make sure the weld is waterproof or has no internal defects. The only way to make
sure the weld has taken to both surfaces is to insert a copper wire or similar behind the weld and
perform a spark test post weld. This method shows any microscopic gaps that could prove a problem
with structural strength or watertight integrity.

High Deflection
When using HDPE in design it is not usual for the stress to be the limiting factor as opposed to the
deflection amount. If the situation allows for additional deflection above what is normally allowed then
the thickness of the HDPE can drastically reduced.

Structural Comparison
Looking at two similar situations where a plate needs to be stiffened, for example a hull bottom, as
shown in Figure 3 allows us to compare the relative weights of HDPE and aluminium, as calculated in
Table 2.

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HDPE in the Marine Application

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Figure 3: hull bottom structure

Frame Spacing
Hull Bottom
Width
No. of stiffeners
Stiffener height
Stiffener thickness
Density
Weight per meter

mm
mm
mm

mm
mm
g/cm3
kg/m

HDPE
600
12
986
3
100
10
0.996
14.8

Ali
600
5
986
2
65
5
2.66
14.8

Table 2: Weight per meter calculations

Looking at this comparison it can be seen that even with the extra thickness of material in a HDPE
construction there is no difference in the final weight per meter of either material. It is also worth
noting that in this calculation, it was the deflection governing the stiffener spacing on HDPE and stress in
aluminium, so in the case of an extreme load situation the aluminium will exceed the design stress and
start to fatigue fracture, where the HDPE structure will exceed deflection limits but return to its original
condition without detrition.

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HDPE in the Marine Application

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Environmental
HDPE in many regards is a better material to use than aluminium or steel in the marine environment
because it does not need painting or antifouling which reduces the pollutants into the water. Because
of its chemical composition it is not harmful to human or animals if consumed or inhaled during
construction unlike aluminium or fibreglass. HDPE has an eco indicator 95 of 2.8mPt, while aluminium
has a value of 56.3mPt, the eco indicator 95 is a method used to look at the production and life cost of
materials, where the lower the value the lower the environmental impact. The energy required to
manufacture 1kg of HDPE is 81Mj/kg compared with aluminium at over 200mj/kg.

Machinability
HDPE is a material that is an easy to build with tools such as jigsaws, drills, electric planes, CNC cutters,
and other basic manufacturing tools is all that is needed to cut and shape HDPE. To weld HDPE a hot air
extrusion gun is used to preheat the material and add a melted stream of plastic as the weld.

Figure 4: Hot air gun

Summary
The structural values alone do not show the real benefits of HDPE as a material for the marine
environment, but the lack of corrosion and the ease the material is used the benefits become apparent.

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HDPE in the Marine Application

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References
http://www.ineos-
op.com/media/files/other_tech_info/Typical%20Engineering%20Properties%20of%20HDPE.pdf
www.gfpiping.com/ActiveContent/PE100-TechHandbook-PDF.pdf
www.matbase.com/material/polymers/commodity/hdpe/properties
http://www.jland.org/swat/e6/tensile/
http://www.matbase.com/material/non-ferrous-metals/wrought-aluminium/al99.5-1050/properties
http://www.borealisgroup.com/pdf/chemical-resistance/chemical-resistance-hdpe-ld.pdf
http://www.sdplastics.com/polyeth.html
http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma5086h34
http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=c35a0a3e740e424fad260a5da2c2b50a&ck
ck=1

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