Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal

ISSN 1992-8424

MULTIUSER DETECTION IN DSSS SYSTEMS

Shahzadi Mahnoor, S K Hasnain
Swedish College of Engineering &Technology, Rahim Yar Khan
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
This research paper describes Multiuser detection with minimized
Multiple Access Interference (MAI). Multiuser detection seeks to
enhance the performance of non-orthogonal signaling schemes for
multiple access communications by combating the MAI caused by the
presence of more than one user in the channel. The conventional Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system is interference limited
system when MAI increases with increasing the number of active users,
and when signals are receiving with the different power levels due to
near far problem. These factors are taken into account in simulation
with the exception that all active users have equal power. The main
object of this research paper is to detect multiples users with minimized
MAI.
Key words: Multiuser, MAI, Linear Detectors, Conventional Detector
1 INTRODUCTION
Transmitting information through a wireless
channel is more challenging than through a wire line
channel. The main reason is that the wireless
environment has some problems. In wire line
systems, like multipath and near-far interference
issues. The conventional matched filter for Direct
Sequence- Code Division Multiple Access is known
to be optimum in a few limited scenarios. First, it was
designed to be optimum for a single user in a white
Gaussian noise environment. Also, in the case of
multipath users, it is optimum if the transmission
from all the users is synchronous and the code
sequences assigned to each user are orthogonal. This
sort of environment is encountered in the forward
link of a cellular system where all transmissions are
emanating from the base station and hence
synchronized. The reverse link, however, provides a
more interesting challenge, as each CDMA signal is
transmitted from a different source and hence it
would be very difficult to synchronize transmission.

detected separately without regard for the other users.

A better strategy is multi-user detection, where
information about multiple users is used to improve
detection of each individual user. This research
implements a number of important multiuser
detectors that have been proposed. In DS-CDMA
users are multiplexed by distinct codes rather than by
orthogonal frequency bands or by orthogonal time
slots. A conventional DS-CDMA detector follows a
single user detection strategy, in which each user is
treated separately, while considering other users as
interference or noise. A comprehensive look on DSCDMA can be found in [1-4]. MAI is the interference
between the active users and causes the timing offsets
between signals. Conventional detectors detect each
user separately and dont consider the MAI. Due to
this, multiuser detection strategies have been
proposed. Matlab simulation for the Conventional
Detector is shown in Fig 1.

2 CONVENTIONAL DETECTOR

The conventional DS-CDMA detector follows

single user detection strategy in which each user is

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5 LINEAR DETECTORS
0

An important group of multiuser detectors are linear

multiuser detectors. These detectors apply a linear
mapping, L, to the soft output of the conventional
detectors to reduce the MAI seen by each user.
In this section we briefly review two most popular of
these.

10

conventional
-1

10

-2

10

BE R

5.1 Decorrelating Detector

-3

10

= Ad +
= Ad +

-4

10

This is just the decoupled data plus a noise term.

Thus, we see that the Decorrelating detector
completely eliminates the MAI. The Decorrelating is
extensively analyzed by Lupas and Verdu in [6, 7]
and is shown to have many attractive properties.
Foremost among these properties are [6]:
Provides substantial performance/capacity
gains over the conventional detector under
most conditions.
Can decorrelate one bit at a time.
Corresponds to the maximum likelihood
sequence detector when the energies of all
users are not known at the receiver.

-5

10

-6

10

5
Eb/No

10

Fig 1 Conventional Detector

3 MULTIUSER DETECTIONS

There have been great interests in improving DSCDMA detection through the use of multiuser
detectors. In multiuser detection code and timing
(and possibly amplitude and phase) information of
multiple users are jointly used to better detect each
individual user. Most of the proposed detectors have
been classified in one of two categories: linear
multiuser detectors and subtractive interference
cancellation detectors. In linear multiuser detection, a
linear mapping (transformation) is applied to the soft
output of the conventional detector to produce a new
set of outputs, which hopefully provide better
performance. In subtractive interference cancellation
detection, estimates of the interference are generated
and subtracted out.

Decorrelating detector has some disadvantages as

well.
A more significant disadvantage of the
Decorrelating detector is that the
computations needed to invert the matrix R
are difficult to perform in real time.
Another disadvantage of this detector is that
it causes noise enhancement. The power
associated with the noise term R-1z at the
output of the Decorrelating detector is
always greater than or equal to the power
associated with the noise term [8]. Matlab
simulation for the Decorrelating Detector is
shown in Fig 2.

4 DETECTOR TECHNIQUES

In this research some advanced techniques for

detection of multiple synchronous DS-CDMA
signals. As described below
The Decorrelating Detector.
The Minimum Mean-Squared Error
Detector.
Multistage
Interference
Cancellation
Detectors.

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Matlab simulations for the Minimum Mean Squared

error detector are shown in Fig 3

-1

10

Decorrelator
-1

10

-2

10

MMSE

-2

-3

10

BE R

10

-3

-4

10
B E R

10

-5

-4

10

10

-6

10

5
Eb/No

-5

10

10

Fig 2 Decorrelating Detector

-6

10

5.2 Minimum Mean-Squared Error Detector

The minimum mean squared error (MMSE)
detector [9] is a linear detector which takes into
account the background noise and utilizes knowledge
of the received signal powers. This detector
implements the linear mapping which minimizes E
[ d-Ly 2], the mean squared error between the actual
data and the soft output of the conventional detector.
The soft estimate of the MMSE detector is simply
As it can be see that, the MMSE detector
implements a partial or modified inverse of the
correlation matrix. The amount of modification is
directly proportional to the back-ground noise. Thus,
the MMSE detector balances the desire to decouple
the users (and to completely eliminates MAI) with
the desire to not enhance the background noise. This
multi-user detector is exactly analogous to the
MMSE linear equalizer used to combat ISI [8].
The MMSE detector generally provides better
probability of error performance than the
Decorrelating detector as it considers the background
noise The MMSE detector also has following
disadvantages.
An important disadvantage of this detector
is that, unlike the Decorrelating detector, it
requires estimation of the received
amplitudes.
The MMSE detector also faces the task of
implementing matrix inversion.

5
Eb/No

10

Fig 3 Minimum mean squared error detector

5.4 Subtractive Interference Cancellation (SIC)

An important group of detectors can be classified

as subtractive interference cancellation detectors.
The successive interference cancellation (SIC)
detector [10] takes a several approach to canceling
interference. Each stage of this detector decisions,
regenerates, and cancels out one additional directsequence user from the received signal, so that the
remaining users see less MAI in the next stage. A
simplified diagram of the first stage of this detector is
shown in figure below.
The first stage is preceded by an operation which
ranks the signals in descending order of received
powers.
The first stage implements the following steps.
1. Detect with the conventional detector, the
strongest signal, S1.
2. Make a hard decision on S1.
3. Regenerate an estimate of the received signal for
one using:
Data decision from step 2
Knowledge of its PN sequence.
Estimates of its time and amplitude.
4. Subtract out S1(t) from the total received signal,
r(t), yielding partially cleaned version of the
received signal, r1(t).

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-1

10

SIC

-2

10

-3

10
B E R

Assuming that the estimates of S1(t) in step 3 above

was accurate, the outputs of the first stage are:
1. A data decision on the strongest signal.
2. A modified received signal without the MAI
caused by the strongest user.
This process can be repeated in a multistage
structure: the kth stage takes as its input the partially
cleaned received signal output by its previous stage
and outputs one additional data decision and a
cleaner received signal r(k)(t).
The reason for canceling the signals in descending
order of signal strength is straightforward [10]
First, it is easiest to achieve acquisition and
demodulation.
Second, the removal of the strongest signal
gives the most benefit for the remaining
users.
The result of this algorithm is that the strongest user
will not benefit from any MAI reduction. The
weakest users, however, will potentially use a huge
reduction in their MAI.
The SIC detector requires only a minimal amount
of additional hardware and has the potential to
provide a significant improvement over the
conventional detector. It does, however, pose a
couple of implementation difficulties. First, one
additional bit delay is required per stage of
cancellation. Thus, a trade-off must be made between
the number of users that are cancelled out and the
amount of delay that can be tolerated. Second, there
is a need to reorder the signals whenever the power
profile changes. Here, too a trade-off must be made
between the precision of the power ordering and the
acceptable processing capability.
A potential problem with the SIC detector occurs if
the initial data estimates are not reliable. In this case,
even if the timing, amplitude and phase estimates are
perfect, if the bit estimate is wrong, the interfering
effect of that bit on the signal-to-noise ratio is
quadrupled in power (the amplitudes doubles, so the
power quadruples). Thus, a certain minimum
performance level of the conventional detector is
required for the SIC detection to yield improvements;
it is crucial that the data estimates of at least the
strongest users that are cancelled first be reliable.
Matlab simulation for the SIC Detector is shown in
Fig 4.

-4

10

-5

10

-6

10

5
Eb/No

10

Fig 4 SIC detector

5.5 Parallel Interference Cancellation Detector

The Parallel Interference Cancellation detector
(PIC) estimates and subtracts out all of the MAI for
each user in parallel. The initial bit estimates d1(0),
are derived from the matched filter detection. These
bits are then scaled by the amplitude estimates
respread by the codes, which produces delayed
estimates of the received signal for each user. The
partial summer sums up all but one input signal at
each user which creates the complete MAI estimates
for each user is passed on to a second user bank of
matched filters to produce a new, hopefully, a better
set of data estimates.
This process can be repeated for multiple stages.
Each stage takes as its input the data estimates of the
previous stage and produces a new set of estimates at
its output. We can use a matrix vector formulation to
compactly express the soft output of stage m +1 of
the PIC detector for all N bits of all K users. As
usual, for BPSK, the hard decision, d(m), are made
according to the signs of the soft output, d(m).
Perfect estimates coupled with our assumption of
perfect amplitude and delay estimates, results in
complete elimination of MAI.
The SIC detector performs better than the PIC
detector in a fading environment, while the reverse is
true in a well powered controlled environment. The
PIC detector requires more hardware, but the SIC
detector faces the problem of power reordering and
large delays.
d
=y -QAd
=Ad+QA
+z

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10

pic
-1

10

-2

BER

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

-6

10

5
Eb/No

10

Fig 5 PIC detector

A Comparison of all Detectors discussed above, is
shown in Fig 6 below.
Bit Eror rate curve

10

-1

10

-2

10

BER

The term QAd(m) represents an estimate of the MAI.

Various methods for improving PIC detection have
been proposed. The recently proposed improved PIC
detector may be the most powerful of the subtractive
interference cancellation detectors.
This process can be repeated in a multistage
structure: the kth stage takes as its input the partially
cleaned received signal output by its previous stage
and outputs one additional data decision and a
cleaner received signal r(k)(t).
The reason for canceling the signals in descending
order of signal strength is straightforward [10].
First, it is easiest to achieve acquisition and
demodulation.
Second, the removal of the strongest signal
gives the most benefit for the remaining
users.
The result of this algorithm is that the strongest
user will not benefit from any MAI reduction. The
weakest users, however, will potentially use a huge
reduction in their MAI.
The SIC detector requires only a minimal amount
of additional hardware and has the potential to
provide a significant improvement over the
conventional detector. It does, however, pose a
couple of implementation difficulties. First, one
additional bit delay is required per stage of
cancellation. Thus, a trade-off must be made between
the number of users that are cancelled out and the
amount of delay that can be tolerated. Second, there
is a need to reorder the signals whenever the power
profile changes. Here, too a trade-off must be made
between the precision of the power ordering and the
acceptable processing capability.
A potential problem with the SIC detector occurs
if the initial data estimates are not reliable. In this
case, even if the timing, amplitude and phase
estimates are perfect, if the bit estimate is wrong, the
interfering effect of that bit on the signal-to-noise
ratio is quadrupled in power (the amplitudes doubles,
so the power quadruples). Thus, a certain minimum
performance level of the conventional detector is
required for the SIC detection to yield improvements;
it is crucial that the data estimates of at least the
Matlab simulation for the PIC Detector is shown in
Fig 5.

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

-6

10

5
Eb/No db

Fig 6 Comparison of all Detectors

6 CONCLUSIONS

The capacity of DS-CDMA Systems is normally

limited by the allowable level of Multiple Access
Interference (MAI). The MAI problem is more severe
in the uplink where the transmissions are originate
from the spatially distributed handsets than from the

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downlink where the transmissions originate from the

single point---the base-station.
In the DS-CDMA downlink, the transmitted signal
is the sum of all signals intended for all users. Thus
for each user, the desired and interfering signals all
follow the same propagation path. This research
explores the advance detection techniques to mitigate
the effect of uplink MAI. These techniques reduce
the BER for the individual user in addition to
improving the overall capacity of the system.
Specifically two classes of Multiuser Detectors were
studied. These classes are differentiated as:
Linear Detectors
Successive
Interference
Cancellation
Detectors
Both of these have improved the performance of the
system compared to the Single User Detector.
Linear MUD attempts to eliminate the local MAI.
Linear MUD uses a filter at the base station. The
basic principle underlying Successive Interference
Cancellation Detectors is the creation at the receiver,
of separate estimates of the MAI contributed by each
user in order to subtract some or all of the MAI seen
by each user.
7 Contributions to Knowledge

The following are the principal contributions of the

research
To implement a Simple Conventional
Matched Filter.
To implement the advanced Multi-User
Detector techniques.
To compare e the results of above
mentioned Multi-User Detector techniques
with each other and with that of
Conventional Matched Filter.
8 Further Directions

This research can be further done in the following

directions.
In this thesis BPSK modulation technique
has been used. Such results can be also
attained by deploying theses techniques to
QPSK, QAM modulation schemes. This is
the important area which can be further
explored.
For further task in this area can be done by
assuming the Relay fading channel model
instead of AWGN channel model, assumed
in this thesis.

This research has been implemented by

considering synchronous signals. It can be
further extended to Asynchronous signals.

REFERENCES

[1]. G. C. De Piazza, A. Plitkins and G. I.

Zasmyan, The Cellular Concepts, Bell
Systems Technical Journal, vol. 58, no. 1, pp.
215-48, January 1979.
[2]. R. Nelson and D. Weston, The Evolution of
the North America Cellular Network,
Telecommunication (International Edition),
vol. 26, no. 9, pp.24-28, September 1992.
[3]. V. H. Macdonald, The Cellular Concepts,
Bell Systems Technical Journal, vol. 58, no.
1, pp. 15-42, January 1979.
[4]. F. H. Bechler, Advanced Mobile Phone
Service, IEEE Transaction on Vehicular
Technology, vol. VT-29, no. 2, pp. 238-244,
May 1980.
[5]. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, 2nd ed.,
NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1989.
[6]. R. Lupas and S.Verdu, Near-Far Resistance
of Multi User Detection in Asynchronous
Channels, IEEE Trans. Commun. vol. 38,
no. 4, April 1990, pp. 496-508.
[7]. R. Lupas and S. Verdu, Linear Multi-User
Detectors for Synchronous Code-Division
Multiple Access Channels, IEEE Trans. Info
Theory, vol. 35, no. 1, January 1989, pp. 123136.
[8]. R. Prasad, CDMA for Wireless Personal
Communications, Artech House, Norwood,
MA, 1996, ISBN: 0890065713.
[9]. Z. Xie, R. T. Short and C. K. Rushforth, A
Family of Suboptimum Detectors for
Coherent Multi-User
[10]. Communications, IEEE JSAC., vol. 8, no.
4, May 1990, pp. 683-90.R. kohno et al,
Combination of an Adaptive Array
ANTENNA AND A Canceller of
Interference for Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Multiple Access System, IEEE
JSAC., vol. 8, no. 4, May 1990, pp. 675-82.

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