The Age of Jackson

The Age of Jackson
Andrew Jackson- 7th president, born into a poor family, war hero (held off a British attack)
Cherokee Nation- largest Native American tribe, Georgia, Carolinas, Eastern Tennessee.
Election of 1824- John Quincy Adams vs Andrew Jackson. Quincy Adams won.
Indian Removal Act- Jacksons idea, move Native Americans across the Mississippi River, considered
a safety measure for America
John Quincy Adams- 8th president, won the election of 1824 via the Corrupt Bargain (Clay gave him
his votes)
Nicholas Biddle- president of the Bank of the United States
Patronage- money/support given to a business or to a certain cause
Spoils System- rewarding people who vote for you with jobs
Tariff of 1828/Abominations- established to protect the businesses/industry in the Northeast,
called Abomination because of the effect on the Southern Economy
Corrupt Bargain- election of 1824: Henry Clay gave John Quincy Adams his electoral votes so he
could beat Jackson for president. Adams then appointed Clay as Sec. of State
Democratic Party- ?
Whig Party- anti-Jacksonian democracy
Trail of Tears- part of Indian removal act, Cherokee Indians were forced to move out of their native
land and migrate west of the Mississippi River, many died
Worcester v. Georgia- Worcester was removed from Indian Territory because he did not have a
permit to be there. He thought this was unconstitutional, so he brought it to Supreme Court. John
Marshall ruled in favor of Worcester, he claimed Georgia did not have the power to enforce laws
outside the state
The Reform Movement
Abolitionists Movement- group of people who thought slavery is bad; they wanted to take action
against slavery
Dorothea Dix- nurse who went into a prison and witnessed the terrible conditions, she recorded what
she saw and showed it to the government. Led to reformation of mental health institutions
Elijah Lovejoy- from Alton, white, owned an abolitionist newspaper, people kept stealing his printing
press, so one night he stayed overnight to try to stop the thieves, but he was shot and killed
Elizabeth Cady Stanton- abolitionist and activist of womens rights
Frederick Douglass- escaped slave; wrote three autobiographies; one of them being Narrative of the
Life of Frederick Douglass (what we read in class)
Harriet Tubman- abolitionist, Union spy, helped many people on the Underground Railroad
Henry David Thoreau- transcendentalist writer who wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience
Seneca Falls Convention- first womens rights convention; held in New York
Sojourner Truth- former slave, popular speaker for womens rights
Underground Railroad- secret escape route for black slaves; civil disobedience, all trails lead to
Canada, travelled at night; trail songs
William Garrison- white man who believed blacks and whites are equal, believed the constitution was
slavery; owned the Liberator newspaper
Womens Rights Movement- people believed women should have equal rights (voting, working,
education, healthcare, etc.)
The Industrial Revolution
Erie Canal- canal in New York that led from Lake Erie to the Hudson River
National Road/Cumberland Road- first highway in the US; connected the north to the south
Robert Fulton- developed the first successful steamboat

Samuel Morse- invented the single-wire telegraph system, Morse Code
Manifest Destiny
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna- president of Mexico, who thought the Americans were settling too
much in Texas, builds a militia to fight the US.
Brigham Young- leader of the Mormons, led them west on the Oregon Trail to Utah; developed Salt
Lake City
California Gold Rush- gold was found in California, people flocked here to strike it rich
Gadsden Purchase- for $10 million, the US gets part of southern Arizona
James Polk- reduced tariffs, supported westward expansion, wanted to buy California
Joseph Smith- started the idea of polygamy
Lone Star Republic- the name given to Texas after it declared independence from Mexico
Manifest Destiny- Gods decree that America will stretch from sea to sea
Oregon Territory- strategic location to settle, for it would keep the British out
Oregon Trail- Independence MO to Oregon; more than 2,000 miles, covered wagons, oxen, death rate
(heat, Indians, disease, starvation)
Sam Houston- organized a Texas army to overrun Santa Anna and capture him in San Jacinto
Santa Fe Trail- Independence, MO to Santa Fe
Stephen Austin- led thousands of Americans across the border into Texas to settle communities
Stephen Kearny- moved west towards California, obtained Santa Fe, New Mexico
The Alamo- mission in San Antonio, Americans hold off thousands of Mexicans, showed the American
Spirit that we would always be victorious
Texas Revolution- conflict between Mexico and Texas colonists from the US; resulted in the Republic
of Texas
Mexican American War- fought over the border of Texas; US thought it was Rio Grande River,
Mexico thought it was the Nueces River
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- defined the border of Texas as the Rio Grande. California and New
Mexico are now US territories, Mexico receives $15 million, and Santa Anna removed from office
Winfield Scott- old fuss and feathers, came from Gulf of Mexico and lands @ Vera Cruz
Zachary Taylor- 12th president, 1848, Whig
The Coming of the Civil War (1861-1865)
Confederate States- Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia
Border States- Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri
Bleeding Kansas- a period of violence during the settling of Kansas. Slavery or no slavery?
Dred Scott Decision- Scott was a slave of an army officer, claimed he was free because he was in a
free state, hired a lawyer, and went to Supreme Court. Court ruled he was NOT free
Frederick Douglass- thought the goal of the war should be to abolish slavery. Consultant to Lincoln
John Brown- white abolitionist who believed armed uprising was the only way to defeat slavery
Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858- a series of debates around Illinois, one in Alton. Lincoln and Douglas
were running Republicans for Senate. These debates put Lincoln on the map
Popular Sovereignty- the principle that the author of the government is created and sustained by the
people through their elected representatives
Raid on Harpers Ferry- John Brown, wanted slaves to join him in raiding the artillery at Harpers
Ferry, unsuccessful
Stephen Douglas- Democrat form IL, believed in popular sovereignty
Compromise of 1850 The Great Compromise- made by Clay and Webster; California becomes a
free state, Utah and New Mexico will decide to be free or not (popular sovereignty); land between
Texas and New Mexico goes to New Mexico; United States must pay Texass debts; Slavery not
abolished in D.C. without consent of Maryland residents; slave trade banned in D.C.; strict fugitive
slave laws
Uncle Toms Cabin- written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, anti-slavery novel, helped lay the groundwork
for the Civil War
The Civil War

Antietam- (Maryland) bloodiest single-day battle in American history, Confederates moving towards
D.C., first battle in the North, 25% of Lees army died, Union wins
Appomattox Court House- meeting place for the surrender of Lee on April 9, 1865
Chancellorsville- considered Lees greatest achievement; Lee divided army and moved Jackson around
the Union line to flank them, Confederate victory
Emancipation Proclamation- freed all slaves in rebelling states, issued after a big Union victory;
changed the meaning of the war from save the Union to free the slaves
First Bull Run- (Manassas) close to D.C.; people had picnics to watch; McDowell moved from
Washington towards Richmond, at first the Union continued to advance on the Confederates, but then
Stonewall Jackson stood like a stone wall and held the Confederate line, leading to the retreat of the
Union forces and to a Confederate victory
Fort Sumter- PGT Beauregard (Confederate) fires first shots off the coast of South Carolina; a
bloodless opening to the bloodiest war in history
George McClellan- Union general; leader of the Army of the Potomac; had no courage when it came to
using his men in battle; didnt want to lose; fired by Lincoln
Gettysburg- most significant battle of the Civil War
Day 1: Union settles on Cemetery Ridge; Confederates settle on Seminary Ridge; Union forms
fishhook, Longstreet tells Lee he doesnt want to fight there, Lee says no, they stay
Day 2: Longstreet plans to obtain the high ground (Little Round Top); Chamberlain (on top of hill)
charges down with bayonetsran out of ammunitionand kept the Confederates off the hill
Day 3: Lee orders a straight attack down the middle of the Union line; led to Picketts Charge: huge
defeat for the Confederates.
Union victory
Gettysburg Address- short speech given by Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg; at the dedication
of the Soldiers National Cemetery; asked the people to remember the fallen soldiers who gave the
last full measure of devotion; united the Union; gave them an increased sense of dedication to win the
war
Ironclads- warship with armored plating, sometimes painted in abstract designs
Lincolns Assassination- went to Fords Theater to celebrate the end of the war; John Wilkes Booth
shot him in the head. Shot on April 14, 1865; died on April 15
Peninsula Campaign- Potomac army moved northwest after coming in off the sea, marched towards
Richmond
Robert E. Lee- leader of the Army of Northern Virginia, wanted to protect Richmond and capture
Washington; eventual commander of the Confederate Army

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The Age of Jackson

Robert Fulton- developed the first successful steamboat

The Civil War

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