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Financial Mathematics: Myungshik Kim

This document is a lecture note on financial mathematics. It covers topics such as options and their history, forwards and futures markets, binomial option pricing models, Brownian motion, the Black-Scholes option pricing model and its applications, interest rate derivatives, and multifactor options. The note is divided into 9 chapters that progress from basic option concepts to more advanced derivative pricing models.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
115 views5 pages

Financial Mathematics: Myungshik Kim

This document is a lecture note on financial mathematics. It covers topics such as options and their history, forwards and futures markets, binomial option pricing models, Brownian motion, the Black-Scholes option pricing model and its applications, interest rate derivatives, and multifactor options. The note is divided into 9 chapters that progress from basic option concepts to more advanced derivative pricing models.

Uploaded by

charles luis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Financial Mathematics

By

Myungshik Kim
Lecture note

Queens University, Belfast


BT7 1NN, United Kingdom

2004

CONTENTS

ii

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1

1.2

Options and their history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.1

Types of options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.2

Commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1.3

Option pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.1.4

Value of an option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.1.5

Example: Index options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.1.6

Example: Currency options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Forwards and Futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2 Futures market and prices


2.1

20

Warming up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.1

What is a risk-free interest rate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.1.2

Continuous compounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.2

What is a bond? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.3

Forward pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.1

On an asset without income/cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.3.2

On an asset which provides known cash income . . . . . . . 24

2.3.3

On an asset with continuous income . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.3.4

On an asset with a cost to store

2.3.5

Interest rate parity relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.3.6

Cost of carry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

CONTENTS

iii

2.4

Marking to market the account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.5

Relation between forward price and futures price . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.6

Hedging using futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

2.7

Hedging using index futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3 Binomial Model
3.1

34

Boundary conditions for option prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35


3.1.1

Upper boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3.1.2

Lower boundary for a European option . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3.2

put-call parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3.3

Price boundary and put-call parity for American options . . . . . . 38

3.4

Binomial trees

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.4.1

Risk-neutral assumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.4.2

Risk-neutral probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3.5

Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3.6

How to evaluate u and d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

3.7

Numerical implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3.8

Variations of binomial models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47


3.8.1

Underlying stock paying a dividend

3.8.2

Underlying stock with continuous dividend yield . . . . . . 47

4 Brownian motion
4.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

50

Brownian motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.1.1

Einsteins Brownian motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

4.1.2

Random walk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4.2

Geometric Brownian motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4.3

Normal and lognormal distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4.4

Itos lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

5 Black-Scholes equation
5.1

59

Black-Scholes equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

CONTENTS

iv

6 One-asset European options

62

6.1

Solution of the Black-Scholes equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

6.2

Risk management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.2.1

6.3

Stop-loss strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Delta hedging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.3.1

Elasticity with respect to asset price . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

6.4

Theta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

6.5

Gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

6.6

Vega and Rho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

6.7

Implied volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.7.1

Newton-Raphson method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

6.7.2

Volatility smile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

7 Modification of Black-Scholes model


7.1

77

Dividend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.1.1

Continuous dividend yield model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

7.1.2

Discrete dividend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

7.2

Time dependent parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

7.3

Transaction costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

7.4

Futures options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7.4.1

Black equation for futures option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

8 Interest rate derivatives


8.1

86

Calculation of forward rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87


8.1.1

Spot and forward interest rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

8.1.2

Bootstrap method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

8.1.3

Day count conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

8.2

Forward rate agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

8.3

Treasury bill futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

8.4

Eurodollar futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

8.5

Swap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

CONTENTS
8.6

Interest rate models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97


8.6.1

Bond pricing with determinsistic interest rates . . . . . . . 97

8.6.2

One-factor bond pricing model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

8.7

European bond options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

8.8

Swaptions and interest rate caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

9 Multifactor options
9.1

103

Rainbow options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103


9.1.1

Better-of/worse-of options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

9.1.2

Outperformance option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

9.1.3

Max/min option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

9.2

Quanto options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

9.3

Basket options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

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