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PS9 Solutions

This document contains the solutions to Problem Set #9 in Physics 141B taught in Spring 2010. It includes solutions to 5 problems from the textbook by Kittel regarding thermodynamics and magnetism. The solutions involve derivations of expressions for things like energy, specific heat, and magnetization by considering distributions of electron energies and interactions between electrons. Key steps and approximations made in the derivations are explained.

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Yenhao Philip Chen
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139 views5 pages

PS9 Solutions

This document contains the solutions to Problem Set #9 in Physics 141B taught in Spring 2010. It includes solutions to 5 problems from the textbook by Kittel regarding thermodynamics and magnetism. The solutions involve derivations of expressions for things like energy, specific heat, and magnetization by considering distributions of electron energies and interactions between electrons. Key steps and approximations made in the derivations are explained.

Uploaded by

Yenhao Philip Chen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics 141B, Spring 2010

Problem Set #9 Solutions


David Strubbe

1. (Kittel 11.4)
a) Let the energies of the two states be 0 and kB . Then
U=

e/T
1
0e/T + kB e/T
=
k

= kB
B
/T
/T
1+e
1+e
1 + e/T

(1)

The specific heat is


T2 e/T
U
CV =
= kB
2 = kB
T
1 + e/T

2

e/T

b) If T , then the argument of the exponential

1, and e/T 1.

2T

CV kB

2

1
= kB
(1 + 1)2

1 + e/T

2

2

(2)

(3)

2. (Kittel 11.5)
a) Kittel has confused notation in this and the next problem. N is actually the
number of electrons, not the concentration, or else the units are manifestly
incorrect in the expressions to be proven. Let n be the concentration.
For a total concentration n (both spins), the Fermi wavevector is given by
kF = 3 2 n

1/3

(4)

However, if you remove a spin degeneracy of 2 from the derivation, you get
for each spin
kF = 6 2 n

1/3

(5)

The total energy of each band is given by



Z k
Z k  2 2
F
F
V
V
~ k

2
E =
(k) 4k dk = 2
B k 2 dk
2 0
2m
(2)3 0
 2 5

kF
Z k  2 4
F
V
1
~ k
~ k
V
2
3
Bk dk = 2
Bk
= 2
2 0
2m
2 10m 3
0
#
"

5
2

~ kF
V
1
3
= 2
B kF
2
10m
3
#
"

5/3

~2 6 2 n
V
1
= 2
B 6 2 n
2
10m
3
#
"

5/3

~2 3 2 n (1 )
V
1
2
= 2
B 3 n (1 )
2
10m
3


2/3 2
1
1 ~2
5/3
2
3 n
3 n (1 ) nB (1 )
=V
10 2 2m
2


1
3
5/3
nF (1 ) nB (1 )
=V
10
2
1
3
= N F (1 )5/3 N B (1 )
10
2
1
5/3
= E0 (1 ) N B (1 )
2

(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)

b)
Etot = E + + E
1
1
= E0 (1 + )5/3 N B (1 + ) + E0 (1 )5/3 + N B (1 )
2
2 

= E0 (1 + )5/3 + (1 )5/3 N B

To find the minimum, we differentiate with respect to :




5
5
Etot
2/3
2/3
N B
= E0
(1 + ) (1 )

3
3
i
5 h
= E0 (1 + )2/3 (1 )2/3 N B
3

(15)
(16)
(17)

(18)
(19)

Make the approximation 1:




Etot
2
5
2
E0 1 + 1 + N B

3
3
3
 
5
20
4
= E0
N B = E0 N B
3
3
9

(20)
(21)

The condition for an extremum is that the derivative is zero, satisfied when
=

9 N B
20 E0

(22)

We can confirm it is really a minimum by checking that the second derivative


is positive.
2 Etot
20
E0 > 0
2

9
The total magnetic moment is given by



1
1
+

MV = N N =
N (1 + ) N (1 + ) = N
2
2
2
2
2
2
9 N B
9N B
9N B 10
3N 2 B
= N
=
=
=
20 E0
20E0
20
3N F
2F

(23)

(24)
(25)

The actual magnetization is


M=

3n2 B
2F

(26)

3. (Kittel 11.6)
a) If the number of electrons is N , the number of pairs of electrons is 21 N (N 1)
1 2
2 N for N 1. Then the exchange energy for each spin is

2

1
1
1
1
2

V = V
N (1 ) = V N 2 (1 )2
(27)
Ex = N
2
2
2
8

b) The total energy is now


h
i
h
i 1
Etot = E0 (1 + )5/3 + (1 )5/3 V N 2 (1 + )2 + (1 )2 N B
8
(28)
h
i 1

= E0 (1 + )5/3 + (1 )5/3 V N 2 1 + 2 N B
4
(29)
3

The derivative with respect to is


i
Etot
5 h
= E0 (1 + )2/3 (1 )2/3

3
20
E0
9

1
V N 2 N B
2
1
V N 2 N B
2

(30)
(31)

The extremum is at
=

N B
21 V N 2

(32)

20
9 E0

The magnetization is
M=

N 2 B
3N 2 B
N 2 2 B
=
=
1
1
20
2
2
2F 32 V N
9 E0 2 V N
3 F 2 V N

(33)

c) For the extremum to be a minimum, we must have the second derivative positive. It is actually a maximum, and hence unstable, if the second derivative
is negative.
2 Etot
20
1
E0 V N 2
2

9
2

(34)

It is negative if
20
E0 <
9
40E0
V >
9N 2

1
V N2
2
4F
=
3N

(35)
(36)

4. (Kittel 11.7)
a) The total energy is

U=

2sinh kB T
e/kB T + e/kB T

=
= tanh

/k
T
/k
T
B
kB T
e B +e
2cosh k T

(37)

The specific heat (at constant ) is






U

2
2
C=
sech2
=
= kB
sech
2
T
kB T
kB T
kB T
kB T
4

(38)

b) The average specific heat is


1
C =
0

0
0

1
C () d =
0

kB

1
0 kB T 2

kB T
Z 0

2

sech2

d
kB T

(39)

2 sech2

d
kB T

(40)

In the limit kB T 0 , the argument 0 /kB T 1, and


sech

1
1

1
=
/k T = e/kB T
= /k T

/k
T
B
B
kB T
e
+e
e B
cosh kB T

(41)

Then the average becomes


C

1
0 kB T 2

2 e2/kB T d

(42)

By two rounds of integration by parts, this is



1
1
1 2 2

C
kB T 20 e20 /kB T kB
T 0 e20 /kB T
0 kB T 2
2
2

2T
1
1 3 3 kB
1 3 3  20 /kB T
k
T
=
T
1
kB T e
4
0 kB T 2 4 B
40

(43)
(44)

Another valid approach is to non-dimensionalize the integral via x = /kB T


into
2 T Z 0 /kB T
2T Z
kB
kB
k2 T 2
2
2

C=
x sech x dx
x2 sech2 x dx = B
(45)
0 0
0 0
0 12
where kB T 0 means the upper limit of integration x0 1. The integrand is very small for large arguments, so we add only a negligible contribution by integrating to infinity, removing all dependence on T from the
integral.
Note that the approaches give different prefactors (both presumably incorrect), so we are only looking at the dependence on T .

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