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EC 101AComputerOrganization

The document discusses the key components of computer systems and computer architecture. It describes the typical components of a central processing unit (CPU) which include a processor, memory, and input/output. It then explains the execution cycle of a CPU and how instructions are fetched from memory and executed. Finally, it provides details on how a basic program runs by fetching and executing instructions sequentially from memory.

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Akshay Singh
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62 views10 pages

EC 101AComputerOrganization

The document discusses the key components of computer systems and computer architecture. It describes the typical components of a central processing unit (CPU) which include a processor, memory, and input/output. It then explains the execution cycle of a CPU and how instructions are fetched from memory and executed. Finally, it provides details on how a basic program runs by fetching and executing instructions sequentially from memory.

Uploaded by

Akshay Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Systems

Since 1946 all computers have had 5 components

Processor
``CPU''
Control
Datapath
+
Control
Unit
Datapath

Input

Memory

Output

Interconnection Structures (buses)

What is ``Computer Architecture''?


Application (Netscape)

Software
Hardware

Operating System
Compiler
(Unix;
Windows 2000)
Assembler

Instruction Set
Architecture

Processor Memory I/O system


Datapath & Control
Digital Design
Circuit Design
transistors, IC layout

Co-ordination of many levels of abstraction

hide unnecessary implementation details


helps us cope with enormous complexity of real systems
Under a rapidly changing set of forces
Design, Measurement, and Evaluation

Single bus CPU


BUS: a collection of wires for transmitting
addresses, data and signals.
Decoder: fetch instructions from main
memory and determine their type.
ALU: performs performs arithmetic and
logical operations.
Memory: stores temporary results and
control information.
Register: can hold one number, be
read/written at high speed.
PC: points to the next instruction to be
fetched.
MAR: Memory address register
MDR: Memory data register

Execution Cycle
Instruction
Fetch
Instruction
Decode

Obtain instruction from program storage

Determine required actions and instruction size

Operand
Fetch

Locate and obtain operand data

Execute

Compute result value or status

Result
Store
Next
Instruction

Deposit results in storage for later use

Determine successor instruction

Fetch and store operations


FETCH
Memory location
address in R1 and
memory data in R2
1. MAR [R1]
2. Read
3. Wait for MFC signal
4. R2 [MDR]

STORE
For writing a word into
a given memory
location:
1. MAR [R1]
2. MDR [R2], Write
3. Wait for MFC

MFC: Memory-function-completed (control signal)

Register transfers
Data transfer requires input and
output gates. These are
controlled in and out signals. For
register Ri:
Ri_in = 1 => data available on
common bus is loaded into Ri
Ri_out = 1 => Contents of Ri are
placed on the bus.
To transfer contents of R1 to R4
Set R1_out to 1 => contents
of R1 placed on CPU bus
Set R4_in to 1 => data loaded
from the CPU bus into R4

Program Execution in CPU


Instructions constituting a program to be executed are loaded
in sequential locations in main memory. The CPU fetches one
instruction at a time and performs the functions specified.
The CPU keeps track of address of the next instruction through
a dedicated CPU register called program counter (PC).
Execution of each instruction requires the following steps:
1. Fetch the contents of the memory location pointed to by PC.
Contents of this location are interpreted as an instruction to be
executed. Hence, they are loaded into the instruction register
(IR), i.e. IR [[PC]]
2. Increment the contents of the PC by 1, i.e. PC [PC] + 1
3. Carry out the actions specified by the instructions in the IR.

If an instruction occupies more than one word, steps 1 and 2


can be repeated as many times as required. These two steps
are called the fetch phase; step 3 constitutes the execution
phase.
Most of the operations in Steps 1 to 3 above can be carried out by
performing the following functions in a pre-specified sequence:
1. Fetch the contents of a given memory location and load them into
a CPU register.
2. Store a word of data from a CPU register into a given memory
location.
3. Transfer a word of data from one CPU register to another or to the
ALU
4. Perform an arithmetic or logic operation and store the result into a
CPU register.

Instructions

An instruction is a word containing a bit pattern defining a basic


machine instruction and its operands
Add values in registers r1 and r2 and store sum in r0
add r0, r1, r2

Compare an instruction in a high level language


c = a + b
A compiler takes this line of text and typically converts it to several
machine instructions
(Assume addresses of a, b, c already in registers r0, r1, r2)
ld r3, r0
;Get value of a into r3
ld r4, r1
;Get value of b into r4
add r3,r3,r4 ;Add values in r3, r4 store sum in r3
st r3, r2
;Store sum in c

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