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    Bending and Transverse Tension

    Uploaded by

    Asghar Hussain Shah
    1) The document discusses transverse shear stresses in beams, including solid and thin-walled beam cross sections. 2) For solid beams, the shear stress formula is derived showing shear stresses are highest at the maximum of the first moment of area. 3) For thin-walled beams with force parallel to the axis, horizontal and vertical shear stresses are derived showing highest values at the flange edges and web mid-height.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Bending and Transverse Tension

    Uploaded by

    Asghar Hussain Shah
    131 views23 pages
    1) The document discusses transverse shear stresses in beams, including solid and thin-walled beam cross sections. 2) For solid beams, the shear stress formula is derived showing shear stresses are highest at the maximum of the first moment of area. 3) For thin-walled beams with force parallel to the axis, horizontal and vertical shear stresses are derived showing highest values at the flange edges and web mid-height.

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    1) The document discusses transverse shear stresses in beams, including solid and thin-walled beam cross sections. 2) For solid beams, the shear stress formula is derived showing shear stresses are highest at the maximum of the first moment of area. 3) For thin-walled beams with force parallel to the axis, horizontal and vertical shear stresses are derived showing highest values at the flange edges and web mid-height.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    131 views23 pages

    Bending and Transverse Tension

    Uploaded by

    Asghar Hussain Shah
    1) The document discusses transverse shear stresses in beams, including solid and thin-walled beam cross sections. 2) For solid beams, the shear stress formula is derived showing shear stresses are highest at the maximum of the first moment of area. 3) For thin-walled beams with force parallel to the axis, horizontal and vertical shear stresses are derived showing highest values at the flange edges and web mid-height.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    BENDING AND

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF BEAMS


    definition
    side panels of a beam element are subjected to shearing force
    and a perpendicular vector component of bending moment
    at the same instance.

    Assumptions:
    straight beam axis

    Mx
    x

    Vy

    My

    C
    Vy

    Mx

    dz

    ???
    homogeneous material, Hooke's law applies
    + constant cross section: A(z) = A, Sx (z) = Sx, Ix (z) = Ix etc.

    2/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF BEAMS


    Reminder:
    stress formula for simple uniaxial bending

    Mx

    Mx
    z y =
    y
    Ix

    z
    y
    dz

    simple shear

    Vy
    x

    Vy
    zy =
    A

    Vy

    uniform stress distribution


    (rough approximation only):

    y
    yz

    complementarity of shear stresses

    zy = yz

    zy
    z

    x
    y

    3/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF BEAMS


    K

    Background
    yz: zero at (unloaded) external surfaces
    complementarity: zy, corner is also 0
    cross sections do not remain plane (???...)

    Mx
    y holds just approximately
    z y =
    Vy
    Ix
    , but zymax is even larger
    zy =
    A

    yz

    zy
    zy 0

    yz: longitudinal shear

    yz 0

    ?
    4/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF BEAMS


    K

    Background

    Shear stresses within the plane of the cross section


    at the boundary are tangential

    C
    z

    distribution of both directions and magnitudes of


    stresses calculated from simple shear are contradictory

    dA
    z'

    tz 0
    t

    zt 0

    Mx
    z y =
    y : can be kept altogether,
    Ix

    zy (y) ( zt ) ???

    solid sections

    thin-walled sections
    5/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF BEAMS


    SCOPE:
    Shear stresses parallel to the shearing force in solid sections
    Shear stresses perpendicular to the shearing force in solid sections
    Longitudinal shear of a finite segment of beams with solid sections
    Shear stresses in thin-walled cross sections loaded in their symmetry axis
    Shear stresses in thin-walled cross sections loaded orthogonally to their symmetry
    axis, the concept of shear centre

    6/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF SOLID BEAMS


    Further assumptions:
    symmetric cross section, V = Vy is directed along the symmetry axis,
    M = Mx (bending moment vector is perpendicular to the shearing; bending is uniaxial),
    Mx
    y ,
    normal stresses arise only from bending z y =
    Ix
    shear stresses arise only from shearing.

    ANALYSIS OF THE BEAM ELEMENT


    GEOMETRIC equations

    (quasi) plane cross sections (for bending): (y,z) = dx(z) y = (z)y


    z
    x
    dz
    One more assumption:
    du(x,y,z)
    zx(x,y,z) =
    dz
    vertical displacement v (arising
    dv(y,z)
    strictly from shear) depends only on y zy(y,z) =
    dz
    but not on x (that is, zy is constant
    + rig. c. s.: = = =0
    within a given horizontal section)

    C
    dx

    xy

    7/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF SOLID BEAMS


    STATICAL equations

    GEOMETRIC equations

    Miz: (zx (x,y,z)y +


    A(z)
    zy (y,z)x) dA = T (z) = 0
    Fix:

    zx (x,y,z) dA = Vx (z) = 0

    automatically
    satisfied
    due to
    symmetry

    A(z)

    Fiy:

    zy is constant in a
    horizontal plane

    zy (y,z) dA = Vy (z)
    A(z)

    Mix: z (x,y,z)y dA = Mx (z)

    dx(z)
    z(y,z) =
    y = x(z)y
    dz
    du(x,y,z)
    zx(x,y,z) =
    dz
    dv(y,z)
    zy(y,z) =
    dz
    + rig. c. s.: x = y = xy =0

    A(z)

    MATERIAL equations

    0 0 xz
    = 0 0 yz
    zx zy z

    z (y,z) = Ez (y,z)
    zx (x,y,z) = Gzx (x,y,z)
    zy (y,z) = Gzy (y,z)

    0 0 xz
    = 0 0 yz
    zx zy z

    8/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF SOLID BEAMS


    zy = ?

    STATICAL equations for a section of the beam element

    dN' = dH

    Fiz: (N' + dN') dH N' = 0

    dz (y) dA = yz (y) s(y) dz


    A'

    the order of differentiation


    and integration is reversible:

    Mx + dMx

    Vy

    Mx

    C
    dz (y)
    z
    dz dA = yz (y) s(y) V + dV
    z
    y
    A'
    y
    y
    dH
    dH
    x
    y
    Mx (z)
    z (y) =
    y
    Ix
    dMx y
    A'
    dz I dA = yz (y) s(y) N'+dN'
    N'
    dz
    A'
    x
    N'+dN' y
    dz
    dMx (z)
    Vy (z) =
    s(y)
    the shear formula:
    dz
    '
    Vy
    T
    S
    V
    y dA = yz (y) s(y)
    y x y

    yz y = zy y=
    Ix A'
    I x s y
    9/23
    Sx' : first moment of the section A' about the central axis x

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF SOLID BEAMS


    zy = ?

    Vyy S 'x
    T
    zy =
    Ix s

    Mx

    Mx

    Vy

    Vy

    A'
    A'

    zy
    '
    x

    T
    Vyy S y
    zy y =
    I x s y

    zy

    for a generic cross section


    zy,max : at the maximum of S'x/s

    '

    T
    Vyy S x y
    zy y =
    Ix s
    for sections with sidewalls parallel to Vy
    (s is constant): zy,max : at the maximum of S'x ,
    i. e., at the height of the centroid
    10/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF SOLID BEAMS


    zy zx = ?

    A'

    zeP

    O
    +

    zx,max = zy tan

    zxP P

    Mx

    Vy

    Vyy S 'x
    T
    zy =
    Ix s

    zy

    zx

    zy

    zy

    t
    resultant of the
    shear stress at a point P:

    Pze = Pzx2 Pzy 2

    max = zt
    t
    maximum shear stress
    at the two boundaries:

    max= zt = zx ,max 2 zy2


    zy
    max
    =
    cos
    11/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF SOLID BEAMS


    zy

    H=?

    (calculation of the resultant longitudinal shear)

    12/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF SOLID BEAMS


    zy

    H=?

    (calculation of the resultant longitudinal shear)

    it is already known:

    dH (y,z) = yz (y,z) s(y) dz


    z2

    Vyy S 'x
    T
    yz= zy=
    Ix s

    s(y)

    z2

    Hl (y) = dH (y,z) =yz (y,z) s(y) dz


    z1

    z1

    moreover, y is fixed:
    z2

    Vy(z) Sx'
    Hl =
    s dz
    Ix s
    z1
    z2

    Sx'
    Hl =
    Vy(z) dz

    Ix z1
    Sx'
    Hl =
    AV
    Ix

    H(y)
    x

    dH
    A'
    y dz

    AV: area of the shear


    force diagram at
    K2
    length l = z2 z1
    z
    Vy

    K1

    13/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS


    with shearing force parallel to
    the symmetry axis

    Vy

    with shearing force perpendicular to


    the symmetry axis

    Mx

    Mx

    Vy

    Further assumptions:
    M = Mx (bending moment vector is perpendicular to the shearing; bending is uniaxial),
    Mx
    y ,
    normal stresses arise only from bending z y =
    Ix
    shear stresses arise only from shearing.

    shear stresses are parallel to the wall of the section,


    shear stresses in a section perpendicular to the wall are constant.

    14/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS


    with shearing force parallel to the symmetry axis
    STATICAL equations

    Miz: (zx (x,y,z)y +


    A(z)
    zy (y,z)x) dA = T (z) = 0
    Fix:

    zx (x,y,z) dA = Vx (z) = 0

    automatically
    satisfied
    due to
    symmetry

    A(z)

    Fiy:

    zy is constant in a
    horizontal plane

    zy (y,z) dA = Vy (z)
    A(z)

    Mix: z (x,y,z)y dA = Mx (z)

    GEOMETRIC equations

    dx(z)
    y = x(z)y
    dz
    den(n,t,z)
    zn(n,t,z) =
    =0
    dz
    det(y,z)
    zt(t,z) =
    dz
    z(y,z) =

    + rig. c. s.: x = y = xy =0

    A(z)

    0 0 [0]
    = 0 0 tz
    [0] zt z

    MATERIAL equations

    z (y,z) = Ez (y,z)
    zt (t,z) = Gzt (t,z)

    0 0 [0]
    = 0 0 tz
    [0] zt z

    15/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS


    with shearing force parallel to the symmetry axis
    equilibrium of width b x:

    Fiz:dz (y) dA = xz (x,y) v dz

    z + dz

    A'

    xz
    dz (y)
    dz dA = xz (x,y) v
    A'
    dMx y
    dz I dA = xz (x,y) v
    v
    A'
    x
    '
    TVy S x x
    Vy
    y dA = xz (x,y) v xz x= zx x=

    Ix v
    Ix A'
    Sx' : as before
    approximation: the centroid of area of
    width b x is at a height of h/2 (v << h)

    h/ 2
    zx

    TVyy b x v h/ 2 T
    Vyy bx h
    x=
    =
    Ix v
    2Ix

    v
    Vy

    A'

    v
    dz

    Mx
    z bx

    b
    16/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS


    with shearing force parallel to the symmetry axis
    flanges: horizontal shear stresses only

    TVyy b x v h/ 2 T
    Vyy bx h
    x=
    =
    Ix v
    2Ix

    h/ 2
    zx

    max
    zx

    TVyy b h
    =
    2Ix

    zxmax
    +

    Mx

    zt

    Vy

    web: vertical shear stresses only

    zymax
    +

    '

    TVyy S x y
    zy y =
    I x s y
    maximum stress
    at the centroid:
    stress at the top or
    bottom of the web:

    (the shear formula)


    ' max
    x

    TVyy S
    =
    Ix v
    Tyyy 2bv h / 2 TVyy bh
    TV
    g
    w
    zy
    =
    Ix v
    Ix
    max
    zy

    zxmax

    shear flow
    17/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS


    with shearing force perpendicular to the symmetry axis
    STATICAL equations

    Miz: (zx (x,y,z)y +

    zy (y,z)x) dA = T (z) = ?
    Fix: zx (x,y,z) dA = Vx (z) = 0

    satisfied due to
    symmetry

    zy (y,z) dA = Vy (z)

    zy is constant in a
    horizontal plane

    Fiy:

    A(z)

    dx(z)
    y = x(z)y
    dz
    den(n,t,z)
    zn(n,t,z) =
    =0
    dz
    det(y,z)
    zt(t,z) =
    dz
    z(y,z) =

    A(z)

    A(z)

    GEOMETRIC equations

    Mix: z (x,y,z)y dA = Mx (z)

    + rig. c. s.: x = y = xy =0

    A(z)

    0 0 [0]
    = 0 0 tz
    [0] zt z

    MATERIAL equations

    z (y,z) = Ez (y,z)
    zt (t,z) = Gzt (t,z)

    0 0 [0]
    = 0 0 tz
    [0] zt z

    18/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS


    with shearing force perpendicular to the symmetry axis
    z
    Twisting why?
    xz
    z + dz
    Vy
    x h

    Mx
    (calculation of stresses: as in sections
    symmetric about y)
    '

    TVy S x x
    xz x= zx x=
    Ix v

    h/ 2
    zx

    TVyy b x v h/ 2 T
    Vyy bx h
    x=
    =
    Ix v
    2Ix

    dz

    Vy

    y
    x

    bx

    19/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS


    with shearing force perpendicular to the symmetry axis
    Twisting why?

    Vy

    max
    zx

    TVyy b h
    max

    =
    zx
    2Ix

    Tyy bv h / 2 T
    V
    Vyy bh
    +

    =
    Ix v
    2 I x zymax

    zt

    w
    zy

    zxmax
    Y = Vy X

    Y = Vy

    (=)

    (=)

    C
    2

    X=
    X

    max
    zx

    bv

    Vyy b hv
    T
    =
    4Ix

    F = Vy
    CS

    T
    Vyy b h v
    X=
    T'
    4Ix

    Mx
    Vy

    C
    2

    b h v
    e=
    4Ix
    20/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS


    with shearing force perpendicular to the symmetry axis
    No twisting !

    max
    zx

    TVyy b h
    max

    =
    zx
    2Ix

    Tyy bv h / 2 T
    V
    Vyy bh
    +

    =
    Ix v
    2 I x zymax

    zt

    w
    zy

    CS

    CS : the shear centre,


    vertical force F passing through
    this point causes no twisting

    Y = Vy X

    Y = Vy

    (=)

    (=)

    C
    2

    X=
    X

    max
    zx

    bv

    Vyy b hv
    T
    =
    4Ix

    zxmax
    F = Vy
    CS

    T
    Vyy b h v
    X=
    T'
    4Ix

    Mx
    Vy

    C
    2

    b h v
    e=
    4Ix
    21/23

    TRANSVERSE SHEAR OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS


    So far...

    Mx , Vy and T together were considered.

    zt
    C

    (=) F

    CS

    xS

    T = F (e + xS)

    (=)

    F = Vy

    (+)

    To have Mx and Vy only, superimpose T on it:

    Vy

    Mx

    (=)

    F = Vy

    (=)

    T
    22/23

    Criteria:
    28.Bending and transverse shear of beams. Normal and shear stresses for beams with
    symmetric solid cross sections loaded in their vertical axis of symmetry.
    Determination of direction and magnitude of the resultant shear stresses.
    32.Shear flow, shear centre.

    Other exam questions:


    70.Derive the formula of vertical and horizontal shear stresses for the case of
    simultaneous bending and shear, in the case of symmetric solid cross sections
    loaded in their vertical axis of symmetry. Calculate the total shear stress at a
    given point of the cross section. What is the distribution of the shear stresses in
    the cross-section?
    71.Calculate the longitudinal horizontal shear stresses in a beam loaded by bending
    and shear. What is the mechanical role of these shear stresses in the design of
    beams composed by horizontally glued or screwed elements?
    72.Show the distribution of the shear stresses in thin-walled cross sections loaded in
    their axis of symmetry. What is the shear flow?
    73.Show the distribution of the shear stresses in thin walled cross sections loaded
    21/21
    orthogonally to their axis of symmetry

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