INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

June 27, 2013

PROBLEM 2 (1 hour)
An experimental airplane is powered by an engine without moving parts that delivers a heat Q
per unit time. The entrance and exit sections of the engine are, respectively, below and above the
airplanes center of gravity (CoG), which is placed at the origin of the coordinate system shown in
the figure. Both sections are rectangular with the same spanwise length b (along the z-direction),
and heights ai and ao , as indicated in the figure. The flow at the engines inlet has velocity Vi ,
pressure pi and density i , while the outlet jet discharges at pressure po .
The flow is steady.
Gravitational forces are negligible.
The conditions at the engines inlet and outlet sections are uniform.
The air behaves as a perfect gas of constant Rg and specific heat ratio .

The known data are (ai , Vi , i , pi , ao , po , pa , Q).

1. Applying the mass and energy conservation equations to an appropriately defined control
volume, obtain the pair of equations that determine the jet exhaust velocity, Vo , and the
corresponding density, o . In the remainder of the problem, assume that Vo and o are already
known. (4 points)
2. Use the momentum equation to obtain the thrust provided by the engine, T. (2 points)
acting on the airplane with
3. Use the angular momentum equation to obtain the net torque M
respect to its CoG. Assume that the surrounding air is at uniform pressure pa , except at the
engines inlet and outlet. (3 points)
4. To compensate the torque obtained in the previous question, the engineers decide that the
main wings CoG coincides with that of the full airplane, so that it doesnt contribute to the
torque, and to place a control surface (canard) at a distance L from the CoG (see figure).
Knowing that this control surface provides a lift force F , determine the distance L. (1 point)

pa

y
x

ai

Vi
pi
i

ao

Vo
po
o

INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

Jan 14, 2013

PROBLEM 1 (1 hour)
A plane liquid jet of constant density , thickness h and uniform velocity v, impinges on a nonsymmetric wedge of geometry and dimensions shown in the figure. The wedge splits the jet into
two layers of unequal flux, such that a portion of the volume flux is deflected an angle , and the
rest of the fluid is deflected an angle 2.

T1

pa

Q
v, T0

Q
q

y
x

x0

pa

pa

L
q
T2

(1 )Q
The flow is steady.
Viscous and gravitational forces are negligible.
The known data are (, c, v, h, , , L, pa , T0 , T1 , T2 ).
1. (1 point). Noting that the conditions for the use of Bernoullis theorem are met, determine
the (uniform) velocity of the fluid on each deflected layer.
2. (2 points). Determine the thickness h1 and h2 of each layer.
3. (2.5 points). Determine the force F (per unit length in the z-direction) that the liquid jet
and the ambient air exert on the wedge.
0 due to the force F about the corner x
4. (2.5 points). Determine the moment M
0 of the wedge.

Find the value of the fraction that would produce a null moment, M0 = 0.
5. (2 points). Knowing the uniform temperature T0 of the incoming jet, the uniform temperatures
T1 and T2 of the two liquid layers when they loose contact with the wedge, and the constant
specific heat c of the liquid, determine the heat q transferred per unit surface from the liquid
to the wedge. Assume that the heat flux is uniform on the wedge surface and that there is no
heat transfer by conduction between the liquid and the ambient air.

INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

Dec 18, 2012

PROBLEM 1 (50 minutes)

Consider the mixing elbow shown schematically in the figure. Cold water flows through the main
pipe and mixes with warmer water that enters through a smaller inlet located at the elbow. The
liquid properties can be considered independent of the temperature and gravity effects can be
neglected. All pipe walls are adiabatic. The known pipe dimensions, fluid properties and boundary
conditions are given in the figure.
pa

Density
Vis osity
Condu tivity k
Spe i heat c

L1

D1

x
1
v1
p1
T1

D1
L2

D2
L1

v2
p2
T2

Assume that the two streams mix completely and that the velocity and temperature are uniform
at the exit section.
1. (3 points). Find the velocity vs and temperature Ts of the mixed stream emerging from the
pipe at ambient pressure.
2. (3 points). Obtain the net force F exerted on the mixing elbow by the water flowing inside
and the ambient air.
1 about the point x
3. (3 points).Obtain the torque M
1 located at the center of the larger inlet.
4. (1 point). Compute the above results numerically, given the following data:
v1 = 0,4 m/s;
T1 = 20 C;
p1 pa = 50 Pa;
D1 = 10 cm;
L1 = 20 cm;

v2 = 1,2 m/s;
T2 = 40 C;
p2 pa = 200 Pa;
D2 = 2,5 cm;
L2 = 7 cm.

= 1000 kg/m3 ;
= 8 104 Pa s;
k = 0,677 W/(m s);
c = 4216 J/(kg K);

INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

QUIZ # 1(Nov 05, 2012)

The diffuser module at the exit of a gas turbine consists of a fixed aerofoil cascade (stator), of inner and outer
radii Ri and Ro , respectively, together with a conical diffuser, as depicted in the figure below. The gas enters
the module with velocity field v1 = u1 ez + u e , having both axial and azimuthal components, pressure p1
and density 1 , and leaves the module with a purely axial velocity field v2 = u2 ez , pressure p2 and density 2 .
For the analysis of the problem, one may introduce the following assumptions:
The effect of gravity is entirely negligible.
Flow properties at the entrance and exit sections are uniform.
The air around the casing is at rest with uniform pressure pa .
The working gas behaves as a perfect gas (gas constant Rg , specific heat ratio ).
All the inner walls are adiabatic.

With the above simplifications, write the equations that determine the values of 2 and u2 , as well as the
, acting on the diffuser module, in terms of the known quantities (pa , p1 , 1 , p2 ,
net force, F , and torque, M
u1 , u , Ri ,Ro , and Rg ).

u1

stator

r u

conical diffuser
Ri
z

p1
1

stator

Ro

u2
p2
2

Integral conservation equations for an arbitrary control volume Vc :

"Z
# Z
d
dV +
(
v vc ) n
d = 0
dt Vc (t)
c (t)

d
dt

"Z

d
dt

"Z

v dV

Vc (t)

v (
v vc ) n
d =

+
c (t)

(
xx
o ) vdV

0 n
d +

p
nd +
c (t)

c (t)

Z
Vc (t)

Z
[(
xx
o ) v][(
v vc ) n
]d =

Vc (t)

c (t)

Z
=

Z
p(
xx
o ) n
d +

c (t)

(
xx
o ) (0 n
)d +

c (t)

(
xx
o ) fm dV

Vc (t)

"Z
# Z
Z
d
2
(e + |
v | /2)dV +
(e + |
v |2 /2)(
v vc ) n
d =
p
vn
d
dt Vc (t)
c (t)
c (t)
Z
Z
Z
Z
0

+
v n
d +
fm vdV
q n
d +
(Qc + Qr )dV
c (t)

Vc (t)

c (t)

Vc (t)

fm dV

Solution:
To solve the problem we make use of the mass, momentum, angular momentum and energy conservation
equations in their integral form, applied to a fixed control volume, V0 . Its associated control surface, 0 =
in out w a , shown in the figure below, is decomposed into an annular inlet section in , a circular
outlet section out , a surface containing the inner wall of the casing and the outer wall of the diffuser cone,
w , and several surfaces surrounding the stator aerofoils, a .

Ro

Ri
in

out
w

The integral mass conservation equation,

Z
 Z
d
dV +

vn
d = 0,
dt Vo
o
can be simplified by taking into account that the mass inside the control volume is a constant, so that the
first term is zero, and that the only control surfaces crossed by the gas are in and out , thus obtaining
Z
Z

vn
d +

vn
d = 0,
in

out

and, since the density and velocity are uniform throughout both surfaces,


1 u1 Re2 Ri2 = 2 u2 Re2 = G
where G is the mass flux, and we have taken into account that at the inlet v n
= u1 and


2
2
Re Ri .

(1)
R
in

d =

Thanks to the axisymmetry of the problem, the only relevant component of the momentum equation is
the axial component z, that writes
Z
 Z
Z
Z
d

v ez dV +
(
v ez ) (
vn
) d =
p
n ez d +
ez 0 n
d,
dt Vo
o
o
o
where we have neglected the body forces. The first term vanishes for the same reasons discussed above and,
again, the only non-zero contributions of the second term are the inlet and outlet convective momentum
fluxes. In addition, viscous stresses are zero over the inlet and outlet sections, since the velocity field is
locally uniform. The axial momentum equation then simplifies to
Z
Z
Z
(
v ez ) (
vn
) d =
p
n ez d +
ez (p
n + 0 n
) d,
in out

in out

w a

where the last integral represents the force that the inner solid walls exert on the gas, F (sg) = F (gs) ,
where F (gs) is, by Newtons third law, the force that the gas exerts on the walls. The net force on the
module, F , is obtained by adding the external force on the casing due to the atmosphere surrounding the
module, F = F (gs) + Fext . In turn, it is easy to see that Fext = 0 due to the axial symmetry. On the other
hand, the integrals of the axial momentum flux at the inlet and outlet sections, as well as the corresponding
axial pressure force, are all immediately calculated by taking into account the uniform conditions, giving the
result






F = Re2 Ri2 p1 + 1 u21 Re2 p2 + 2 u22
(2)

Taking the origin of momenta at any point along the axis, the integral angular momentum equation
simplifies to a balance between the net angular momentum flux, and the torque of the pressure and viscous
forces,
Z
Z
Z
(
x v) (
vn
) d =
x
(p
n) d +
x
(p
n + 0 n
) d,
in out

in out

w a

where we have taken into account the same simplifications discussed above for the mass and axial momentum
equations, namely steady flow, fixed control volume, and uniform properties over the inlet and outlet sections.
Due to the symmetry of the problem, it is easy to see that the outlet angular momentum flux, as well as
the momenta of the pressure forces at both the inlet and outlet sections, are all zero, while the inlet angular
momentum flux is associated to the azimuthal velocity component, u e , and gives the contribution
Z

Re

(
x u e ) (
vn
) d = 1 u1 u ez
in

Ri

2r2 dr =

2
1 u1 u (Re3 Ri3 ) ez ,
3

where it has been taken into account that x

e = r
ez and d = 2rdr. Moreover, the integral
Z
x
(p
n + 0 n
) d = M,
w a

where use has been made of Newtons third law, and where it has been taken into account that the external
ext = 0. Therefore, the third
torque of the amospheric forces on the casing is zero due to axisymmetry, M
equation is


2
M = 1 u1 u Re3 Ri3
(3)
3
The only unknwon in equation (3) is the torque on the diffuser module M , and can be obtained from the
latter result alone.
The energy equation, simplified along the same lines as for the rest of the conservation equations above,
takes the form
Z
Z
Z
(e + |
v |2 /2) v n
d =
p
vn
d +
v (p
n + 0 n
) d,
in out

in out

w a

where the following facts have been used: there are no volumetric heat sources, q = kT = 0 at all the
control surfaces (inlet and outlet due to uniform conditions, and casing and aerofoils dueR to the associated
adiabatic conditions), and the work of the body forces has been neglected. The integral w a v (p
n+
0

n
) d represents the power developed by the forces acting on the inner walls of the module, and is zero
since they are at rest (
v = 0 over w and a ). Finally, the first term in the right-hand-side, representing
the power developed by the pressure forces at the inlet and outlet, may be combined with the energy flux
on the left-hand-side, to give the net flux of stagnation enthalpy, h + |
v |2 /2, which is therefore a conserved
magnitude,
Z
(h + |
v |2 /2) v n
d = 0,
in out

where h = e + p/ = cp T = /( 1) p/ is the enthalpy per unit mass. Performing the integrals, one finally
obtains,
p1
u2 + u2
p2
u2
+ 1
=
+ 2
(4)
1 1
2
1 2
2

Equations (1), (2) and (4), together with the equation of state, p = Rg T determine the unknowns
is directly given by equation (3).
(u2 , 2 , T2 , F ), while M