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Dispersion Relation: V (X) V B C A

This document discusses the dispersion relation and energy bands in solids. It contains the following key points: 1) The dispersion relation describes how the energy of an electron varies with its momentum or wave vector in the crystal lattice. It shows allowed and forbidden energy bands separated by gaps. 2) At the edges of the Brillouin zone, the wave vector k is only defined up to additions of integer multiples of 2π/a, allowing the dispersion relation to be plotted in the reduced zone scheme. 3) The effective mass of an electron depends on the curvature of the dispersion relation and can be negative near band edges, corresponding to positively charged quasi-particles called holes.

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37 views7 pages

Dispersion Relation: V (X) V B C A

This document discusses the dispersion relation and energy bands in solids. It contains the following key points: 1) The dispersion relation describes how the energy of an electron varies with its momentum or wave vector in the crystal lattice. It shows allowed and forbidden energy bands separated by gaps. 2) At the edges of the Brillouin zone, the wave vector k is only defined up to additions of integer multiples of 2π/a, allowing the dispersion relation to be plotted in the reduced zone scheme. 3) The effective mass of an electron depends on the curvature of the dispersion relation and can be negative near band edges, corresponding to positively charged quasi-particles called holes.

Uploaded by

RaqibAhsan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dispersion Relation

V0

V(x)
c

b
a
x
1/2

V02
sin 2 c
1
4 V0

V02
1
sinh 2 c

4 V0

where

2m
2

cos( b ) cos ka,

( V0 )

1/ 2

cos( b ) cos ka,

2m( V0 )
2

(0 V0 )

i
2

Energy Bands
P
ka 2
ka 0

0
1

ka

ka

Forbidden energy range.


3

Energy Bands
Forbidden bands sometimes called the energy gaps.
In an infinite lattice, the states within any allowed band would
form a continuum.
For a lattice of N atoms, there are N discrete states, however,
there are 2N states for spin degeneracy.
The energy gaps decrease as electron energy increases free
electron behavior at high energies.

Dispersion Relation
(k)

/a
/a

/a 2 /a

Energies close to zero are forbidden.


At k = n /a, there are two possible values of energies.
Bragg reflection at k = n /a
5

Electron Dynamics
The dispersion relation:

The electrons acceleration:

dvg
dt

d d d d dk 1 d 2 d (k )

dt dk dk dk dt 2 dk 2 dt

If force Fe accelerates electron, will do work dWe in time dt, while


electrons
l t energy andd momentum
t
change
h
by
b d andd dk.
dk

dWe Fe dx Fe vg dt Fe
dWe d

d
dt
dk

d
d
dk
dk
dk
dk

Effective Mass
Equating

Fe

d ( k )
dt

After substituting

F
1 d 2
2 2 Fe e
dt
m*
dk

dvg

2
Effective
Eff i mass
m* 2
d / dk 2

Free Electron
d 2 2
2k 2

2
2m
2m
dk
m
Effective mass:

m*

2
m
2 / m

Electrons in Crystal
In parabolic sections: Near the top and bottom of the allowed
bands:
d 2
2

C (k n ) 2

dk 2

2C m*

2C

In non-parabolic sections: d 2 / dk2 depends on energy m* is


not constant.
(k)

Negative Effective Mass


Negative curvatures near the top of dispersion relation
negative effective mass.
External
E t
l field
fi ld E in
i the
th positive
iti x-direction
di ti acting
ti on a negatively
ti l
charged particle with a negative mass produces a positive
acceleration component along the x-direction.
The change in sign of m* can be thought of the change of sign of
charge q.

dvg
dt

qE
m*

Quasi-particle positive charge and positive mass holes.


Without lattice, holes cannot exist.
10

Completely Empty or Filled Band


Contributes nothing to current flow in the presence of an external
electric field.

1
n0V

q
V

Energy

J n0 qv

D
Due to symmetry off the
h di
dispersion
i
curve, every state k that gives a positive
group velocity d /dk, there is a state
k that gives a group velocity equal in
magnitude but opposite in sign.
11

Nearly Empty Band

The velocity and the energy of the electrons


are limited by the scattering.
During the free path travel, electrons
acquire energy from the field, but never
climbs far from the bottom.

Energy

Only a partially empty band can contribute


to free-electron transport.

12

Nearly Filled Band


Only a few unoccupied states near the top
of the allowed band.

Energy

The unfilled states determine the


conductivity.
To determine current, we sum over a totally
occupied band and subtracting terms due to
empty states.

q 2N
vi v j
V i 1
j

q
V

13

Reduced Zone Representation


Energy band diagram is plotted in the first Brillouin zone.

k k

2n
a
k

14

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