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Transverse Waves: F MX CX CX y F My F CR L Cy R

Transverse waves are polarized waves where the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The document discusses several properties of transverse waves including: - They have two possible transverse polarization directions - The velocity may differ from longitudinal waves - They exhibit dispersion where the frequency depends on the wavenumber It also examines transverse wave propagation in crystals, discussing how some crystals have two distinct transverse modes while others have identical modes. The document then analyzes longitudinal wave propagation in a linear diatomic lattice. It derives the equations of motion and dispersion relation, showing the system supports both an acoustic and optical branch. In the long wavelength limit, the acoustic branch has neighboring atoms moving together while the optical branch has them moving in opposite

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37 views8 pages

Transverse Waves: F MX CX CX y F My F CR L Cy R

Transverse waves are polarized waves where the oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The document discusses several properties of transverse waves including: - They have two possible transverse polarization directions - The velocity may differ from longitudinal waves - They exhibit dispersion where the frequency depends on the wavenumber It also examines transverse wave propagation in crystals, discussing how some crystals have two distinct transverse modes while others have identical modes. The document then analyzes longitudinal wave propagation in a linear diatomic lattice. It derives the equations of motion and dispersion relation, showing the system supports both an acoustic and optical branch. In the long wavelength limit, the acoustic branch has neighboring atoms moving together while the optical branch has them moving in opposite

Uploaded by

RaqibAhsan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transverse Waves

Transverse waves are polarized.


The velocity may differ from that of longitudinal waves.
The force constants for longitudinal and transverse motions are
different.
F
r

y
a

F
x

r
a
l0

Fx mx 2Cx Cl x

Ft my 2 F sin 2C r l0

y
Ct y
r

Transverse Waves
Two mutually perpendicular transverse polarization directions.
Two transverse modes may have different dispersion relations.

ml

L
T2

mt2

T1

/a
Dispersion
Relations:

mt1

/a

4Cl
4Ct
ka
ka
sin
, t
sin
m
2
m
2

Transverse Waves
For symmetric crystals, the transverse polarization directions and
dispersion relations of two transverse modes are identical.

ml

L
T

/a

mt

/a

Linear Diatomic Lattice


The atoms can have masses m and M Ionic Crystals.
In a chain of 2N atoms, N have mass m, and N have mass M.
2 2
2n-2

2 1
2n-1
C

2
2n
C

u2n-2

u2n-1

2 +2
2n+2
C

C
m

2 +1
2n+1

u2n

u2n+1

u2n+2

Equations of Motion
For atoms 2n and 2n + 1, with masses m and M, respectively,

2u2 n
F2 n m 2 C u2 n 1 u2 n 1 2u2 n
t
2u2 n 1
C u2 n 2 u2 n 2u2 n 1
F2 n 1 M
t 2
Solutions:

u2 n Aei (2 kna t )
u2 n 1 Bei[ k (2 n 1) a t ]
u2 n 2 Aei[ k (2 n 2) a t ] u2 n ei 2 ka
u2 n 1 Bei[ k (2 n 1) a t ] u2 n 1e i 2 ka

Solutions
Replacing the solutions in the equations of motion

m 2C u C 1 e u
C 1 e u M 2C u
i 2 ka

2n

i 2 ka

2n

2 n 1

2 n 1

Determinant must be zero

C 1 e i 2 ka

m 2 2C
C 1 e

i 2 ka

M 2C
2

Solutions
m 2 2C

C 1 e i 2 ka

C 1 ei 2 ka

M 2 2C

2C m 2C M 4C
2

cos 2 ka 0

2C (m M ) 2 4C 2 sin 2 ka


0
mM
mM
C (m M )
4mM
M sin
i 2 kka
2
1 1

mM
(m M ) 2

Two separate braches of the dispersion relation acoustical


branch and optical branch.
8

Dispersion Relation
C (m M )
4mM sin 2 ka

1 1

mM
(m M ) 2

2C (m M ) / mM

Forbidden
frequency
range

2C / m

2C / M

/2a

/2a

k
9

Dispersion Relation
The length of the cell is 2a, therefore, the edges of the first
Brillouin zone are at k = /2a.

2 ( / 2a )

C (m M )
4mM sin 2 ( a / 2a )
1 1

mM
(m M )2

C (m M )
(m M ) 2 4mM
1
mM
(m M )2

C (m M ) m M
1 m M
mM
C (m M ) 2 M

mM
mM

( / 2a)

2C
M

Similarly,

( / 2a )

2C
m

10

Long Wavelength Limit


k=0

2 (0)

C (m M )
4mM sin 2 (0)
1
1

mM
(m M ) 2

C (m M )
1 1 0
mM
(0) 0

C (m M )
4mM sin 2 (0)
(0)
1 1

mM
(m M ) 2

C (m M )
2C (m M )
1 1
mM
mM
2C (m M )
mM

(0)

11

Long Wavelength Limit


k 0
2C (m M ) 2 4C 2 sin 2 ka


0
M
mM
M
mM
2C (m M ) 2 4C 2 k 2 a 2

mM
mM
4

(k ) ka

2C
mM

Phase velocity:

v0

2C
mM
12

Long Wavelength Limit


The ratio u2n+1/u2n
i 2 ka
u2 n 1 C 1 e B ika

e
u2 n
2C M 2 A
ika
ika
B C e e

2C M 2
A
cos ka
B

M2
A
1
2C

Acoustic branch:
As k 0, u2n+1/u2n 1
13

Long Wavelength Limit


Optical branch:

(0)

2C (m M )
mM

B
cos ka
1

2
M 2C (m M )
M
A
1
1
2C
mM
2C
1
m

mM
M
1
m
Neighboring atoms move in opposite directions.
Atomic oscillations of this kind can be excited in ionic crystals.
14

Acoustic Modes

15

Optical Modes

16

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