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Dispersion: K /a /a K /a /a

The document discusses the dispersion relation for waves propagating through a one-dimensional lattice. It can be summarized as follows: 1) There is an upper limit on the frequency, called the cutoff frequency, above which waves are attenuated rather than propagating. 2) The phase and group velocities depend on the wavelength, with both equal to the sound velocity for long wavelengths. 3) Boundary conditions, such as fixed ends or periodicity, quantize the allowed wave numbers and frequencies into discrete normal modes. 4) The density of states is inversely proportional to the frequency for low frequencies due to the linear dispersion relation near the band edge.

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RaqibAhsan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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39 views

Dispersion: K /a /a K /a /a

The document discusses the dispersion relation for waves propagating through a one-dimensional lattice. It can be summarized as follows: 1) There is an upper limit on the frequency, called the cutoff frequency, above which waves are attenuated rather than propagating. 2) The phase and group velocities depend on the wavelength, with both equal to the sound velocity for long wavelengths. 3) Boundary conditions, such as fixed ends or periodicity, quantize the allowed wave numbers and frequencies into discrete normal modes. 4) The density of states is inversely proportional to the frequency for low frequencies due to the linear dispersion relation near the band edge.

Uploaded by

RaqibAhsan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dispersion

Forbidden frequency
region

m sin

ka
2
/a

/a k

The system is dispersive.


There is an upper limit of m.
The lattice acts as a low-pass filter.
Transverse waves behave similar.

Velocity
1
1
sin ka
sin ka
2
2
v0
1
1
ka
ka
2
2
d
1
Group velocity, vg
v0 cos ka
dk
2

Phase velocity, v p a C
k
m

For long wavelength, v p vg v0


Cutoff frequency, m

4C 2v0

m
a

Cutoff Frequency
Sound velocity = 5000 m/s
Interatomic spacing, a = 3.0
Cutoff frequency, m

2v0
5.3 1012 Hz
a

Phase
un Ae

i kxn t

Ae

i k n 1 a t

un 1 Ae

i kna t

eika un

i k n 2 a t

un 2 Ae

ei 2 ka un

Each oscillators phase differs from that of its nearest neighbors


by ka. Along the chain, when the cumulative phase changes by
2 radians, an entire wavelength has been traversed.
At k = /a,
/ adjacent
dj
t atoms
t
have
h
a phase
h
difference
diff
off , andd
oscillate in opposite directions.

First Brillouin Zone


The dispersion is periodic in k with a periodicity of 2/a.

/a

/a 0 /a

3/a

Many Zones
For m, there are many possible values for k.
Many possible solutions with many possible wavelengths.

/a

/a 0 /a

3/a

Many Solutions
More than one harmonic wave can be fitted to a given
arrangements of atomic displacements.
Any possible harmonic motion of the atoms can be described
using a value of k within the first zone.

Frequencies above Cutoff

m
m sin

ka
2

m sin

ka
1
2

ka must be a complex number


k kr iki
i k ik na t

/a

/a

ki na
i
r

Ae r
e
un Ae
Solutions in this range
of frequencies must be damped.
i k na t

Frequencies above Cutoff

1
1
1
1
1
sin kr iki a sin kr a cos iki a cos kr a sin iki a
2
2
2
2
2
m

We know

ei (ix ) e i ( ix ) e x e x

cosh x
cos ix
2
2
ei (ix ) e i ( ix )
1 e x e x

i sinh x
sin ix
i
2i
2
Therefore,
h f

1
1
1
1

sin kr a cosh ki a i cos kr a sinh ki a


i (0)
2
2
2
2
m
10

Frequencies above Cutoff


Equating real and imaginary terms

1
1

sin kr a cosh ki a
2
2
m
1
1
cos kr a sinh ki a 0
2
2
1
ki 0 cos kr a 0 kr a , 3 , 5 ,
2
Therefore,

1
2
cosh ki a ki cosh 1

2
m
a
m
11

Frequencies above Cutoff


ki 0, m

ki


2
cosh 1
, m

a
m

Waves with m are


strongly attenuated.

Example:
/m=1.01 cosh1(1.01) = 0.1413
ki = 9.42 108 m1 waves are
attenuated by a factor 1/e

12

Frequencies above Cutoff


What happens to the
energy
gy of attenuated
waves?

ki

13

Boundary Conditions
So far, we have an infinite possible solutions.
Boundary conditions limit the possible frequencies or
wavelengths
wavelengths.
What is the number of atoms in the lattice?
Very large but finite.

14

Finite Lattice Atoms


N atoms usually very large.
Two commonly used boundary conditions:
Fixed
Fi d end:
d The
Th endd atoms
t
are clamped
l
d rigidly
i idl in
i place.
l
Periodic: The displacement of the first and last atom in the
chain is assumed to be same.
1
N

3
1

15

Fixed End
1

u1 0

uN 0

Standing wave solutions:

u ( x, t ) Aeikx e it Ae ikx e it (2 A cos kx)e it


Not all values of k are
accepted!
Discrete set of
solutions.
= 2a cannot be excited.
L

16

Allowed Modes
2 L,

2L 2L
2L
total (N 2) solutions.
,
, ,
N 2
2 3

( N 2)
L L L
L

2
, m sin
,
n m sin
2( N 1)
2( N 1)
3
( N 2)
, , m sin
m sin
2( N 1)
( N 1)a
k kn

2 3
,

, ,

Allowed k values are equally spaced but values are not.

17

Periodic
n

n+1 n+2

n+N

un un N
Allows traveling waves to propagate.

Even number of atoms


1

12

= 2a can be excited.

Odd number of atoms


1

11

= 2a cannot be excited.
18

Allowed Modes
L L
2 3

L
, ( N even)
N /2

L L
2 3

L
, ( N odd)
( N 1) / 2

L, , , ,

L, , , ,

k kn

2 4 6
N
,
,
, ,
, ( N even)
L
L
L
L

k kn

2 4 6
( N 1)
,
,
, ,
, ( N odd)
L
L
L
L
19

Allowed States
Very few atoms

2
1
/a

0 k1 k2 k3 /a

20

10

Allowed States
Many atoms

/a

/a

21

Density of States
g (k )dk ?
g ( )d ?

m
d

/a

dk

/a

22

11

Density of States
Since k values are equally spaced,

g (k )dk

N
Na
dk
dk
2 / a
2

g ( )d g (k )dk

Na dk
d
2 d

m sin

ka
d
a
ka
dk
2
1

m cos

2
dk
2
2
d m a cos(ka / 2)

g ( )d

d
m cos(ka / 2)
N

For small frequencies, g ( )d

N d

23

12

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