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Lecture 9 Ray Tracing

1. Ray tracing uses matrices to represent how optical rays propagate through optical systems. Matrices describe how the height and angle of a ray change after interactions like free space propagation, refraction, reflection, or passing through a thin lens. 2. Multiplying the matrices in order allows calculating the output ray parameters for a complete optical system from the input ray parameters. 3. Ray matrices can also be used to analyze optical cavities formed by sequences of lenses. The matrix for a unit cell of the cavity allows determining the stability condition for periodic bounded solutions inside the cavity.

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Jorge Parra-Michel
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83 views

Lecture 9 Ray Tracing

1. Ray tracing uses matrices to represent how optical rays propagate through optical systems. Matrices describe how the height and angle of a ray change after interactions like free space propagation, refraction, reflection, or passing through a thin lens. 2. Multiplying the matrices in order allows calculating the output ray parameters for a complete optical system from the input ray parameters. 3. Ray matrices can also be used to analyze optical cavities formed by sequences of lenses. The matrix for a unit cell of the cavity allows determining the stability condition for periodic bounded solutions inside the cavity.

Uploaded by

Jorge Parra-Michel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 9

RAY TRACING:
In paraxial optics we consider the optical rays propagating very close to the
axis. (no skewed rays) The ray is represented by the elevation r and angle r'
at each point. Therefore we can use the column-vector to describe it as
r
r'

r
r'
z

Now, since all the equations are linear we can use the matrices to conenct
them

r2 A B r1
=
r2' C D r1'
Then if have a large system all we need to do is to multiply the matrices.
Important matrices.
Free Space -translation
r2 1 d r1
r2' = r1' ;
1 d
or
=
thus
translation
matrix
is
T
=
d
'
'
0 1
r2 0 1 r1
r2 = r1 + r1'd
n1

n2

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Refraction at the plane interface for paraxial angles from Snell's law
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 1 for small angles we can write
n1 '
1 0r
1 0
r
r;
1
n2 1 or 2' = n
thus reflection matrix is R = n1
1
1 r1'
r2
n2 0
n
r2 = r1
2
r2' =

Thin Lens the properties are that it collects all the rays parallel to the axis
into the focus in both directions, i.e.
r1A
r2B
f

From the geometry:


r2 A = r1 A = Ar1 A + Br1' A = Ar1 A
for ray A: '
and A = 1; C = 1/ f
r2 A = r1 A / f = Cr1 A + Dr1' A = Cr1 A
r2 B = r1B = Ar1B + Br1'B = r1B + Br1'B ;
for ray B: '
r thus B = 0; D = 1
1
r2 B = 0 = Cr1B + Dr1'B = r1 A + D 1 A
f
f
1
0
and we have the matrix L f = 1
f 1
Finally, consider the Mirror with focal lens 2/R

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and we have M R = 2

0
R

Note that AD-BC=1 for all matrices.

Consider using the ray-tracing matrix for imaging with the thin lens

r1
r1
d1

r2 f
r2

d2

The matrix is

1
d1
1 0
1 d2
1 d1 1 d 2
=
Td1 L f Td2 =
1
d =
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
0 1
f
f
f
d2
dd
d1 + d 2 1 2
f
f
A B
=
=
C D
d
1
1 1

f
f
but for the imaging it is necessary that all the rays converge, no matter what
is the angle, i.e. the height of the image, r2 should not depend on the angle
r1. That means B=0, and the lens equation is
1

1 1 1
+ =
d1 d 2 f

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We can now obtain r2 = 1

r2' = 1

d2
r = Mr1 - linear magnification and
f 1

d1 '
'
r1 = M r1 -angular magnification. Note that MM=1.
f
Optical cavities

Consider the periodic lens sequence


f1

f2

f2

f2

f1

f1
d

S+2

S+1

This sequence is equivalent to a cavity

d
R1=2f1

R2=2f2

Write the matrix for the unit section:

1 0
1 0
1
d
1
d
1 d
1 d
= 1
Td L f1Td L f 2 =
1
1
1
d
d =
10 1
1
1
1
0 1
f1
f2
f1
f1 f 2
f2
1

d
f2

d + d 1

f 2

d d
1 1 d d
1 1 1
f1 f1
f1
f1
f 2 f1

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A B
C D

Let us make a second-order difference equation:

rs+1 = Ars + Brs' ; rs' =B 1( rs+1 Ars )


rs'+1 = B 1( rs+2 Ars+1 ) = Crs + Drs' = Crs + DB 1( rs+1 Ars ) mult by B
rs+2 Ars+1 = BCrs + Drs+1 ADrs use AD - BC = 1
rs+2 ( A + D )rs+1 + rs = 0
We look for the periodic bounded solution rs = r0 cos( sx + 0 ) = Re[r0e jsx ] substitute it to get
e j 2 x ( A + D )e jx + 1 = 0
2

A+ D
A+ D
e =
j 1
= cos j sin
2
2
jx

Two complex conjugate solutions therefore


rs = rmax cos( s + 0 )
Stability:

cos =

Now

A+ D
A+ D
A+ D + 2
; for real cos < 1 or 1
1 or 0
1
2
2
4

A + D + 2 1
d d
d d
= 1 + 1 1 + 2 =
f2
f1
f 2 f1
4
4

d2
d
d
d
d
1 2d 2d
= 4

+
1
= 1 1
=g g
= 1
f1 f 2 f 2 f 2 2 f1 2 f 2 R1 R2 1 2
4
g2

Thus we have stability condition


0 g1g2 < 1

g1
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