Nuclear Physics (Phys 481)

Dr. Khalid Kezzar

[email protected]
http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/kkezzar
Office:76376

Chapter 1: Introduction to Nuclear Science

Chapter 2: Radioactive Decay Kinetics
Chapter 3: Nuclear Masses and Binding Energy
Chapter 4: Quantum Mechanical Properties of Nuclei
Chapter 5: Fundamental Aspects of Nuclear Structure
Chapter 6: The Shell Model
Chapter 7: Alpha Decay
Chapter 8: Beta Decay
Chapter 9: Gamma Ray Decay
Chapter 10: Nuclear Reactions - Part 1
Chapter 11: Nuclear Reactions - Part 2
Chapter 12: Fission
Chapter 13: Nuclear Astrophysics
Text Books:
- Modern Nuclear Chemistry, W. Loveland, D. J. Morrissey and G. T. Seaborg
, -

1st midterm exam (20%): 16-19/03/2014, 15-18/05/1435

2nd midterm exam (20%): 11-15/05/2014,12-16/07/1435

Participation and HW: 20%

Final Exam: 40%

Lecture 1
Introduction to Nuclear Science

Composition of atoms
Atoms are composed of electrons and nuclei.
The electrons are held in the atom by a
Coulomb attraction between the positively
charged nucleus and the negatively charged
electrons.
The electrons are in restricted regions of space
around the nucleus referred to as orbitals.
(Planetary model of the atom)

Composition of nuclei
Nuclei are composed of protons (Z of them)
and neutrons (N of them). The protons have a
charge of +1, the neutrons have no charge.Each
has a mass of about 1 amu.
Neutrons and protons are referred to
collectively as nucleons.
In a nucleus there are A nucleons where A = N
+Z
Since each nucleon has a mass of about 1 amu
(1.66x10-24 g), the mass of a nucleus is about A
amu.

Nomenclature
Nuclei are referred to by a shorthand
notation, ZAChem symbolN.
A nucleus with 6 protons and 8 neutrons
is 614C8, or just 14C.

Sizes
The radii of atoms are 1-10 x 10-8 cm.
The radii of nuclei are 1-10 x 10-13 cm
A rough rule for the radii of nuclei is
R=1.2A1/3 x 10-13 cm.

Nuclear density
density = mass/volume

densitynucleus = massnucleus /volume nucleus

mass = A amu = A x 1.66x10-24g
volume =(4/3)r3=(4/3)(1.2A1/3)3x 10-39 cm3
note density independent of A

density ~ 200,000 tonnes/mm3

That is what nuclear weapons and nuclear power are all about!!

Radioactivity
What causes something to be
radioactive?
Nuclei emit radiation spontaneously
because it is energetically favorable for
them to do so. In radioactive decay, the
nucleus goes from a less stable energy
state to a more stable state.

Types of Radioactive Decay

Alpha decay ()
Decay by the emission of doubly charged
helium nuclei 4He2+.
238U234Th + 4He
Z = -2, N=-2, A=-4
All nuclei with Z83 decay by -decay as
do some rare earth nuclei.

Alpha Decay
The emitted -particles are
monoenergetic,ranging in energy from 4-11
MeV.
They can be stopped by a piece of paper and
are thus an internal radiation hazard rather
than an external hazard.
The naturally occurring -emitters form long
series of nuclei that decay to one another.
Some of these naturally occurring decays series
involve isotopes of Rn, a gas.

Beta -decay
Beta decay is a term used to describe three
types of decay in which a nuclear neutron
(proton) changes into a nuclear proton
(neutron). The decay modes are -, + and
electron capture (EC).
- decay involves the change of a nuclear
neutron into a proton and is found in nuclei
with a larger than stable number of neutrons
relative to protons, such as fission fragments.
An example of - decay is
14
C14N e

Beta decay (cont)

In - decay, Z = +1, N =-1, A =0
Most of the energy emitted in the decay
appears in the rest and kinetic energy of the
emitted electron ( - ) and the emitted antie
electron neutrino,
The decay energy is shared between the emitted
electron and neutrino.

- decay is seen in all neutron-rich nuclei

The emitted - are easily stopped by a thin
sheet of Al

Beta decay (cont)

The second type of beta decay is + (positron) decay.
In this decay, Z = -1, N =+1, A =0, i.e., a nuclear
proton changes into a nuclear neutron with the
emission of a positron, + , and an electron neutrino, e
An example of this decay is
22
Na22Ne e
Like - decay, in + decay,
the decay energy is shared

between the residual nucleus, the emitted positron and

the electron neutrino.

+ decay occurs in nuclei with larger than normal p/n

ratios. It is restricted to the lighter elements
+ particles annihilate when they contact ordinary
matter with the emission of two 0.511 MeV photons.

Beta decay (cont)

The third type of beta decay is electron capture
(EC) decay. In EC decay an orbital electron is
captured by a nuclear proton changing it into a
nuclear neutron with the emission of a electron
neutrino.
An example of this type of decay is
e 209Bi209Pb e

The occurrence of this decay is detected by the

emitted X-ray (from the vacancy in the electron
shell).
It is the preferred decay mode for proton-rich
heavy nuclei.

Electromagnetic decay
There are two types of electromagnetic decay, -ray emission and
internal conversion (IC). In both of these decays N=Z=A=0,
with just a lowering of the excitation energy of the nucleus.
In -ray emission, most of the emitted energy appears in the form
of a photon.
These emitted photons are mono-energetic and have an energy
corresponding to almost all of the energy difference between the
final and initial state of the system. This is typically depicted as

Electromagnetic decay(cont.)
-rays are the most penetrating nuclear radiation and to attenuate
them requires massive shielding. They represent an external
radiation hazard.
An example of a -emitter is 60Co. 60Co is longer lived nuclide (t1/2
=5.3 y) that emits - particles, that populate the excited states of
60Ni, which emits two -rays of energy, 1.17 and 1.33 MeV. This
nuclide can be created in an Doomsday machine, (Dr.
Strangelove) with disastrous consequences.
The second type of electromagnetic decay is internal conversion.
In IC decay, the emitted energy is transferred (radiationlessly) to
an orbital electron, ejecting that electron which carries away most
of the decay energy.

Radioactive decay kinetics

The concept of a half-life, t1/2

Decay equations
There are two equations, with differing
meanings, that describe radioactive decay
N(t) N 0e t
A(t) A0e t
where the decay constant, , is given by

ln(2)
t1/ 2

These equations are related by the relationship

A=N

Types of Forces

Exchange Particles and Force

Carriers
Forces occur through the notion of the
virtual exchange of bosons that are force carriers
t

Concepts from elementary

mechanics
dp
F
dt
T=(1/2)mv2

V
F
r

rp

Relativistic mechanics
When particle velocities approach the speed of light,
there are fundamental changes in the equations we use to
describe them.
m m0
where
To wit

LorentzFactor
1 2

and
v
c
Thus

E mc 2 T m 0c 2
T kinetic energy m 0c 2 ( 1)
E
p mv 2 v
c
For massless particles v c
p E /c
E pc
and,in general
E 2 p 2c 2 (m0c 2 ) 2

Implications of this

How do we use relativistic equations?

Consider the case of relativistic heavy ions. We need to
Know the relationship between kinetic energy, velocity,
Momentum and total energy.
Suppose we have

12 C

ions produced by an accelerator at a kinetic energy of 2.1 GeV/nucleon

de-Broglie Relationship
for particles

h
p
p

for photons

c hc

E h pc
Table 1.5
Typical M agnitudes of De Broglie Wave lengths
Energy (M eV)

Wave length (cm)

Photon

0.1

-9

1.2x10

Proton

-10

9.0x10-12

-11

3.7x10

1.2x10

8.7x10

2.9x10-12

10

1.2x10-11

1.2x10-11

0.9x10-12

100

1.2x10-12

1.2x10-12

2.8x10-13

-13

-13

0.7x10-13

1000

-10

Electron

1.2x10

1.2x10

Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle

Units
e

4 o

= 1.43998 M eV fm

= 6.58212 x 10-22 M eV s
c = 2.9979 x 1023 fm s-1 = 29.979 cm/ns

c = 197.3 M eV fm
1 year (sidereal) = 3.1558x107 s x107 s

Sources of Nuclear Data

Nuclear Wallet Cards--back of book
National Nuclear Data Center
(http://www.nndc.bnl.gov)
Table of Isotopes Project

(http://nucleardata.nuclear.lu.se/nucleardata/toi/)