CNC PROGRAMMING

WORKBOOK
MILL

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON-1 ..ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING ........................................................1
EXERCISES 1 THROUGH 4 ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL ........................................... 5
LESSON-2 .. INTRODUCTION TO CNC CODES .......................................................................9
AUTOMATIC TOOL CHANGER STANDARD TOOL CAROUSEL ................................... 10
COMMONLY USED PREPARATORY G-CODES ........................................................... 11
COMMONLY USED MISCELLANEOUS M-CODES ...................................................... 12

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EXAMPLE OF PROGRAM START-UP BLOCKS ............................................................ 13

EXAMPLE OF PROGRAM END BLOCKS ..................................................................... 14
EXAMPLE OF PROGRAM TOOL CHANGE BLOCKS .................................................... 14
RAPID (G00) AND LINEAR (G01) INTERPOLATION ................................................... 15
CNC PART #1 SPOT DRILLING SAMPLE PROGRAM ................................................ 17

LESSON-3 .. CREATING CNC PRORAMS - CNC PART #1 .........................................................19

CNC PART #1 SPOT AND DRILLING SAMPLE PROGRAM1 ..................................... 20

LESSON-4 .. DRILLING USING CANNED CYCLES ....................................................................23

DRILLING CANNED CYCLES ....................................................................................... 25

CNC PART #1 SPOT AND DRILLING PROGRAM USING G81 ................................... 26

CNC PART #1 WHAT COULD GO WRONG?............................................................ 28

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON-5 .. DRILLING USING CANNED CYCLES ....................................................................29
CNC PART #2 - SPOT AND DRILLING PROGRAM USING G81.................................... 30
CNC PART #2 - CREATE THE PROGRAM TO SPOT AND DRILL .................................. 32
CNC - PART #2 - TYPING UP YOUR PROGRAM USING WINDOWS NOTEPAD........... 34
CNC - PART #2 - BACKPLOTTING .............................................................................. 37
CNC - PART #3 - CREATE THE PROGRAM ................................................................. 39

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CNC - PART #3 - BACKPLOTTING .............................................................................. 43

CNC - PART #4 - CREATE THE PROGRAM ................................................................. 45

LESSON-6 .. STRAIGHT LINE MILLING LINEAR INTERPOLATION ..........................................49

EXERCISE #1 - ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING ...................................... 50
CNC PART #5 STRAIGHT LINE MILLING SAMPLE PROGRAM ................................. 51
CNC PART #6 STRAIGHT LINE MILLING SAMPLE PROGRAM ................................. 54
CNC PART #7 CREATE THE PROGRAM................................................................... 57

CNC PART #8 CREATE THE PROGRAM................................................................... 60

LESSON-7 .. CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION ..............................................................................63

CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION EXERCISES .................................................................... 65

CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION SAMPLE PROGRAMS .................................................... 72

LESSON-8 .. CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION ..............................................................................77

CNC PART #9 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION CREATE THE PROGRAM ...................... 78

CNC PART #10 - CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION CREATE THE PROGRAM ..................... 84

Table of Contents - 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON-9 .. CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION ..............................................................................91
CNC PART #11 - CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION CREATE THE PROGRAM ..................... 92
CNC PART #12 - CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION CREATE THE PROGRAM ..................... 98
LESSON-10 CUTTER COMPENSATION.................................................................................105
INTRODUCTION TO CUTTER COMPENSATION ......................................................... 106
CNC PART #13 - CUTTER COMPENSATION CREATE THE PROGRAM ........................ 108

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CNC PART #14 - CUTTER COMPENSATION CREATE THE PROGRAM ........................ 115

APPENDIX ..........................................................................................................................123
EXTRA CNC PROGRAMMING EXERCISES .................................................................. 124
PREPATORY FUNCTIONS G-CODES........................................................................ 131
MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS M-CODES .............................................................. 134
STANDARD DRILL SIZES INCHES ............................................................................ 136
INCH TAP DRILL SIZES ............................................................................................... 137
METRIC TAP DRILL SIZES .......................................................................................... 138

CENTER DRILLING ..................................................................................................... 139

DISCRIMINATOR INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS ..................................................... 141

Table of Contents - 3

Table of Contents - 4

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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK

LESSON-1

ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING

Page 1

LESSON-1 Introduction
The CNC Programming Student Workbook includes a DVD with the following Videos and support files on it.
1. Self-Learning Videos
2. Discriminator BackPlot Installation Software
To view whats on the DVD just follow the instructions below. We encourage you to take a few moments to
watch the Getting Started video on the DVD as it provides an overview of how the system works.

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Just pop the DVD into your computer, the autorun feature should display the AutoPlay window. Click on the
Run CNC-Mill.exe file as shown below. Note, if this window is not displayed after putting the DVD into your
computer, go to the file manager feature on your computer and select the DVD drive and double click on the
Run CNC-Mill.exe file.

D
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The following Menu Screen should appear;

Page 2

Mill Lesson 1 - 2

The Menu is your easy access to the Instructional Videos that will guide you through the content and
provide you with all the information you need to get through this workbook. You will notice that there are
10 Lessons and a Getting Started link. Each Lesson matches the corresponding lesson in this workbook. Be
sure to watch the video first, it will guide you to information in the workbook.
Step 1: Watch the Getting Started Video. Dont worry about taking notes or filling out anything in the
workbook while you watch the Getting Started Video, it is just a preview of what to expect.
Step 2: The second item on the DVD is the Discriminator installation file. We have provided this to you free
of charge so you can install Discriminator onto your computer. Discriminator Software enables you to type
in the CNC Code (G Code) and watch what it will do. It is a handy tool to see if your CNC Programs are
correct.

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1. To access the Discriminator installation file put the DVD into your computer and locate the
Discriminator folder as shown below.

2. Double click on the Discriminator folder as shown above and then double click on the
Discriminator21017.exe file as shown below and follow the onscreen instructions.

Mill Lesson 1 - 3

Page 3

LESSON-1 Introduction
Okay lets get started.
Step 1 - Plug in your headphones or make sure your speakers are plugged in and turned on.
Step 2 - Put the DVD into your computer and launch the menu.
Step 3 - Click on Getting Started and watch the video through to the end. Feel free to pause and rewind the
video if you need to watch something again.
Step 4 - Click on Lesson 1 and then click on Lesson-1 Unit-1, as indicated it is 9 minutes long.

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Step 5 - Proceed through the Videos in the proper order and make sure to follow along with the Workbook.
Good luck and have fun.

Page 4

Mill Lesson 1 - 4

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LESSON-1 EXERCISE #1 - ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING

G90 ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING

All axis motions are based on a fixed zero reference point, known as ABSOLUTE ZERO (part zero).
Each coordinate is in relation to this absolute zero using Cartesian Co-ordinates.

G91 INCREMENTAL PROGRAMMING

All axis motions are based on the distance to the next location.
Each coordinate is based on how far the cutter is to move from start to finish.

STARTING AT THE POINT O (ORIGIN), DESCRIBE THE PATH FROM O THROUGH ALL 9 POINTS AND
BACK TO THE POINT O USING G90 & G91

G90

G91

O (Origin)

O1

12

23

34

-6

-1

45

-2

-3

-3

56

-3

-6

-6

-2

67

-3

-2

-5

78

-1

-6

89

-3

9O

-7

Mill Lesson 1 - 5

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LESSON-1 EXERCISE #2 - ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING

G90 ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING

All axis motions are based on a fixed zero reference point, known as ABSOLUTE ZERO (part zero).
Each coordinate is in relation to this absolute zero using Cartesian Co-ordinates.

G91 INCREMENTAL PROGRAMMING

All axis motions are based on the distance to the next location.
Each coordinate is based on how far the cutter is to move from start to finish.

STARTING AT THE POINT O (ORIGIN), DESCRIBE THE PATH FROM O THROUGH ALL 9 POINTS AND
BACK TO THE POINT O USING G90 & G91

G90

Page 6

G91

O (Origin)

O1

12

23

34

45

56

67

78

89

9O

Mill Lesson 1 - 6

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LESSON-1 EXERCISE #3 - ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING

G90 ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING

All axis motions are based on a fixed zero reference point, known as ABSOLUTE ZERO (part zero).
Each coordinate is in relation to this absolute zero using Cartesian Co-ordinates.

G91 INCREMENTAL PROGRAMMING

All axis motions are based on the distance to the next location.
Each coordinate is based on how far the cutter is to move from start to finish.

STARTING AT THE POINT O (ORIGIN), DESCRIBE THE PATH FROM O THROUGH ALL 9 POINTS AND
BACK TO THE POINT O USING G90 & G91

G90

G91

O (Origin)

O1

12

23

34

45

56

67

78

89

9O

Mill Lesson 1 - 7

Page 7

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LESSON-1 EXERCISE #4 - ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING

STARTING AT THE POINT O (ORIGIN), DESCRIBE THE PATH FROM O THROUGH ALL 9 POINTS AND
BACK TO THE POINT O USING G90 & G91

Page 8

G90

G91

O (Origin)

O1

0.750

0.500

0.750

0.500

12

-0.200

1.875

0.550

2.375

23

0.400

-1.000

0.950

1.375

34

45

56

67

78

89

9O

Mill Lesson 1 - 8

CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK
FUNCTION

G00

Rapid traverse motion; This is used for non-cutting rapid moves of the machine axis, or
rapid retract moves after cuts have been completed.
Maximum rapid motion (I.P.M.) of a CNC Machine will vary dependent on machine
model.

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CODE

G01

Linear interpolation motion; Used for cutting in a straight line under a controlled
feedrate. Maximum feed rate (I.P.M.) of a CNC Machine will vary depending on the
model of the machine.

G02

Circular Interpolation, Clockwise

G03

Circular Interpolation, Counterclockwise

G04

Dwell

G17

Circular Motion XY Plane Selection

G20

Verify Inch Coordinate Positions

G21

Verify Metric Coordinate Positions

G28

Machine Home (Rapid traverse) G91 is required for rapid move to the G28 reference
point.

G40

Cutter Compensation CANCEL

LESSON-2

INTRODUCTION TO CNC CODES

Page 9

LESSON-2 - INTRODUCTION TO CNC CODES

AUTOMATIC TOOL CHANGER
STANDARD TOOL CAROUSEL
The CNC Machining Center used in this text is set-up with following tools.
All program examples and exercises in this workbook are using the tools and tool
numbers listed below.

Carousel #

0.125 Diameter Flat End Mill

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Tool Description

Page 10

0.250 Diameter Flat End Mill

0.375 Diameter Flat End Mill

0.500 Diameter Flat End Mill

0.750 Diameter Flat End Mill

0.375 Diameter Spot Drill

0.250 Diameter Drill

0.201 Diameter Drill Number 7 drill

0.25-20 UNC Tap

10

#4 Center Drill

Mill Lesson 2 - 2

COMMONLY USED PREPARATORY G CODES

FUNCTION

G00

Rapid traverse motion; This is used for non-cutting rapid moves of the machine axis, or
rapid retract moves after cuts have been completed.
Maximum rapid motion (I.P.M.) of a CNC Machine will vary dependent on machine
model.

G01

Linear interpolation motion; Used for cutting in a straight line under a controlled
feedrate. Maximum feed rate (I.P.M.) of a CNC Machine will vary depending on the
model of the machine.

G02

Circular Interpolation, Clockwise

G03

Circular Interpolation, Counterclockwise

G04

Dwell

G17

Circular Motion XY Plane Selection

G20

Verify Inch Coordinate Positions

G21

Verify Metric Coordinate Positions

G28

Machine Home (Rapid traverse) G91 is required for rapid move to the G28 reference
point.

G40

Cutter Compensation CANCEL

G41

Cutter Compensation LEFT of the programmed path

G42

Cutter Compensation RIGHT of the programmed path

G43

Tool Length Compensation

G49

Tool Length Compensation CANCEL

G53

Positions the machine axis relative to Machine Home. It is non modal.

G54

Work Coordinate #1 (Part zero offset location)

G80

Canned Cycle CANCEL

G81

Drill Canned Cycle

G82

Spot Drill Canned Cycle

G83

Peck Drill Canned Cycle

G84

Tapping Canned Cycle

G90

Absolute Programming Positioning

G91

Incremental Programming Positioning

G98

Canned Cycle Initial Point Return

G99

Canned Cycle Rapid (R) Plane Return

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CODE

Mill Lesson 2 - 3

Page 11

COMMONLY USED MISCELLANEOUS M CODES

CODE

FUNCTION

M00

The M00 code is used for a Program Stop. The spindle stops and the coolant is turned
off.
Pressing CYCLE START again will continue the program.

M01

The M01 code is used for an Optional Program Stop command.

Pressing the OPT STOP key on the control panel signals the machine to perform a stop
command when the control reads an M01 command. It will then perform like an M00.
Optional stops are useful when machining the first part to allow for inspection of the
part as it is machined.

M04

Starts the spindle COUNTERCLOCKWISE. Must have a spindle speed defined.

M05

STOPS the spindle.

The M05 is used to turn the spindle off at the end of program or before a tool change.
If the coolant is on, the M05 will turn it off.

M06

The tool change command along with a tool number will action a tool change. This
command will automatically stop the spindle, Z-axis will move up to the machine zero
position and the selected tool will be put in the spindle. The coolant pump will turn off
right before executing the tool change.

M08

Coolant ON command.

M09

Coolant OFF command.

M30

Program End and Reset to the beginning of program.

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M03

Starts the spindle CLOCKWISE used for most machining. Must have a spindle speed
defined.
The M03 is used to turn the spindle on at the beginning of program or after a tool
change.

Note: Only one M code can be used per line. And the M-codes will be the last command to be executed in
a line, regardless of where it is located in that line.

Page 12

Mill Lesson 2 - 4

EXAMPLE OF PROGRAM START-UP BLOCKS

%

Programs must begin and end with % depending

on the type of control.

O00023

Letter O and up to a five digit program number.

Blocks are always terminated by the ; symbol:
End of Block (EOB)

N10 G20

Nnn - Sequence Number

G20 - Verify Inch

N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90

G00 - Rapid Traverse

G17 - X, Y Circular Plane Selection
G40 - Cutter Compensation Cancel
G49 - Tool Length Compensation Cancel
G80 - Canned Cycle Cancel
G90 - Absolute Programming

N30 T8 M06

T8 - Tool number #8 to be loaded into the spindle.

M06 - Tool Change

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Startup
Block
(Machine
Default
Setting)

G00 - Rapid Traverse

G90 - Activates control to be in ABSOLUTE.
G54 - Selects work coordinate offset system No. 1
N40 G00 G90 G54 X1.0 Y1.0 S4000 M03 X__ - Axis move to initial X position.
Y__ - Axis move to initial Y position.
S4000 - Spindle speed 4000 RPM for this tool.
M03 - Turns the spindle on in a clockwise direction

N50 G43 H8 Z2. 0

G43 - Tool Length Compensation: Recognizes the

tool length offset value stored in the Hnn code offset
display register in the offset length display.
H8 - Defines to the control the offset register the
tool offset value is stored in.
* Tool Length offset # = Tool #
Z2.0 - Informs the control to move from full spindle
retract to this Z value and apply the tool length
offset.

Mill Lesson 2 - 5

Page 13

EXAMPLE OF PROGRAM END BLOCKS

N200 G00 Z2.0

G00 - Rapid Traverse

Z2.0 Retracts tool to 2.0 above part zero

N210 M05

M05 Turn off spindle

N220 G28 G91 Z0

* N220 G53 Z0

G28 - Machine Zero Return

X0 - X axis to machine zero
Y0 - Y axis to machine zero

Send to machine
zero Z-axis first to
avoid any crash.
*G53 is another way
to return to machine
zero

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N230 G28 X0 Y0

G91 - Incremental Programming

G28 - Machine Zero Return
Z0 - Z axis in the up direction to
machine zero

* N230 G53 X0 Y0

N240 M30

M30 End of Program and Reset

EXAMPLE OF PROGRAM TOOL CHANGE LINES

N100 G00 Z2.0

Rapid Traverse and Retracts tool to 2.0 above part

zero

N110 M05

M05 Turn off spindle

N120 G28 G91 Z0 ; / *N120 G53 Z0

Machine Zero Return - Z axis

N130 G28 X0 Y0 / *N130 G53 X0 Y0

Send to machine
zero Z-axis first to
Machine Zero Return - X, Y axis avoid any crash.

N140 M01

Optional Program Stop

N150 T9 M06

Tool Change - Tool # 9

N160 G00 G90 G54 X1.0 Y1.0 S4000 M03

Turn on the spindle and Rapid traverse to X1. Y1.

N170 G43 H9 Z2.0

Tool Length compensation for Tool #9 (H9)

*G53 - Positions the machine axis relative to Machine Home. It is non modal.
Page 14

Mill Lesson 2 - 6

RAPID G00 AND LINEAR G01 INTERPOLATION

G00 RAPID TRAVERSE
This code is used for rapid motion of the cutter in air to traverse from one position to another as
fast as possible. This code will work for all axis motion up to three axes at once.
This G00 code is modal and causes all the following blocks to be in rapid motion until another
Group 01 code is specified. The actual rapid federate is dependent on the machine.
Generally, rapid motions "will not" be in a straight line. All the axes specified are moved at the
maximum speed and will not necessarily complete each axis move at the same time. It activates
each axis drive motor independently of each other and, as a result, the axis with the shortest move

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will reach its destination first. So you need to be careful of any obstructions to avoid with this type
of rapid move.

G00 is used when you are positioning the cutter in fresh air.

Retracting from a hole you have drilled.

Rapid traverse is not used when cutting the part.

Used incorrectly, rapid traverse will break a cutter very easily.

G01 LINEAR INTERPOLATION

This G code provides for straight line (linear) motion with programmed feedrate for all axis motions
from point to point. Motion can occur up to three axes at once.

All axes specified will start at the same time and proceed to their destination and arrive
simultaneously at the specified feedrate.

To program a feedrate, the F command is used. The F command is modal and may be specified in a
previous block.
G01 is used for

Drilling a hole

Machining a slot

Machining a profile

Mill Lesson 2 - 7

Page 15

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LESSON-2 - CNC - PART #1

Page 16

Mill Lesson 2 - 8

LESSON-2 - CNC - PART #1

WORK OUT THE X AND Y COORDIANTES FOR HOLES 1,2 AND 3

X0Y0 is at the centre of the part

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G90

1
2
3

Mill Lesson 2 - 9

Page 17

LESSON-2 - CNC - PART #1

PROGRAM TO SPOT DRILL THE THREE HOLES ONLY USING A COMBINATION OF

G00 AND G01 (CANNED CYCLE DRILL WILL BE USED LATER)

Below is the program to spot drill the three holes with an explanation of each block
Use a 0.375 diameter Spot Drill Tool # 6
Spindle Speed = 2750 Feed rate = 11 IPM
Spot Drill Depth = Z-0.150
X0Y0 is at the centre of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
Information inside the parenthesis ( ) is a comment.
The CNC control will ignore all text between the parenthesis
(Program must begin and end with a %)

O1

( Program #1 - CNC-PART-1-SPOT DRILLING ONLY )

N10 G20

(Inch programming)

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N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30 T06 M06

(T6-Select tool number 6 to be loaded M06-Activates the tool changer)

N40 G00 G90 G54 X-1.0 Y-0.875 S2750 M03 (Rapid to the X and Y position and turn on the spindle at
2750 RPM)
N50 G43 H06 Z0.1

(G43 - Activate the tool offset value stored in H06 and rapid to Z0.1)

N60 G01 Z-0.15 F11.0 (Hole #1 - Feed down to Z depth at 11 inches per minute)
N70 G00 Z0.1

(G00- Retract out of hole #1 at rapid to 0.1 above the top of the work piece)

N80 X0 Y0

(G00 is modal - Move at rapid in the X and Y axis to hole #2)

N90 G01 Z-0.15

(Hole #2 - Feed down to Z depth at 11 inches per minute, Feed rate is modal)

N100 G00 Z0.1

(G00- Retract out of hole #2 at rapid to 0.1 above the top of the work piece)

N110 X1.0 Y0.875

(G00 is modal - Move at rapid in the X and Y axis to hole #3)

N120 G01 Z-0.15

(Hole #3 - Feed down to Z depth at 11 inches per minute, Feed rate is modal)

N130 G53 G00 Z0 M05 (G53 Machine Zero positioning, non modal. Rapid to machine zero in Z, switch
spindle off)
N140 G53 X-15.0 Y0

(G53 Rapid in relation to machine zero X-15.0 and Y0)

N150 M30

(Program end rewind program to the beginning)

(Program must begin and end with a %)

Page 18

Mill Lesson 2 - 10

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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK

LESSON-3

CREATING CNC PROGRAMS - CNC PART #1

Page 19

LESSON-3 - CNC - PART #1

PROGRAM TO SPOT AND DRILL THE THREE HOLES USING A COMBINATION OF

G00 AND G01 (CANNED CYCLE WILL BE USED LATER)

Below is the program to spot and drill the three holes with an explanation of each block
Use a 0.375 diameter Spot Drill Tool # 6
Spot Drill Spindle Speed = 2750 Feed rate = 11 IPM
Use a 0.250 diameter Drill Tool # 7
0.250 diameter Drill Spindle Speed = 4500 Feed rate = 15 IPM
Spot Drill Depth = Z-0.150
Drill Depth = Z-0.350
X0Y0 is at the centre of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
(Program must begin and end with a %)

O2

( Program #2 - CNC-PART-1-SPOT AND DRILLING )

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N10 G20

(Inch programming)

N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
(SPOT DRILL 0.25 HOLES)
N30 T06 M06

(T6-Select tool number 6 to be loaded M06-Activates the tool changer)

N40 G00 G90 G54 X-1.0 Y-0.875 S2750 M03 (Rapid to the X and Y position of Hole #1 and turn on the
spindle at 2750 RPM)
N50 G43 H06 Z0.1

(G43 - Activate the tool offset value stored in H06 and rapid to Z0.1)

N60 G01 Z-0.15 F11.0 (Hole #1 - Feed down to Z depth at 11 inches per minute)
N70 G00 Z0.1

(G00- Retract out of hole #1 at rapid to 0.1 above the top of the work piece)

N80 X0 Y0

(G00 is modal - Move at rapid in the X and Y axis to Hole #2)

N90 G01 Z-0.15

(Hole #2 - Feed down to Z depth at 11 inches per minute, Feed rate is modal)

N100 G00 Z0.1

(G00- Retract out of hole #2 at rapid to 0.1 above the top of the work piece)

N110 X1.0 Y0.875

(G00 is modal - Move at rapid in the X and Y axis to hole #3)

N120 G01 Z-0.15

(Hole #3 - Feed down to Z depth at 11 inches per minute, Feed rate is modal)

N130 G53 G00 Z0 M05 (G53 Machine Zero positioning, non modal. Rapid to machine zero in Z, switch
spindle off)
N140 G53 X-15.0 Y0

(G53 Rapid in relation to machine zero X-15.0 and Y0)

(DRILL 0.25 HOLES)

N160 T07 M06

(T7-Select tool number 7 to be loaded M06-Activates the tool changer)

N170 G00 G90 G54 X-1.0 Y-0.875 S4500 M03 (Rapid to the X and Y position of Hole #1 and turn on the
spindle at 4500 RPM)
N180 G43 H07 Z0.1

(G43 - Activate the tool offset value stored in H07 and rapid to Z0.1)

N190 G01 Z-0.35 F15.0 (Hole #1 - Feed down to Z depth at 15 inches per minute through part)
N200 G00 Z0.1

Page 20

(G00- Retract out of hole #1 at rapid to 0.1 above the top of the work piece)

Mill Lesson 3 - 2

LESSON-3 - CNC - PART #1 - Continued

N210 X0 Y0

(G00 is modal - Move at rapid in the X and Y axis to hole #2)

N220 G01 Z-0.35

(Hole #2 - Feed down to Z depth, at 15 inches per minute, Feed rate is modal)

N230 G00 Z0.1

(G00- Retract out of hole #2 at rapid to 0.1 above the top of the work piece)

N240 X1.0 Y0.875

(G00 is modal - Move at rapid in the X and Y axis to hole #3)

N250 G01 Z-0.35

(Hole #3 - Feed down to Z depth at 15 inches per minute, Feed rate is modal)

N260 G53 G00 Z0 M05 (G53 Machine Zero positioning, non modal. Rapid to machine zero in Z, switch
spindle off)
(G53 Rapid in relation to machine zero X-15.0 and Y0)

N270 M30

(Program end rewind program to the beginning)

(Program must begin and end with a %)

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N270 G53 X-15.0 Y0

Mill Lesson 3 - 3

Page 21

Page 22

Mill Lesson 3 - 4

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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK

LESSON-4

DRILLING USING CANNED CYCLES

Page 23

LESSON-4 DRILL CANNED CYCLE G81

G80 CANCEL CANNED CYCLE
A canned cycle permits multiple function programming on one block.
A canned cycle is canceled with G80.

G81 CANNED CYCLE DRILL

Format: G99 G81 Z-0.625 R0.1 F10.
Rapid X location (Optional)
Rapid Y location (Optional)
Z-depth (Feed to Z-depth starting from R Plane)
R-Plane (Rapid point to start feeding)
Feed rate in inches/min

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X
Y
Z
R
F

This G code permits the inclusion of multiple axis motions on one block of program. It is used to

reduce the length of program. The figure below shows the axis motions that are included with a
Canned Cycle Drill.

All Z axis motions are in ABSOLUTE with any other axis motions unaffected.

In a canned cycle drill, the cutter moves at rapid to the X and Y, then to a height above the part at

rapid rate to the R Plane, which is a point above the work surface. From the R Plane the cutter feeds
to the Z-depth at the specified feedrate. When the cutter reaches the Z depth, it retracts at rapid

rate to the R Plane. G99 returns the tool to the R Plane after each hole, G98 returns the tool to the initial
starting plane.

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Mill Lesson 4 - 2

DEEP HOLE PECK DRILL CANNED CYCLE G83

G83 DEEP HOLE PECK DRILL CANNED CYCLE
Format : G99 G83 Z-2.5 Q0.5 R0.1 F10.

G99 G83 Z-2.18 I0.5 J0.1 K0.2 R0.1 F9.

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X* Rapid X-axis location

Y* Rapid Y-axis location
Z Z-depth (feed to Z-depth starting from R plane)
Q* Pecking equal incremental depth amount (if I, J and K are not used)
I* Size of first peck depth (if Q is not used)
J* Amount reducing each peck after first peck depth (if Q is not used)
K* Minimum peck depth (if Q is not used)
P Dwell time at Z-depth
R R-plane (rapid point to start feeding)
F Feed rate in inches (mm) per minute
* Indicates optional

This G code is similar to G81 but is used for drilling when the tool must be withdrawn periodically
to allow chips to be removed from the hole.
This cycle allows the tool to rapid to the R Plane, feeds towards the Z depth in increments
(traversing to the R Plane and back to the point where drilling was interrupted after each
increment) until the tool reaches the final Z depth.

Mill Lesson 4 - 3

Page 25

LESSON-4 - CNC - PART #1

CREATE THE PROGRAM TO SPOT AND DRILL THE THREE HOLES USING CANNED
CYCLE G81

Use a 0.375 diameter Spot Drill Tool # 6

Spot Drill Spindle Speed = 2750 Feed rate = 11 IPM
Use a 0.250 diameter Drill Tool # 7
0.250 diameter Drill Spindle Speed = 4500 Feed rate = 15 IPM
Spot Drill Depth = Z-0.150
Drill Depth = Z-0.350
X0Y0 is at the centre of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
(Program must begin and end with a %)

O3

( Program #3 - CNC-PART-1-SPOT AND DRILLING USING CANNED CYCLE DRILL G81 )

N10 G20

(Inch programming)

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N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30 T06 M06

(T6-Select tool number 6 to be loaded M06-Activates the tool changer)

N40 G00 G90 G54 X-1.0 Y-0.875 S2750 M03

N50 G43 H06 Z0.1

(Rapid to the X and Y position of Hole #1 and turn on the

spindle at 2750 RPM)

(G43 - Activate the tool offset value stored in H06 and rapid to Z0.1)

N60 G99 G81 Z-0.15 R0.1 F11.0

N70 X0. Y0.

N80 X1.0 Y.875

N90 G80

(Hole #1 G81 - Feed down to Z depth at 11 inches per minute,

and then retract at rapid to Z0.1, this is the R0.1 value.
G99 returns the drill tip to the R value after drilling each hole)
(Hole #2 - Move at rapid in the X and Y axis to Hole #2. Feed down to Z depth at 11
inches per minute and then retract at rapid to Z0.1)
(Hole #3 - Move at rapid in the X and Y axis to Hole #3. Feed down to Z depth at 11
inches per minute and then retract at rapid to Z0.1)
(Cancel Canned Cycle Drill)

N100 G53 G00 Z0 M05 (G53 Rapid to machine zero in Z, switch spindle off)
N110 G53 X-15.0 Y0

(G53 Rapid in relation to machine zero X-15.0 and Y0)

(DRILL 0.25 HOLES)

N120 T07 M06

(T7-Select tool number 7 to be loaded M06-Activates the tool changer)

N130 G00 G90 G54 X-1.0 Y-0.875 S4500 M03 (Rapid to the X and Y position of Hole #1 and turn on the
spindle at 4500 RPM)
N140 G43 H07 Z0.1

Page 26

(G43 - Activate the tool offset value stored in H07 and rapid to Z0.1)

Mill Lesson 4 - 4

LESSON-4 - CNC - PART #1 - Continued

N150 G99 G81 Z-0.35 R0.1 F15.0

N160 X0. Y0.

N170 X1.0 Y.875
N180 G80

(Hole #1 G81 - Feed down to Z depth at 15 inches per minute,

and then retract at rapid to Z0.1, this is the R0.1 value.
G99 returns the drill tip to the R value after drilling each hole)
(Hole #2 - Move at rapid in the X and Y axis to Hole #2. Feed down to Z depth at 15
inches per minute and then retract at rapid to Z0.1)
(Hole #3 - Move at rapid in the X and Y axis to Hole #3. Feed down to Z depth at 15
inches per minute and then retract at rapid to Z0.1)
(Cancel Canned Cycle Drill)

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N190 G53 G00 Z0 M05 (G53 Rapid to machine zero in Z, switch spindle off)
N200 G53 X-15.0 Y0

(G53 Rapid in relation to machine zero X-15.0 and Y0)

N210 M30

(Program end rewind program to the beginning)

(Program must begin and end with a %)

Mill Lesson 4 - 5

Page 27

LESSON-4 WHAT COULD GO WRONG?

IDENTIFY SOME OF THE COMMON PROBLEMS THAT COULD RESULT IN A
SCRAPPED PART
Do you have X0 Y0 Z0 in the correct position?
Is the spindle switched on and off at the appropriate time
Did you use the correct X and Y coordinates for the holes?
Did you use the correct tool numbers?
Did you use the correct tool length offset number (H??) for the tool?
Did you cancel any canned cycles with G80?
Are the feed-rates correct?
Is the Z depth in the canned cycle block set to a negative value?
Is the R value in the canned cycle block set to a positive value?
What is the difference between Z2 and Z2.0? No decimal point???
What is the difference between F10 and F10.0? No decimal point???
What else?

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Mill Lesson 4 - 6

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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK

LESSON-5

DRILLING USING CANNED CYCLES - CONTINUED

Page 29

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LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #2

Page 30

Mill Lesson 5 - 2

LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #2

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE COORDINATES FOR THE NINE HOLES

X0Y0 is at the centre of the part

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G90

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Mill Lesson 5 - 3

Page 31

LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #2

CREATE THE PROGRAM TO SPOT AND DRILL THE NINE HOLES USING CANNED
CYCLE G81

Use a 0.375 diameter Spot Drill Tool # 6

Spot Drill Spindle Speed = 2750 Feed rate = 11 IPM
Use a 0.250 diameter Drill Tool # 7
0.250 diameter Drill Spindle Speed = 4500 Feed rate = 15 IPM
Spot Drill Depth = Z-0.150
Drill Depth = Z-0.350
X0Y0 is at the centre of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
Type up your program and check it for correctness using the Backplot software.

%
O4

( Program #4 - CNC-PART-2-SPOT AND DRILLING USING CANNED CYCLE DRILL G81)

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N10 G20

N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30

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Mill Lesson 5 - 4

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LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #2 - Continued

Mill Lesson 5 - 5

Page 33

LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #2 TYPING UP YOUR PROGRAM

USING WINDOWS NOTEPAD

Use Windows Notepad to type up your CNC program

1. Launch Windows Notepad Start>All Programs>Accessories>Notepad.

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2. Select File Save As

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Browse to where you would like to save this file.

Open up the Save as type drop down and change to All files.
Encoding should be set to ANSI.
In the File name section enter CNC-PART-2.NC This will give this file an extension of .NC
Click on the Save button

8. Start typing your program, ALL CAPITALS for the CNC program codes. Please note on the second line
of this program O4 this is a letter O.

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Mill Lesson 5 - 6

LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #2 TYPING UP YOUR PROGRAM

USING WINDOWS NOTEPAD
9. When you have completed typing your program Save your file, File>Save or the shortcut Ctrl+S.

Now you can check for any Letter Os in your CNC program. Please Note there should not be any
letter Os in your CNC program, G00 is G Zero Zero not G Letter O!

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10. Select Edit>Find.

11. Type in the Letter O in the Find what: space. Now hit the Find Next button. There will be some
letter Os in your program, for example the Letter O in the program number at the start of the
program and any notes you have in your program enclosed by parenthesis ( ). But for the coding no
letter Os.

12. I f you do find any letter Os change them to a Zero.

Mill Lesson 5 - 7

Page 35

LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #2 TYPING UP YOUR PROGRAM

USING WINDOWS NOTEPAD
13. When you have checked your program select File>Save your file or the shortcut Ctrl+S.

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14. You may require a print of your CNC program to do this select File>Print or the shortcut Ctrl+P.
15. Select which printer you wish to send the file to and then hit the Print button

16. To open your CNC program at a later date launch Windows Notepad.
Start>All Programs>Accessories>Notepad.
17. Select File>Open.

18. Change the Files of type: to All Files and browse for your CNC program.

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Mill Lesson 5 - 8

LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #2 - BACKPLOTTING

Use Discriminator Backplot software to check for correctness

Note: If you do not have Discriminator installed on your computer please go to the last page of the
appendix for installation instructions.
1. After typing up your program in Notepad launch the Discriminator application by clicking on the icon
on your desktop or Start>All Programs>Discriminator> Discriminator

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2. Click OK to any warnings you receive.

3. Click on File>Open and browse to your file location and select the CNC file to plot.

4. After selecting the CNC file it opens up in a separate window.

5. Now click on the show graphics icon

your CNC file.

at the toolbar at the top of the screen to launch a plot of

Mill Lesson 5 - 9

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6. When the plot screen opens up hit the Maximize button.

7. On the top toolbar select the icon to View Fit.

8. You plot should appear as below. The point on the left of the screen shot below is the G53 X-15.0 Y0
movement in the program.

Page 38

Mill Lesson 5 - 10

9. Click the right mouse button on the main graphics plot screen and select Views>Front.

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10. Return to a Top view by clicking the right mouse button on the main graphics plot screen and select
Views>Top.
11. Experiment with the various display functions at the top right of the screen.

12. Review and experiment with the various toolbar options.

13. You can use Discriminator instead of Windows Notepad to type up your CNC program. Select the New
document icon to create a new file and type up your program in the new document window.

Mill Lesson 5 - 11

Page 39

LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #3

PART #3 IS SIMILAR TO PART #2 BUT HAS DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS FOR THE
HOLE CENTRES

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Mill Lesson 5 - 12

LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #3

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE COORDINATES FOR THE NINE HOLES

X0Y0 is at the centre of the part

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G90

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Mill Lesson 5 - 13

Page 41

LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #3

CREATE THE PROGRAM TO SPOT AND DRILL THE NINE HOLES USING CANNED
CYCLE G81

Use a 0.375 diameter Spot Drill Tool # 6

Spot Drill Spindle Speed = 2750 Feed rate = 11 IPM
Use a 0.250 diameter Drill Tool # 7
0.250 diameter Drill Spindle Speed = 4500 Feed rate = 15 IPM
Spot Drill Depth = Z-0.150
Drill Depth = Z-0.350
X0Y0 is at the centre of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
Type up your program and check it for correctness using the Backplot software.

%
O5

( Program #5 - CNC-PART-3 - SPOT AND DRILLING USING CANNED CYCLE DRILL G81)

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N10 G20

N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30

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Mill Lesson 5 - 14

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LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #3 - Continued

Mill Lesson 5 - 15

Page 43

LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #3 - BACKPLOTTING

Use Discriminator to check for correctness

1. After typing up your program in Notepad launch the Discriminator application by clicking on the icon
on your desktop or Start>All Programs>Discriminator> Discriminator

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2. Click OK to any warnings you receive.

3. Click on File>Open and browse to your file location and select the CNC file to plot.

4. After selecting the CNC file it opens up in a separate window.

5. Now click on the show graphics icon

at the toolbar at the top of the screen to launch a plot of
your CNC file.
6. When the plot screen opens up hit the Maximize button and selects the icon to View Fit.
7. You plot should appear as below. The point on the left of the screen shot below is the G53 X-15.0 Y0
movement in the program.

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Mill Lesson 5 - 16

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LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #4

Mill Lesson 5 - 17

Page 45

LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #4

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE COORDINATES FOR THE ELEVEN HOLES

X0Y0 is at the centre of the part
Use Trigonometry to work out the center positions of the holes or draw the part up on a CAD system
and then identify the center positions of each hole.

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G90

2
3
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5
6
7
8
9

10
11

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Mill Lesson 5 - 18

LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #4

CREATE THE PROGRAM TO SPOT AND DRILL THE ELEVEN HOLES USING CANNED
CYCLE G81

Use a 0.375 diameter Spot Drill Tool # 6

Spot Drill Spindle Speed = 2750 Feed rate = 11 IPM
Use a 0.250 diameter Drill Tool # 7
0.250 diameter Drill Spindle Speed = 4500 Feed rate = 15 IPM
Spot Drill Depth = Z-0.150
Drill Depth = Z-0.350
X0Y0 is at the centre of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
Type up your program and check it for correctness using the Backplot software.

%
O99 (CNC-PART-4 - SPOT AND DRILLING USING CANNED CYCLE DRILL G81)

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N10 G20

N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30

Mill Lesson 5 - 19

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LESSON-5 - CNC - PART #4 - Continued

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Mill Lesson 5 - 20

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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK

LESSON-6

STRAIGHT LINE MILLING LINEAR

INTERPOLATION

Page 49

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LESSON-6 STRAIGHT LINE MILLING

LESSON-6 EXERCISE #1 - ABSOLUTE & INCREMENTAL POSITIONING

DIRECTION OF CUT CW

STARTING AT THE POINT O (ORIGIN), DESCRIBE THE ENDMILL PATH FROM O THROUGH ALL THE POINTS
AND BACK TO THE POINT O USING G90 & G91. CUTTER DIAMETER = 0.5 RADIUS = 0.25

G90

G91

O1

0.5

0.25

0.5

0.25

12

2.5

0.5

2.75

23

34

45

56

61

1O

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Mill Lesson 6 - 2

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LESSON-6 - CNC - PART #5

Mill Lesson 6 - 3

Page 51

LESSON-6 - CNC - PART #5

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE COORDINATES FOR POSITION 1, 2 AND 3

X0Y0 is at the lower left corner of the part
These X and Y coordinates will be used to machine the L shaped slot

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G90

1
2
3

Page 52

Mill Lesson 6 - 4

LESSON-6 - CNC - PART #5

PROGRAM TO MACHINE THE L SHAPED SLOT

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4

Speed = 3050 Feed rate =20 IPM
X0Y0 is at the lower left corner of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
The slot depth is 0.125
Enter the part at Position 1 and sink to depth using linear
interpolation G01
Then move to Position 2 and finally Position 3

(Program must begin and end with a %)

O6

( Program #6 Part #5 STRAIGHT LINE MILLING)

( T4 - 1/2 FLAT ENDMILL - H4 )

(Inch programming)

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N10 G20

N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30 T4 M6

(T4-Select tool number 4 to be loaded M06-Activates the tool changer)

N40 G00 G90 G54 X0.75 Y2.5 S3050 M3 (Rapid to the X and Y to Position #1 and turn on the spindle at
3050 RPM)
N50 G43 H04 Z0.1

(G43 - Activate the tool offset value stored in H04 and rapid to Z0.1)

N70 G1 Z-0.125 F10.

(Position #1 - Feed down to Z depth at 10 inches per minute)

N80 Y0.75 F20.0

(Move to Position #2 - at 20 inches per minute)

N90 X2.375

(Move to Position #3 - at 20 inches per minute)

N100 Z0.1 F10.0

(Retract out of the part at feedrate to 0.1 above the top of the work piece)

N120 M05

(Spindle off)

N130 G00 G91 G28 Z0 (G28 Machine Zero positioning. Rapid to machine zero in Z)
N140 G28 X0 Y0

(G28 Rapid in relation to machine zero X0 and Y0)

N150 G90

(RETURN TO ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING)

N160 M30

(Program end rewind program to the beginning)

(Program must begin and end with a %)

In earlier programs we used G53 to return the machine to coordinates in relation to the Machine Zero
(home position). G28 is another code that will accomplish this. G28 is a more common way to send the
machine to machine zero, it will work on many different types of CNC machines.

As you can see above at block N130, G28 is activated in G91 incremental mode, and then at block N150 the
program is returned to G90 absolute mode.

Mill Lesson 6 - 5

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LESSON-6 - CNC - PART #6

Page 54

Mill Lesson 6 - 6

LESSON-6 - CNC - PART #6

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS
POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE CONTOUR

X0Y0 is at the lower left corner of the part

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4
Start at X-0.5 Y3.125 and machine the contour in a clockwise direction climb milling

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G90

-0.5

3.125

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6
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8
9

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Mill Lesson 6 - 7

Page 55

LESSON-6 - CNC - PART #6

PROGRAM TO MACHINE THE CONTOUR

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4

Speed = 3050 Feed rate =20 IPM
X0Y0 is at the lower left corner of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
Machine the contour at a depth is 0.125

(Program must begin and end with a %)

O8

( Program #8 - CNC-PART-6 - STRAIGHT LINE MILLING)

( T4 - 1/2 FLAT ENDMILL - H4 )

N10 G20

(Inch programming)

N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
(T4-Select tool number 4 to be loaded M06-Activates the tool changer)

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N30 T4 M6

N40 G00 G90 G54 X-0.5 Y3. 125 S3050 M3

(Rapid to the X and Y to start Position #1 and turn on the

spindle at 3050 RPM)

N50 G43 H04 Z0.1

(G43 - Activate the tool offset value stored in H04 and rapid to Z0.1)

N60 G1 Z-0.125 F10.

(Position #1 - Feed down to Z depth at 10 inches per minute)

N70 X1.375 F20.0

(Move to Position #2 - at 20 inches per minute)

N80 Y1.75

(Move to Position #3)

N90 X1.5

(Move to Position #4)

N100 Y3.125

(Move to Position #5)

N110 X2.875

(Move to Position #6)

N120 Y1.75

(Move to Position #7)

N130 X3.125

(Move to Position #8)

N140 Y0

(Move to Position #9)

N150 X0.125

(Move to Position #10)

N160 Y3.375

(Move to Position #11)

N170 Z0.1 F10.0

(Retract out of the part at feedrate to 0.1 above the top of the work piece)

N180 M05

(Spindle off)

N190 G00 G91 G28 Z0 (G28 Machine Zero positioning. Rapid to machine zero in Z)
N200 G28 X0 Y0

(G28 Rapid in relation to machine zero X0 and Y0)

N210 G90

(RETURN TO ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING)

N220 M30

(Program end rewind program to the beginning)

(Program must begin and end with a %)

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LESSON-6 - CNC - PART #7

Mill Lesson 6 - 9

Page 57

LESSON-6 - CNC - PART #7

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE CONTOUR
X0Y0 is at the lower left corner of the part
Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4
Start at X-0.5 Y3.0 and machine the contour in a clockwise direction climb milling

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G90

-0.5

3.0

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11

Page 58

Mill Lesson 6 - 10

LESSON-6 - CNC - PART #7

CREATE THE PROGRAM TO MACHINE THE CONTOUR

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4

Speed = 3050 Feed rate =20 IPM
X0Y0 is at the lower left corner of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
Machine the contour at a depth is 0.125
Start at X-0.5 Y3.0 and machine the contour in a clockwise
direction climb milling
Type up your program and check it for correctness using the
Backplot software.

%
O009

( Program #9 - CNC-PART-7 - STRAIGHT LINE MILLING)

N10 G20

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N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30

Mill Lesson 6 - 11

Page 59

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LESSON-6 - CNC - PART #8

Page 60

Mill Lesson 6 - 12

LESSON-6 - CNC - PART #8

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS
POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE CONTOUR

X0Y0 is at the lower left corner of the part

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4
Start at X0 Y-0.375 and machine the contour in a clockwise direction climb milling

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G90

-0.375

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11

Mill Lesson 6 - 13

Page 61

LESSON-6 - CNC - PART #8

CREATE THE PROGRAM TO MACHINE THE CONTOUR

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4

Speed = 3050 Feed rate =20 IPM
X0Y0 is at the lower left corner of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
Machine the contour at a depth is 0.125
Start at X-0.5 Y3.0 and machine the contour in a clockwise direction
climb milling
Type up your program and check it for correctness using the Backplot software.

%
O10

( Program #10 - CNC-PART- 8 - STRAIGHT LINE MILLING)

N10 G20

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N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30

Page 62

Mill Lesson 6 - 14

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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK

LESSON-7

CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION

Page 63

LESSON-7 - CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION - G02 & G03

In the next series of circular interpolation exercises you will explore how to
machine arcs and complete circles.
G02 and G03 allow the machining of circles and arcs

When the machine is required to move in a straight line under a controlled federate, linear interpolation is
used G01. When it is necessary to machine in a circular motion in any plane (XY, YZ, XZ) circular interpolation
is used G02 and G03.
All circular interpolation moves are defined using three pieces of information.

1. DIRECTION OF TRAVEL: CLOCKWISE G02, COUNTER CLOCKWISE G03

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2. PROGRAMMED END POINT OF THE ARC

3. ARC CENTER: INCREMENTAL DISTANCE FROM START POINT TO ARC CENTER (I, J, K OR R
FOR RADIUS, I,J AND K ARE NOT USED)

When trying to figure out a circular interpolation move answer these three
questions:

I.
II.
III.

What is the direction of travel, clockwise or counterclockwise G02 or G03?

Where is the programmed end point?
What is the incremental distance from the start of the arc to the center of the arc being machined
I and J values?

G02 X4.25 Y3. I 0. J-1.25

G03 X2.25 Y1. I 0. J-.75

G02 & G03 Circular Interpolation Format

Page 64

Mill Lesson 7 - 2

XY PLANE

CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION - DIRECTION OF TRAVEL

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G02 -Clockwise or G03 Counter Clockwise?

What are the circular interpolation movements G02 or G03?

1. A to B Circular Interpolation (CW) G02
2. A to C Circular Interpolation (CW) G02
3. D to C Circular Interpolation (CCW) ?

4. D to B Circular Interpolation (CCW) ?

5. A to A Circular Interpolation (CW) ?

Mill Lesson 7 - 3

Page 65

CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION - PROGRAMED END POINT

1.0 Diameter End Mill

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Radius = 0.5

1. What are the coordinates at the center of the cutter for A, B, C, and D
A: X0 Y3.0
B: X
Y
C: X

Page 66

D: X

Mill Lesson 7 - 4

CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION - ARC CENTER

I , J and K Values are measured from the tool start to the center of the arc
I , J and K values are INCREMENTAL
I= X Axis
J = Y Axis
K= Z Axis

1.0 Diameter End Mill

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Radius = 0.5

1. What are the incremental distances from the start of cut to the center of the programmed
arc?
I = The Incremental distance along the X axis from the start of the arc to the center of the
programmed arc
J = The Incremental distance along the Y axis from the start of the arc to the center of the
programmed arc

A to the centre of the circle: I0

J-3.0

B to the centre of the circle: I

C to the centre of the circle: I

D to the centre of the circle: I

Mill Lesson 7 - 5

Page 67

LESSON-7 - CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION - G02 & G03

What does the block of code look like moving from D to B clockwise?
G02 X3.0 Y0 I3.0 J0
What does the block of code look like moving from A to D counterclockwise?
G03 X-3.0 Y0 I-3.0 J0
1.0 Diameter End Mill

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Radius = 0.5

When trying to figure out a circular interpolation move answer these three
questions:

I.
II.
III.

What is the direction of travel, clockwise or counterclockwise G02 or G03?

Where is the programmed end point?
What is the incremental distance from the start of the arc to the center of the arc being machined
I and J values?

Work out the following circular interpolation blocks

C to D Clockwise:
D to C Counterclockwise:
A to A Clockwise:

Page 68

B to C Counterclockwise:

Mill Lesson 7 - 6

LESSON-7 - CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION - G02 & G03

The center of the circle has now been changed to X5.0 Y5.0
What does the block of code look like moving from D to B clockwise?
G02 X8.0 Y5.0 I3.0 J0
What does the block of code look like moving from A to D counterclockwise?
G03 X2.0 Y5.0 I-3.0 J0
1.0 Diameter End Mill

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Radius = 0.5

X5.0 Y5.0

When trying to figure out a circular interpolation move answer these three
questions:

I.
II.
III.

What is the direction of travel, clockwise or counterclockwise G02 or G03?

Where is the programmed end point?
What is the incremental distance from the start of the arc to the center of the arc being machined
I and J values?

Work out the following circular interpolation blocks

C to D Clockwise:
D to C Counterclockwise:
A to A Clockwise:

B to C Counterclockwise:

To cut a complete circle of 360, you do not need to specify an end point X, Y, or Z. Just program I, J, or K to
define the centre of the circle.
Mill Lesson 7 - 7

Page 69

LESSON-7 - CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION - G02 & G03

Work out the following circular interpolation blocks
PROGRAM CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION USING ABSOLUTE AND INCREMENTAL IN DIRECTION SHOWN
Y+
X-

ABSOLUTE
X+

START POINT
END POINT

(0, 0)

X
X

Y
Y

.
G
R=2

INCREMENTAL
START POINT
END POINT

FINISH

X
X

Y
Y

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START

Y-

Y+

X-

START/ FINISH

(-10, -5)

ABSOLUTE

G
X
Y
I
J
.
ABSOLUTE (COUNTER CLOCKWISE DIRECTION)
START POINT
END POINT

X+

INCREMENTAL

START POINT
END POINT

X
X

Y
Y

Y-

(5, 2)

.
ABSOLUTE

Y+

FINISH

Y
Y

G
X
Y
I
J
.
INCREMENTAL (CLOCKWISE DIRECTION)

D=10

X-

X
X

X+

START POINT
END POINT

X
X

Y
Y

.
INCREMENTAL

R=1.414

START POINT
END POINT

START

Y-

X
X

Y
Y

.
G
.

Page 70

Mill Lesson 7 - 8

LESSON-7 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION G02

Review the CNC program below that machines the contour.

The cutter being used is a 0.5 diameter end mill.

X0 Y0 is the lower left corner of the part.
Start position lower left corner, machines clockwise.
The blocks of CNC code are made up of G01 and a G02 moves.
Note that the G02 move to machine the 0.5 and 0.25 radius can use either I and J values or R for
the radius.

All circular interpolation moves are defined using three pieces of information.

1. DIRECTION OF TRAVEL: CLOCKWISE G02, COUNTER CLOCKWISE G03

2. ARC END POINT

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3. ARC CENTER: INCREMENTAL DISTANCE FROM START POINT TO ARC CENTER (I, J, K)

N160 G1 X-.25 Y-.25 (start position)

N170 Y1.5
N180 G2 X.5 Y2.25 I.75 J0. (OR R0.5)
N190 G1 X2.75
N200 Y.25
N210 G2 X2.25 Y-.25 I-.5 J0. (OR R0.25)
N220 G1 X-.25

I = The Incremental distance along the X axis

from the start of the arc to the center of the
programmed arc

J = The Incremental distance along the Y axis

from the start of the arc to the center of the
programmed arc

Mill Lesson 7 - 9

Page 71

LESSON-7 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION G02

Review the CNC program below that machines the contour.
The cutter being used is a 0.5 diameter end mill.
X0 Y0 is the center of the part.
Start position is the upper right, machines clockwise.
The blocks of CNC code are made up of G01 and a G02 moves.
Note that the G02 move to machine the radii can use either I and J values or R for the radius.

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Using I and J Values

Using R for Radius Values

N160 G1 X1.5 Y1.0 (start position)

N170 Y-.25
N180 G2 X.25 Y-1.5 I-1.25 J0.
N190 G1 X-.75
N200 G2 X-1.5 Y-.75 I0. J.75
N210 G1 Y.875
N220 G2 X-.875 Y1.5 I.625 J0.
N230 G1 X1.
N240 G2 X1.5 Y1. I0. J-.5

N160 G1 X1.5 Y1.0 (start position)

N170 Y-.25
N180 G2 X.25 Y-1.5 R1.25
N190 G1 X-.75
N200 G2 X-1.5 Y-.75 R.75
N210 G1 Y.875
N220 G2 X-.875 Y1.5 R.625
N230 G1 X1.
N240 G2 X1.5 Y1. R.5

To cut a complete circle of 360, you do not need to specify an end point X, Y, or Z. Just program I, J, or K to
define the centre of the circle.

Page 72

Mill Lesson 7 - 10

LESSON-7 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION G03

Review the CNC program below that machines the contour around the inside of the pocket.
The cutter being used is a 0.5 diameter end mill.
X0 Y0 is the center of the part.
Start position is the upper right, machines contour counter clockwise.
The blocks of CNC code are made up of G01 and a G03 moves.
Note that the G03 move to machine the radii can use either I and J values or R for the radius.

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Using I and J Values

Using R for Radius Values

N40 G0 G90 G54 X.75 Y1. A0. S2500 M3

N50 G43 H4 Z.35
N60 G1 Z.125 F15.
N70 X-.875
N80 G3 X-1. Y.875 I0. J-.125 (0.375 Radius)
N90 G1 Y-.75
N100 G3 X-.75 Y-1. I.25 J0. (0.5 Radius)
N110 G1 X.25
N120 G3 X1. Y-.25 I0. J.75 (1.0 Radius)
N130 G1 Y.75
N140 G3 X.75 Y1. I-.25 J0. (0.5 Radius)
N150 G0 Z.35

N40 G0 G90 G54 X.75 Y1. A0. S2500 M3

N50 G43 H4 Z.35
N60 G1 Z.125 F15.
N70 X-.875
N80 G3 X-1. Y.875 R.125
(0.375 Radius)
N90 G1 Y-.75
N100 G3 X-.75 Y-1. R.25
(0.5 Radius)
N110 G1 X.25
N120 G3 X1. Y-.25 R.75
(1.0 Radius)
N130 G1 Y.75
N140 G3 X.75 Y1. R.25
(0.5 Radius)
N150 G0 Z.35

Mill Lesson 7 - 11

Page 73

LESSON-7 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION G02 & G03

Review the program to machine the contour shown below.

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Material: Aluminum 6061

Surface Feet Minute= 400
ft/min

Tool #4 (.500 Flat End Mill) Mill the profile

Spindle Speed RPM =

3.82xSFM/D= 3.82x400/0.5 =3056

Feed Per Tooth (FPT) = 0.003 2 Flute Cutter

Feed Per Minute = FPT x 2 Flutes x RPM = 18.336

Depth of Cut = Z-0.200

Start from the top left corner

%
O11
( G02-G03-EXAMPLE )
N10 G20
N15 G0 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90
N20 T4 M6
N25 G0 G90 G54 X-.25 Y.25 S3056 M3
N30 G43 H4 Z2.
N35 Z.1
N40 G1 Z-.2 F18.
N45 X2.5
N50 G3 X2.75 Y.5 I0. J.25
N55 G1 Y1.75

Page 74

N60 X4.25
N65 Y0.
N70 G2 X3. Y-1.25 I-1.25 J0.
N75 G1 X-.25
N80 Y.25
N85 G0 Z2.
N90 M5
N95 G91 G28 Z0.
N100 G28 X0. Y0.
N105 M30
%

Mill Lesson 7 - 12

LESSON-7 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION G02 & G03

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Create the program to machine the contour shown below.

Material: Aluminum 6061

CS= 400
ft/min

Tool #4 (.500 Flat End Mill) Mill the profile

Spindle Speed RPM =

3.82xSFM/D= 3.82x400/0.5 =3056

Feed Per Tooth (FPT) = 0.003 2 Flute Cutter

Feed Per Minute = FPT x 2 Flutes x RPM = 18.336

Depth of Cut = Z-0.150

Start from the top right hand corner

O12

Mill Lesson 7 - 13

Page 75

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LESSON-7 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION G02 & G03

Page 76

Mill Lesson 7 - 14

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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK

MILL-LESSON-8

CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION - CONTINUED

Page 77

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LESSON-8 - CNC - PART #9

Page 78

Mill Lesson 8 - 2

LESSON-8 - CNC - PART #9

.500 Endmill - Tool # 4 - 3056 RPM Feedrate 18 IPM

Machine the 2.25 square with the 0.375 corner radii - 0.0625 depth
Machine the circular 2.25 and 1.25diameter circular profile - 0.125 depth
.125 Endmill - Tool # 1- 5000 RPM Feedrate 7 IPM
Drill the .125 holes through the part (4 places)
Note: The .125 Endmill is designed for center cutting machining. No center drilling or pilot hole is
required.

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The Machining Process

Mill Lesson 8 - 3

Page 79

LESSON-8 - CNC - PART #9

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART
X0Y0 is at the center of the part
Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4 and a 0.125 diameter End Mill Tool # 1
Climb mill the inside contours

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE FOUR HOLES
G90

1
2
3
4

Page 80

Mill Lesson 8 - 4

LESSON-8 - CNC - PART #9

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS
POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART

X0Y0 is at the center of the part

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4 and a 0.125 diameter End Mill Tool # 1
Climb mill

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS OF THE 0.5 DIAMETER END MILL
G90

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11

Mill Lesson 8 - 5

Page 81

LESSON-8 - CNC - PART #9

CREATE THE PROGRAM TO MACHINE THE PART

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4

Speed = 3050 Feed rate =20 IPM
Use a 0.125 diameter End Mill Tool # 1
Speed = 5000 Feed rate =7 IPM
X0Y0 is at the center of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
Climb mill
Type up your program and check it for correctness using the Backplot software.

%
O13

( CNC PART #9)

N10 G20

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N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30

Page 82

Mill Lesson 8 - 6

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LESSON-8 - CNC - PART #9 - Continued

Mill Lesson 8 - 7

Page 83

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LESSON-8 - CNC - PART #10

Page 84

Mill Lesson 8 - 8

LESSON-8 - CNC - PART #10

.500 Endmill - Tool # 4 - 3056 RPM Feedrate 18 IPM

Machine the open slot with the 0.375 fillet radii - 0.125 depth
.125 Endmill - Tool # 1 - 5000 RPM Feedrate 7 IPM
Drill the .125 holes through the part (4 places)
Note: The .125 Endmill is designed for center cutting machining. No center drilling or pilot hole is
required.

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The Machining Process

Mill Lesson 8 - 9

Page 85

LESSON-8 - CNC - PART #10

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART
X0Y0 is at the center of the part
Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4 and a 0.125 diameter End Mill Tool # 1

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE FOUR HOLES
G90

1
2
3
4

Page 86

Mill Lesson 8 - 10

LESSON-8 - CNC - PART #10

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS
POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART

X0Y0 is at the center of the part

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4 and a 0.125 diameter End Mill Tool # 1
Climb mill

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS OF THE 0.5 DIAMETER END MILL
G90

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

Mill Lesson 8 - 11

Page 87

LESSON-8 - CNC - PART #10

CREATE THE PROGRAM TO MACHINE THE PART

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4

Speed = 3050 Feed rate =20 IPM
Use a 0.125 diameter End Mill Tool # 1
Speed = 5000 Feed rate =7 IPM
X0Y0 is at the center of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
Climb mill
Type up your program and check it for correctness using the Backplot software.

%
O003
N10 G20

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N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30

Page 88

Mill Lesson 8 - 12

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LESSON-8 - CNC - PART #10

Mill Lesson 8 - 13

Page 89

Page 90

Mill Lesson 8 - 14

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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK

LESSON-9

CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION - CONTINUED

Page 91

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LESSON-9 - CNC - PART #11

Page 92

Mill Lesson 9 - 2

LESSON-9 - CNC - PART #11

.500 Endmill - Tool # 4

Machine the profile with the .125 radii at Z.125 deep 1 Cut
Machine the circular 2.5 diameter circular profile 1 Cut
.125 Endmill - Tool # 1
Drill the .125 holes through the part (4 places)
Note: The .125 Endmill is designed for center cutting machining. No center drilling or pilot hole is
required.

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The Machining Process

Mill Lesson 9 - 3

Page 93

LESSON-9 - CNC - PART #11

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART
X0Y0 is at the center of the part
Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4 and a 0.125 diameter End Mill Tool # 1

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE FOUR HOLES
G90

1
2
3
4

Page 94

Mill Lesson 9 - 4

LESSON-9 - CNC - PART #11

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS
POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART

X0Y0 is at the center of the part

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4 and a 0.125 diameter End Mill Tool # 1
Climb mill

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS OF THE 0.5 DIAMETER END MILL
G90

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

Mill Lesson 9 - 5

Page 95

LESSON-9 - CNC - PART #11

CREATE THE PROGRAM TO MACHINE THE PART

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4

Speed = 3050 Feed rate =20 IPM
Use a 0.125 diameter End Mill Tool # 1
Speed = 5000 Feed rate =7 IPM
X0Y0 is at the center of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
Climb mill
Type up your program and check it for correctness using the Backplot software.

%
O003
N10 G20

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N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30

Page 96

Mill Lesson 9 - 6

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LESSON-9 - CNC - PART #11 - Continued

Mill Lesson 9 - 7

Page 97

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LESSON-9 - CNC - PART #12

Page 98

Mill Lesson 9 - 8

LESSON-9 - CNC - PART #12

.500 Endmill - Tool # 4- 3050 RPM Feedrate 20 IPM

Machine the profiles with the .125 and .25 radii.
Machine the circular 0.625 diameter through hole. Sink to depth at center and use circular
interpolation to finish the bore.
.125 Endmill - Tool # 1- 5000 RPM Feedrate 7 IPM
Drill the .125 holes through the part (8 places)
Note: The .125 Endmill is designed for center cutting machining. No center drilling or pilot hole is
required.

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The Machining Process

Mill Lesson 9 - 9

Page 99

LESSON-9 - CNC - PART #12

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART
X0Y0 is at the center of the part
Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4 and a 0.125 diameter End Mill Tool # 1

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE HOLES

G90

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Page 100

Mill Lesson 9 - 10

LESSON-9 - CNC - PART #12

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS
POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART

X0Y0 is at the center of the part

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4 and a 0.125 diameter End Mill Tool # 1
Climb mill

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS OF THE 0.5 DIAMETER END MILL
2.625 Square Coordinates
G90
X

2.0 Square Coordinates

G90
X

Mill Lesson 9 - 11

Page 101

LESSON-9 - CNC - PART #12

CREATE THE PROGRAM TO MACHINE THE PART

Use a 0.5 diameter End Mill Tool # 4

Speed = 3050 Feed rate =20 IPM
Use a 0.125 diameter End Mill Tool # 1
Speed = 5000 Feed rate =7 IPM
X0Y0 is at the center of the part
Z=0 is the top of the part.
Climb mill
Type up your program and check it for correctness using the Backplot software.

%
O003
N10 G20

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N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30

Page 102

Mill Lesson 9 - 12

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LESSON-9 - CNC - PART #12 - Continued

Mill Lesson 9 - 13

Page 103

Page 104

Mill Lesson 9 - 14

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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK

LESSON-10

CUTTER COMPENSATION

Page 105

LESSON-10 - G40, G41, & G42 CUTTER COMPENSATION

Cutter Compensation is used to offset the center of the cutter and move the cutter either to
the left or right the distance of the cutter radius. When cutting angled geometry, substantial
computations are required to determine the center of the cutter. Using Cutter Compensation, you
can program the part as if the center of the cutter will be travelling along the geometry.

G40 CUTTER COMPENSATION CANCEL

G40 will cancel the G41 or G42 cutter compensation commands.

G41 CUTTER COMPENSATION LEFT

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G41 will action cutter compensation left. The tool is moved to the left of the programmed path to
compensate for the radius of the tool. A Dnn must also be programmed to select the correct tool
size from the DIAMETER/RADIUS offset display register.

G42 CUTTER COMPENSATION RIGHT

G42 will action cutter compensation right. The tool is moved to the right of the programmed path
to compensate for the size of the tool.

G41

G41

G41 Left of the Line

G42 Right of the Line

G41 : Tool is moved to the left of the profile (e.g. Outside Profile shown as above)
G42 : Tool is moved to the right of the profile (e.g. Inside Profile shown as above)

Page 106

Lesson 10 - 2

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LESSON-10 - G40, G41, & G42 CUTTER COMPENSATION

Without Cutter Compensation

Using Cutter Compensation

%
O10011
N1 T12 M06 (3/4 Flat Endmill)
N2 G90 G54 G00 X-.575 Y-.200 S1500 M03
N3 G43 H12 Z2.
N4 Z.1
N5 G01 Z-.25 F10.
N6 X-.375 (Point B)
N7 Y?.???? (Point C)
N8 X?.???? Y2.375 (Point D)
N9 X2.875 (Point E)
N10 M05
N11 G00 Z2.
N12 G91 G28 Z0. (Machine Home Z-Axis)
N13 G28 X0. Y0. (Machine Home X,Y-Axis)
N14 M30
%

%
O10012
N1 T12 M06 (3/4 Flat Endmill)
N2 G90 G54 G00 X-.575 Y-.200 S1500 M03
N3 G43 H12 Z2.
N4 Z.1
N5 G01 Z-.25 F10.
N6 G41 X0. D12 (Origin)
N7 Y1.0 (P1)
N8 X1.732 Y2.0 (P2)
N9 X2.875
N10 G40 M05
N11 G00 Z2.
N12 G91 G28 Z0. (Machine Home Z-Axis)
N13 G28 X0. Y0. (Machine Home X,Y-Axis)
N14 M30
%

The Cutter Compensation (G41) will reflect the actual part geometry (O, P1, P2..) instead of Cutter
Centers (Point B,C,D & E)

Lesson 10 - 3

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LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #13

Page 108

Lesson 10 - 4

LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #13

.750 Endmill - Tool # 6

Machine the profile and pocket using cutter compensation
0.750 diameter end mill Spindle Speed = 2100 Feed rate = 25 IPM
.375 Spot Drill - Tool # 6
Spot Drill Spindle Speed = 2750 Feed rate = 11 IPM
.201 Drill - Tool # 8
0.201 diameter Drill Spindle Speed = 4500 Feed rate = 15 IPM
.25-20 UNC Tap - Tool # 9
0.250-20 UNC Tap Spindle Speed = 1000 Feed rate = 50 IPM

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The Machining Process

Lesson 10 - 5

Page 109

LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #13

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART
X0Y0 is at the lower left corner of the part

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE TWO HOLES
G90

1
2

Page 110

Lesson 10 - 6

LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #13

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS
POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART - CONTOUR

X0Y0 is at the lower left of the part

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS OF THE 0.75 DIAMETER END MILL TO MACHINE THE CONTOUR
G90

G90

12

13

14

15

16

17

7
8
9

10
11

Lesson 10 - 7

Page 111

LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #13

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART - POCKET
X0Y0 is at the lower left of the part

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS OF THE 0.75 DIAMETER END MILL TO MACHINE THE POCKET
G90

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

Page 112

Lesson 10 - 8

LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #13

CREATE THE PROGRAM TO MACHINE THE PART

The Machining Process
.750 Endmill - Tool # 6
Machine the profile and pocket using cutter compensation
0.750 diameter end mill Spindle Speed = 2100 Feed rate = 25 IPM
.375 Spot Drill - Tool # 6
Spot Drill Spindle Speed = 2750 Feed rate = 11 IPM
.201 Drill - Tool # 8
0.201 diameter Drill Spindle Speed = 4500 Feed rate = 15 IPM
.25-20 UNC Tap - Tool # 9
0.201 diameter Drill Spindle Speed = 1000 Feed rate = 50 IPM

%
O888

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N10 G20
N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30

Lesson 10 - 9

Page 113

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LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #13 - Continued

Page 114

Lesson 10 - 10

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LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #14

Lesson 10 - 11

Page 115

LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #14

.750 Endmill - Tool # 6

Machine the profile and pocket using cutter compensation
0.750 diameter end mill Spindle Speed = 2100 Feed rate = 25 IPM
.375 Spot Drill - Tool # 6
Spot Drill Spindle Speed = 2750 Feed rate = 11 IPM
.201 Drill - Tool # 8
0.201 diameter Drill Spindle Speed = 4500 Feed rate = 15 IPM
.25-20 UNC Tap - Tool # 9
0.201 diameter Drill Spindle Speed = 1000 Feed rate = 50 IPM

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The Machining Process

Page 116

Lesson 10 - 12

LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #14

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS
POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART

X0Y0 is at the lower left of the part

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE TWO HOLES
G90

1
2

Lesson 10 - 13

Page 117

LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #14

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART - CONTOUR
X0Y0 is at the lower left of the part

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS OF THE 0.75 DIAMETER END MILL TO MACHINE CONTOUR
G90

12

13

14

15

16

17

7
8
9

10
11

Page 118

G90

Lesson 10 - 14

LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #14

WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS
POSITIONS TO MACHINE THE PART - POCKET

X0Y0 is at the lower left of the part

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WORK OUT THE ABSOLUTE X AND Y COORDINATES FOR THE VARIOUS

POSITIONS OF THE 0.75 DIAMETER END MILL TO MACHINE POCKET
G90

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13

Lesson 10 - 15

Page 119

LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #14

CREATE THE PROGRAM TO MACHINE THE PART

The Machining Process
.750 Endmill - Tool # 6
Machine the profile and pocket using cutter compensation
0.750 diameter end mill Spindle Speed = 2100 Feed rate = 25 IPM
.375 Spot Drill - Tool # 6
Spot Drill Spindle Speed = 2750 Feed rate = 11 IPM
.201 Drill - Tool # 8
0.201 diameter Drill Spindle Speed = 4500 Feed rate = 15 IPM
.25-20 UNC Tap - Tool # 9
0.201 diameter Drill Spindle Speed = 1000 Feed rate = 50 IPM

%
O003

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N10 G20
N20 G00 G17 G40 G49 G80 G90 (MACHINE DEFAULT SETTING)
N30

Page 120

Lesson 10 - 16

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LESSON-10 - CNC - PART #14 - Continued

Lesson 10 - 17

Page 121

Page 122

Lesson 10 - 18

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Sa
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CNC PROGRAMMING
WORKBOOK - MILL

APPENDIX

Page 123

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Appendix Extra CNC Programming Exercises

Exercise #1

Page 124

Mill Appendix - 2

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Extra CNC Programming Exercise #2

Mill Appendix - 3

Page 125

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Extra CNC Programming Exercise #3

Page 126

Mill Appendix - 4

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Extra CNC Programming Exercise #4

Mill Appendix - 5

Page 127

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Extra CNC Programming Exercise #5

Page 128

Mill Appendix - 6

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Extra CNC Programming Exercise #6

Mill Appendix - 7

Page 129

Extra CNC Programming Exercise #7

Instructions:
Create your own design.
The material size: 6 x 1.5 x .125 Aluminum
The part is held in the vise.
Locate the part flush with the left hand side of the vise jaw.
X0 Y0 is the top left hand corner of the material.
Z0 is the top of the material.
Center Drill is used as an engraving tool to machine the letters.
Spindle Speed: 5000 rpm
Feedrate: 12 in/min
Depth of Cut : -0.025
Center Drill 2 mounting holes using Canned Cycle
Depth of Cut: -0.25
Minimum of five letters
You can use the suggested letter shapes & size or create your own lettering design.

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Suggested Lettering:

Page 130

Mill Appendix - 8

Appendix Preparatory Functions G-Codes

G00 RAPID POSITIONING MOTION
G01 LINEAR INTERPOLATION MOTION
G02 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION MOTION - CLOCKWISE
G03 CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION MOTION - COUNTECLOCKWISE
G04 DWELL
G09 EXACT STOP
G10 PROGRAMMABLE OFFSET SETTING

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G12 CW CIRCULAR POCKET MILLING

G13 CCW CIRCULAR POCKET MILLING

G17 CIRCULAR MOTION XY PLANE SELECTION (G02 or G03)

G18 CIRCULAR MOTION ZX PLANE SELECTION (G02 or G03)

G19 CIRCULAR MOTION YZ PLANE SELECTION (G02 or G03)
G20 VERIFY INCH COORDINATE POSITIONING

G21 VERIFY METRIC COORDINATE POSITIONING

G28 MACHINE ZERIO RETURN THRU REF. POINT

G29 MOVE TO LOCATION THROUGH G28 REF. POINT

G31 FEED UNTIL SKIP FUNCTION

G35 AUTOMATIC TOOL DIAMETER MEASUREMENT

G36 AUTOMATIC WORK OFFSET MEASUREMENT
G37 AUTOMATIC TOOL LENGTH MEASUREMENT

G40 CUTTER COMPENSATION CANCEL G41/G42/G141

G41 2D CUTTER COMPENSATION, LEFT (X, Y, D)

G42 2D CUTTER COMPENSATION, RIGHT (X, Y, D)

G43 TOOL LENGTH COMPESATION POSITIVE (H, Z)

G44 TOOL LENGTH COMPENATION NEGATIVE (H, Z)

Mill Appendix - 9

Page 131

Appendix Preparatory Functions G-Codes

G47 TEXT ENGRAVING (X, Y, Z, R, I, J, P, E, F)
G49 TOOL LENGTH COMPENSATION CANCEL G43/G44/G143)
G50 SCALING G51 CANCEL
G51 SCALING (X, Y, Z, P)
G52 WORK OFFSET COORDINATE POSITING
G52 GLOBAL WORK COORDINATE OFFSET SHIFT
G52 GLOBAL WORK COORDINATE OFFSET SHIFT

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G53 MACHINE COORDAINTE POSITIONING, NON-MODAL (X, Y, Z, A, B)

G54 WORK OFSET COORDIANTE POSITIONING #1
G55 WORK OFSET COORDIANTE POSITIONING #2
G56 WORK OFSET COORDIANTE POSITIONING #3
G57 WORK OFSET COORDIANTE POSITIONING #4
G58 WORK OFSET COORDIANTE POSITIONING #5
G59 WORK OFSET COORDIANTE POSITIONING #6

G60 UNI-DIRECTIONAL POSITIONING (X, Y, Z, A, B)

G61 EXACT STOP, MODAL (X, Y, Z, A, B)
G64 EXACT STOP G61 MODE CANCEL
G65 MACRO SUB-ROUTINE CALL

G68 ROATION (G17, G18, G19, X, Y, Z, R)

G69 ROTATION G68 CANCEL

G70 BOLT HOLE CIRCLE with a CANNED CYCLE (I, J, L)

Page 132

Mill Appendix - 10

Appendix Preparatory Functions G-Codes

G71 BOLTHOLEARC with a CANNED CYCLE (I, J, K, L)
G72 BOLT HOLES ALONG AN ANGLE with a CANNED CYCLE (I, J, L)
G73 HIGH SPEED PECK DRILL CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, I, J, K, Q, P, R, L, F)
G74 REVERSE TAPPING CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, J, R, L, F)
G76 FINE BORING CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, I, J, P, Q, R, L, F)
G77 BACK BORE CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, I, J, Q, R, L, F)
G80 CANCEL CANNED CYCLE

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G81 DRILL CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, R, L, F)

G82 SPOT DRILL/COUNTERBORE CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, P, R, L, F)
G83 PECK DRILL CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, I, J, K, Q, P, R, L, F)
G84 TAPPING CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, J, R, L, F)

G85 BORE IN, BORE OUT CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, R, L, F)

G86 BORE IN, STOP, RAPID OUT CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, R, L, F)

G87 BORE IN AND MANUAL RETRACT CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, R, L, F)

G88 BORE IN, DWELL, MANUAL RETRACT CANNED CYCLE (X, Y, A, B, Z, P, R, L, F)

G89 BORE IN, DWELL, BORE OUT (X, Y, A, B, Z, P, R, L, F)
G90 ABSOLUTE POSITIONING

G91 INCREMENTAL POSITIONING

G92 GLOBAL WORK COORDINATE SYSTEM SHIFT (FANUC) (HAAS)

G92 SET WORK COORDINATE VALUE (YA SNAC)
G93 INVERSE TIME FEED MODE ON

G94 INVERSE TIME FEED MODE OFF/FEED PER MINUTE ON

G98 CANNED CYCLE INITIAL POINT RETURN
G99 CANNED CYCLE R PLANE RETURN

Mill Appendix - 11

Page 133

Appendix Miscellaneous Functions M-Codes

M00 PROGRAM STOP
M01 OPTIONAL PROGRAM STOP
M02 PROGRAM END
M03 SPINDLE ON CLOCKWISE
M04 SPINDLE ON COUTERCLOCKWISE
M05 SPINDLE STOP
M06 TOOL CHANGE
M08 COOLANT ON

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M09 COOLANT OFF

M19 ORIENT SPINDLE (P, R)

M21-M28 OPTIONAL USER M CODE INTERFACE WITH M-FIN SIGNAL

M30 PROGRAM END AN RESET
M31 CHIP AUGER FORWARD
M32 CHIP AUGER REVERSE
M33 CHIP AUGER STOP

M34 COOLANT SPIGOT POSITION DOWN, INCREMENT

M35 COOLANT SPIGOT POSITION UP, DECREMENT
M36 PALET PART READY

M39 ROTATE TOOL TURRET

M41 SPINDLE LOW GEAR OVERRIDE

M42 SPINDLE HIGH GEAR OVERRIDE

M50 EXECUTE PALLET CHANGE

Page 134

Mill Appendix - 12

Appendix Miscellaneous Functions M-Codes

M51-M58 OPTIONAL USER M CODE SET
M59 OUTPUT RELAY SET (N)
M61-M68 OPTIONAL USER M CODE CLEAR
M69 OUTPUT RELAY CLEAR (N)
M75 SET G35 OR G136 REFERENCE POINT
M76 CONTROL DISPLAY INACTIVE
M77 CONTROL DISPLAY ACTIVE

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M78 ALARM IF SKIP SIGNAL FOUND

M79 ALARM IF SKIP SIGNAL NOT FOUND
M80 AUTOMATIC DOOR OPEN

M81 AUTOMATIC DOOR CLOSE

M82 TOOL UNCLAMP

M83 AUTO AIR JET ON

M84 AUTO AIR JET OFF

M86 TOOL CLAMP

M88 COOLANT THROUGH SPINDLE ON

M89 COOLANT THROUGH SPINDLE OFF

M93 AXIS POS CAPTURE START (P, Q)
M94 AXIS POS CAPTURE STOP
M95 SLEEP MODE

M96 JUMP IF NO SIGNAL (P, Q)

M97 LOCAL SUB-PROGRAM CALL (P, L)

M98 SUB-PROGRAM CALL (P, L)

M99 SUB-PROGRAM/ROUTINE RETURN OR LOOP

M109 INTERACTIVE USER INPUT (P)

Mill Appendix - 13

Page 135

Standard Drill Sizes - Inches

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Drill
Decimal Drill
Decimal
Drill
Decimal Drill
Decimal
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Size
Equiv.
Size
Equiv.
Size
Equiv.
Size
Equiv.
80 = .0135
43 = .089
8 = .199
25/64 = .3906
79 = .0145
42 = .0935
7 = .201
X = .397
1/64 = .0156
3/32 = .0938
13/64 = .2031
Y = .404
78 = .016
41 = .096
6 = .204
13/32 = .4063
77 = .018
40 = .098
5 = .2055
Z = .413
76 = .020
39 = .0995
4 = .209
27/64 = .4219
75 = .021
38 = .1015
3 = .213
7/16 = .4375
74 = .0225
37 = .104
7/32 = .2188
29/64 = .4531
73 = .024
36 = .1065
2 = .221
15/32 = .4688
72 = .025
7/64 = .1094
1 = .228
31/64 = .4844
71 = .026
35 = .110
A = .234
1/2 = .500
70 = .028
34 = .111
15/64 = .2344
33/64 = .5156
69 = .0292
33 = .113
B = .238
17/32 = .5313
68 = .031
32 = .116
C = .242
35/64 = .5469
1/32 = .0313
31 = .120
D = .246
9/16 = .5625
67 = .032
1/8 = .1250
1/4 (E) = .250
37/64 = .5781
66 = .033
30 = .1285
F = .257
19/32 = .5938
65 = .035
29 = .136
G = .261
39/64 = .6094
64 = .036
28 = .1405
17/64 = .2656
5/8 = .625
63 = .037
9/64 = .1406
H = .266
41/64 = .6406
62 = .038
27 = .144
I = .272
21/32 = .6563
61 = .039
26 = .147
J = .277
43/64 = .6719
60 = .040
25 = .1495
K = .281
11/16 = .6875
59 = .041
24 = .152
9/32 = .2813
45/64 = .7031
58 = .042
23 = .154
L = .290
23/32 = .7188
57 = .043
5/32 = .1563
M = .295
47/64 = .7344
56 = .0465
22 = .157
19/64 = .2969
3/4 = .750
3/64 = .0469
21 = .159
N = .302
49/64 = .7656
55 = .052
20 = .161
5/16 = .3125
25/32 = .7813
54 = .055
19 = .166
O = .316
51/64 = .7969
53 = .0595
18 = .1695
P = .323
13/16 = .8125
1/16 = .0625
11/64 = .1719
21/64 = .3281
53/64 = .8281
52 = .0635
17 = .173
Q = .332
27/32 = .8438
51 = .067
16 = .177
R = .339
55/64 = .8594
50 = .070
15 = .180
11/32 = .3438
7/8 = .875
49 = .073
14 = .182
S = .348
57/64 = .8906
48 = .076
13 = .185
T = .358
29/32 = .9063
5/64 = .0781
3/16 = .1875
23/64 = .3594
59/64 = .9219
47 = .0785
12 = .189
U = .368
15/16 = .9375
46 = .081
11 = .191
3/8 = .375
61/64 = .9531
45 = .082
10 = .1935
V = .377
31/32 = .9688
44 =.086
9 = .196
W = .386
63/64 = .9844

Page 136

Mill Appendix - 14

Inch Tap Drill Sizes

INCH SIZES - NATIONAL FINE
UNF
---------------------------TAP
DRILL
SIZE
SIZE
---------------------------#0-80
3/64"
#1-72
#53
#2-64
#50
#3-56
#46
#4-48
#42
#5-44
#37
#6-40
#33
#8-36
#29
#10-32
#21
#12-28
#15
1/4-28
#3
5/16-24
I
3/8-24
Q
7/16-20
W
1/2-20
29/64
9/16-18
33/64
5/8-18
37/64
3/4-16
11/16
7/8-14
13/16
1"-14
15/16
1-1/8-12
1-3/64
1-1/4-12
1-11/64
1-1/2-12
1-27/64
1-3/4-12
1-43/64
2"-12
1-59/64

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INCH SIZES - NATIONAL COARSE

UNC
---------------------------TAP
DRILL
SIZE
SIZE
---------------------------#1-64
#53
#2-56
#51
#3-48
5/64"
#4-40
#43
#5-40
#39
#6-32
#36
#8-32
#29
#10-24
#25
#12-24
#17
1/4-20
#7
5/16-18
F
3/8-16
5/16
7/16-14
U
1/2-13
27/64
9/16-12
31/64
5/8-11
17/32
3/4-10
21/32
7/8-9
49/64
1"-8
7/8
1-1/8-7
63/64
1-1/4-7
1-7/64
1-1/2-6
1-11/32
1-3/4-5
1-35/64
2"-4-1/2
1-25/32

Mill Appendix - 15

Page 137

Metric Tap Drill Sizes

METRIC FINE SIZES
---------------------------TAP
DRILL
SIZE
SIZE
---------------------------4 mm x .35
3.6mm
4 x .5
3.5
5 x .5
4.5
6 x .5
5.5
6 x .75
5.25
7 x .75
6.25
8 x .5
7.5
8 x .75
7.25
8x1
7
9x1
8
10 x .75
9.25
10 x 1
9
10 x 1.25
8.8
11 x 1
10
12 x .75
11.25
12 x 1
11
12 x 1.5
10.5
14 x 1
13
14 x 1.25
12.8
14 x 1.5
12.5
16 x 1
15
16 x 1.5
14.5
18 x 1
17
18 x 2
16
20 x 1
19
20 x 1.5
18.5
20 x 2
18
22 x 1
21
22 x 1.5
20.5
22 x 2
20
24 x 1.5
22.5
24 x 2
22
26 x 1.5
24.5
27 x 1.5
25.5
27 x 2
25
28 x 1.5
26.5
30 x 1.5
28.5
30 x 2
28

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METRIC COARSE SIZES

---------------------------TAP
DRILL
SIZE
SIZE
---------------------------1mm x .25
.75mm
1.1 x .25
.85
1.2 x .25
.95
1.4 x .3
1.1
1.6 x .35
1.25
1.7 x .35
1.3
1.8 x .35
1.45
2 x .4
1.6
2.2 x .45
1.75
2.5 x .45
2.05
3 x .5
2.5
3.5 x .6
2.9
4 x .7
3.3
4.5 x .75
3.7
5 x .8
4.2
6x1
5
7x1
6
8 x 1.25
6.8
9 x 1.25
7.8
10 x 1.5
8.5
11 x 1.5
9.5
12 x 1.75
10.2
14 x 2
12
16 x 2
14
18 x 2.5
15.5
20 x 2.5
17.5
22 x 2.5
19.5
24 x 3
21
27 x 3
24
30 x 3.5
26.5

Page 138

Mill Appendix - 16

CENTER DRILLING
CENTER DRILLING

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Before most drilling operations take place a starting drill must be programmed to make a small
hole for the larger drill that will follow. The tool used to make the starting hole is known as a
center drill, sizes of center drills vary and the use of the different sizes is governed by the size of the
drill that will be used after. The following is a chart that will assist in choosing the proper size of
the center drill and programming the correct Z depth.

DRILL POINT LENGTH

On most engineering drawings the finished depth of the hole will be given from the front edge of
the part to the end of the parallel part of the hole (not including the drill point). This poses a
programming problem because we program from the point of the drill so any Z depth we specify
has to include the length of the drill point. To do this we have a calculation to perform based on
the diameter of the drill and the angle of the drill point (usually 118). Quite simply the
calculation is as follows:

Drill Point Length = Diameter x Constant

Where DIA. refers to the drill diameter and the constant is stated in the following chart
DRILL ANGLE CONSTANTS

60= 0.866

110= 0.350

75= 0.652
80= 0.596
82= 0.575

118= 0.300

90= 0.500

150= 0.134

100= 0.420

180= 0.000

120= 0.289
135= 0.207

Mill Appendix - 17

Page 139

Discriminator Installation Instructions

Installation Instructions for Workbook users:

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1. Locate the DVD/CD that came with the workbook (fixed to the back cover).
2. Insert the disc into the DVD/CD ROM tray of your computer.
3. When the AutoPlay window is displayed select Open folder to view files as shown below:

4. Double click or open the Discriminator folder as shown below:

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Mill Appendix - 18

Discriminator Installation Instructions Continued

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5. Double-click the Discriminator21017.exe file as shown below. This will start the installation process.
Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the installation.

Installation Instructions for Online Course users:

1. Go to the Course Intro page of the Online Course as shown below:

2. Locate the What you need to complete this course section on this page and click on the
Discriminator link to download the Discriminator installation file. Make sure you save the file to a
place on the hard drive that you can be easily located.
3. Once the file has downloaded locate it and double-click the Discriminator.zip file to extract the
installation files onto your hard drive. Make sure you extract the files into a new folder on your hard
drive and remember where the folder is located.
4. Open the folder the files were extracted to and double click on Discriminator21017.exe.
5. Follow the instructions on the screen.

Mill Appendix - 19

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Page 142

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