1

1 N is equivalent to
A
C

B
D

1 kg ms-2
1 kg s m-1

Which of following is not effects of a constant force?

A
B
C
D

1 kg ms-1
1 ms kg-1

Change the direction of motion

Change the shape of an object
Change the velocity of a moving object
Change the acceleration of a moving object

Which pair of forces F1 and F2 causes the wooden block

to move with an acceleration?

The figure shows the graph of motion for two objects M

and N is acted on by a same force.

A
B
C
D
E

Which comparision is correct about the mass of M and

N?
A
B
C
4

Mass of M = Mass of N
Mass of M < Mass of N
Mass of M > Mass of N
8

F2/ N

5
3
6
3
4

7
5
4
2
1

An object of mass 0.2 kg is pulled on a smooth floor by a

force of 8 N. What is the acceleration of the object ?
A
C
E

Which of the following graph is true to show the

relationship between the acceleration,a , the mass , m
and the force ,F

F1 / N

20 ms-2
60 ms-2
160 ms-2

B
D

40 ms-2
80 ms-2

Figure shows an object of mass 2 kg is pulled on a floor

by a force of 15 N. The frictional force between the
object and the floor is 3 N.

What is the acceleration of the object?

A
2 ms-2
B
5 ms-2
C
6 ms-2
D
8 ms-2
E
10 ms-2
5

Which of the following objects acted on by a pair of forces

will accelerate?

A box with a mass 3 kg is pushed along a rough surface

with a force 10 N. If the acceleration of the box is 3 ms-2 ,
what is the frictional force between the box and the
rough surface?
A
C
E

10
6

The figure shows forces , F1 and F2 , exerted on a

wooden block placed on a table surface. The friction
between the block and the table surface is 2 N.

B
D

1.0N
2.0 N

A car of mass 1 200 kg travelliling at 20 ms-1 is brought to

rest over a distance 40 m. Find the average braking
force.
A
C
E

32

0.5 N
1.5 N
2.5 N

5N
2 400 N
1 2000 N

B
D

240 N
6 000 N

11

A particle of mass 0.02 kg is moving with a velocity

10 ms-1 on a smooth surface . A force 5 N acts on the
particle such that its velocity increases to 15 m s-1. For
how long will the force act on the particle?
A
C
E

12

If the acceleration of the block is 6 ms-2,

(i) Calculate the magnitude of the friction force
between the block and the rough table surface.

0.01 s
0.1 s
1.0 s

B
D

0.02 s
0.2 s

(ii) Suggest two methods to reduce the

magnitude of the friction force.

Figure shows a wooden block of mass 2 kg resting on a

frictionless surface. placed on a table surface. The friction
force between the block and the table surface is 2 N.

.
.
.
.
13 Figure (a) shows a spring balance which is pulling a
wooden block A with a force of magnitude 10 N on a
rough surface. The block is moving with a uniform
velocity of 2 ms-1.

Two forces P and Q exerted on the wooden block in

three difference situations.The magnitude of P and Q are
5 N and 12 N respectively.
The following table shows the situations and the resultant
force occurred.
.
Situation
A
B
C

Resultant force
17 N
13 N
7N

(a) What is the friction force between the wooden block

A and the rough surface.

(a) What is meant by the resultant force?

(b) (i)

..
(b) Draw the forces P and Q in figure (a) ,(b) and (c)
which produced the resultant force as shown in the
table above.

What is observed on the reading of the spring

balance if a smaller surface area of the
wooden block A to touch the rough surface.

................
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b)(i).
.
.
(c) If the wooden block is pulled by a 18 N force ,
calculate
(i) the acceleration of the wooden block?
(ii)

(c) Later on the wooden block is pulled by a force of

20 N on a rough table surface as shown in figure (d)

the velocity of the wooden block after 4 s.

(d) Two identical wooden blocks B and C is placed on the

wooden block A as shown in figure (b).

33

(i)

What is the friction force between the wooden

blocks and the rough surface?

(ii)

What is the force is needed to move the wooden

blocks with an acceleration is same as the
acceleration in (c)(i).

(a) State one suitable inference that can be made.

(b) State one apporopriate hypothesis for an
investigation.
(c) With the use of apparatus such as trolley, ticker
timer and other apparatus , describe an
experimental framework to test your hypothesis.
In your description , state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Variables in the experiment
(iii) List of apparatus and materials
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v)
The procedure of the experiment which
include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable.
(vi) Way you wouldtabulate the data
(vii) Way you would analysis the data
ADDITIONAL NOTE
Effect of time interval of impact on size of impulsive force
From the formula for impulsive force,
F=m(vu)
t
we can see that when the stopping time ,t , is small, F is big ;
and when t is big , F is small.
The impulsive force is inversely proportional to the time of
impact.

14 Figure (a) shows a car is pulling a boat and moving

without the boat respectively.
Figure (b) shows the car is moving without the boat.
Observe the Figure(a) and (b). Compare the mass
and the acceleration of the moving objects.
Relate the mass and the acceleration of the moving
objects to deduce a relevant physics concept.

Reducing impulsive forces

15

The motocycle and the lorry stop

Figure (a)

The motocycle and the lorry accelerate

Figure (b)
Each figure below shows a motocycle and a lorry in two
situations at a traffic light.
Observe the situations of the motocycle and the lorry of
each diagram.
Based on the observations:

1.

A gymnast bends her knees as he lands, the momemtum

change occurs over a longer period of time, and so the
impulsive force will be lower and to avoid breaks her leg.

2.

In games like baseball, cricket and softball, the catcher

always pulls his hand backward when catching the ball to
lengthen the collision time and hence reduces the impact
of the impulsive force.

3.

Thick mattresses with a soft surface are used in events

such as the high jump so that the time interval of impact
on landing is increased, thus reducing the impulsive
force.

4.

Items that are fragile, such as eggs, glass and electrical

appliances must be packed in materials that are stiff but
compressible. These materials are able to absorb and
reduce impulsive forces by extending the time interval of
the change in momentum during an impact.

When impulsive forces are beneficial

1.
34

Hammer and nail are made of metal. When a hammer

hits at a nail , the collision time is small and hence the

impulsive force is great. So the nail penetrates a wooden

material easily.
2.

the air bag. As the driver lunges forward into the air bag,
allowing the driver to slow in a longer time. Injury is thus
minimized. The air bag also spreads the impact force
over a larger area of the body.

In the field of construction, a heavy metal pile falls on an

iron post. When the metal pile hits the iron post , the high
rate of change of momentum will cause the big impulsive
force to force the iron post into the ground.

3.

A pounder and a mortar made from hard stone are used

to crush the foodstuffs such as chilli and pepper into
small pieces by a big impulsive force.

4.

An exponent of karate has the capability to split a thick

wooden sleb by bringing his hand down hard onto the
surface of the wood. The momentary contact produces a
great impulsive force which splits the wooden slab.

7.

Seatbelt
An inertial reel seatbelt is taut but allows enough free
movement during normal traveling. When an acciedent
occurs, as the car exceeds a certain deceleration value, a
locking mechanism will engage and stop the driver from
crashing forward. The driver is not brought to a stop
immediately and this helps reduce the force acting on a
driver.

8.

Tyre design
The tyre of a car should be broad and with friction
grooves so as to control better the stability and change of
momentum of the car.

9.

Safety helmets
Safety helmets are compulsory for motor cyclists. There
is a growing amount of evidence to suggest that many
injuries to pedal cyclists would also be much less serious
if they wore safety helmets too. The purpose of a safety
helmet is to protect the wearers head from large forces in
an acciedent. It works on exactly the same principle as
the seat belt and crumple zone. Inside the helmet there is
a layer of expanded from or other similar padding. In a
crash , if the motor cyclists head hits another vehicle or
the road, the webbing and the padding inside the helmet
allow the head to move a short distance before distance.
The time allowed for the cyclists moving head to slow
down and stop is longer. So the average force on the
head is smaller.

Safety features in vehicles

1.

Crumple zones .
In a crash, the bonnet and boot of the car is designed to
crumple, making the collision last a slightly longer time.
The chasis contains parts that have grooves or beads
cast into them. In a collision, these beads act as weak
points in the members, causing them to crumple in a
concertina shape.The force exerted on the car (and on its
passengers ) is then smaller.

2.

Strong steel struts or framework of the car

The strong steel struts prevents the collapse of the front
and back of the car into the passenger compartment.
Also gives good protection from a side-on collision.

3.

Padded dashboard , seat and headrest. .

To reduce the risk of injury , the interior of the car must be
made to absorb the impact. The car can have padded
dashboards. The seat is padded and the headrest
reduces the risk of the passengers neck being damaged
in near-end collision.

4.

Collapsible steering wheels

Steering wheel of a car is made of material soft enough
to leghten the collision time and to cushion the
momentum impact of the drivers head during an
acciedent.

5.

Shatterproof windscreen glass .

Usage of shatterproof windscreen to prevent the
passengers from being injured by glass pieces during
acciedent because the glass pieces will not scattered
easily .
Automatic air bag .
An air bag in a car is designed to inflate only when the
vehicle experiences a 20 km h-1 or greater impact. The
cars computer control make a decision in few
milliseconds to detonate the gas cyclinders that inflate

6.

10. Accident avoidance systems.

New vehicle safety technologies now concentrate on
preventing accidents rather than reducing their effects.
These include:
Antilock brake systems (ABS) Usage of
the ABS which will not immediately stop
the car once the brakes are applied. The
car will be momentarily brought to rest so
that the impulsive force is smaller.
Variable-ratio response steering systems
Intelligent spedd adaptation systems
Reverse collision warning systems
11. Protecting the pedestrian
Vehicles are designed to protect pedestrians also.
Vehicles are designed with a low, energyabsorbing bumper to reduce knee and hip
damage to pedestrians.

35

Bumper bars are placed below waist level to

reduce the likehood of the pedestrian being
run over.
Bonnet of a car can reduce casualty in car
accidents. When the car hits a pedestrian,
the bonnet of the car will automatically spring
upwards . This will prolong the collision time
and hence reduces the impulsive force
acting on the pedestrian.
Driver warning functions :Two different types
of driver warning functions will be provided.
Lateral Drift Warning Function ;This
Functionality will help drivers avoid
inadvertent drift-off that may result in striking
another vehicle, roll-over or impact with a
fixed object.
Curve Speed Warning Function ;This feature
would warn drivers to slow down for an
upcoming curve so as not to lose control and
depart the road.

B
D

B
D

80 Ns
250 Ns

What is the function of the mattress?

A

Force
Energy

8 Ns
200 Ns
500 Ns

The diagram shows an athlete performing the high jump.

Which one of the following physical quantities has the

same unit as the unit of impulse?
8

Momentum
Power

To reduce the collision time between the athlete and

the mattress
To reduce the change of momentum of the athlete
when he hits the mattress
Toreduce the impulsive force acting on the athlete
when he hits the mattress

A softball player moves his hand backwards while

catching a fast-moving ball.

A trolley of mass 0.4 kg hits a stone wall with a velocity

4 ms-1 and bounches back with a velocity of 3 ms-1. What
is the magnitude of the impulse during collision.
4.0 kg ms-1
1.6 kg ms-1
3.2 kg ms-1

This movement of hand is to

0.4 kg ms-1
2.8 kg ms-1

B
D

A
B
C

An acrobat weighing 40 kg jumps from a height 8 m .

Before his feet land on the ground , his velocity is
5 m s-1. What is the impulse on his legs when he lands
on the ground?
A
C
E

A
C
E
3

A
C
E

EXERCISE

A
C
2

A
100 Ns
B
200 Ns
C
300 Ns
D
500 Ns
E 1000 Ns
An object of mass 0.4 kg is pulled with a force of 20 N for
10 s . How much is the impulse upon the object?

- 200 Ns
1 Ns
1600 Ns

B
D

Which one of the following is not true regarding the

impulsive force?
A
B
B
C

- 1 Ns
200 N s

Figure shows a graph force against time for the motion of

a car during collision.

10

What is the impulse of the graph.

36

increase the impulsive force

control the ball to stop it falling
increase the stopping time of the ball

Kicking a football
Force a hammer on a nail
A hockey stick striking a hockey ball
A man riding his bicycle down the slope of a hill

The following graph shows the impulse time graph for a

tennis ball is hit by a racket.

What is the impulsive force experienced by the ball?

A
C
E
11

B
D

600 N
6000 N

(ii)

5 ms-1
27 ms-1
50 ms-1

B
D

the force exerted on the truck by the car.

(c) Compare the answer in b(i) and b(ii) and state the
law involved.

10 ms-1
33 ms-1

(d) Explain why the collision causes serious damage to

the car compare to the truck..
19

to ensure that the car will decelerate in an accident

to minimised the impulsive force during an accident
to ensure that the car is not smashed in an
accident

Engine capacity
Automatic air bag
Collapsible steering wheels
Shatterproof windscreen glass

Figure(a) shows two identical plasticine spherical balls

before being released from the same height. Figure (b)
shows the state of the plasticine balls when the hit the
wood and the sponge. It was observed that the plasticine
stopped more quickly when it hit the wood.
(a) (i) What does the word momentum mean?

(ii)

The use of seat belt in a car is to

A
B
C

16

300 N
1800 N
12000 N

(b) Calculate
(i) the force exerted on the car by the truck.

Which of the following is not a safety feature installed in

a vehicle ?
A
B
C
D

15

(a) Calculate the velocity of both vehicles immediately

after collision.

The advantage of using the bumpers fitted with shock

absorbers in a car is
A
B
C

14

250 N
750 N

A golf ball of mass 50g is hit with a force 4500 N. The

time interval of interaction between the golf ball and the
club is 0.3 ms. What is the velocity of the golf ball
immediately after it was hit.
A
C
E

13

B
D

A boy kicks a stationary ball of mass 0.15 kg. If the ball

moves forward at a velocity of 60 ms-1 and the time
interval of contact of the boys foot on the ball is 5 ms,
what is the impulse force of the ball?
A
C
E

12

100 N
500 N
1000 N

at 10 ms-1 . After the collision , the two vehicles become

interlocked and move together and the time collision is 0.4 s

reduce the time of collision

reduce the impulsive force
reduce speed during collision

Relate the changes in shapes of the plasticine

balls and the surfaces to deduce a relevant
physics concept.

The use of antilock brake systems (ABS) is to

A
B
C

Observe Figure(a) and Figure(b). Compare the

shape of the plasticine balls, the surface of the
wood, the surface of the sponge before and
when the plasticine balls hit the surfaces.

(b) Explain the changes in energy that occur from the

moment the plasticine ball is released until it
reaches the position in Figure(b).

stop the car immediately once the brakes are

applied
prevent the collapse of the front and back of the car
reduce impulsive force while the car brought to rest

18 A car of mass 800 kg moving at 20 ms-1 collides with a

truck of mass 1200 kg which is traveling in the same direction
37