Control Flow: Looping

CS10001: Programming & Data Structures

Pallab Dasgupta
Professor, Dept. of Computer Sc. & Engg.,
Engg.,
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Types of Repeated Execution

Loop: Group of instructions that are executed
repeatedly while some condition remains true.
How loops are controlled

Sentinel
Controlled

Condition

Controlled
Counter Controlled
1, 2, 3, 4,
, 4, 3, 2, 1
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Counter Controlled Loop

Read 5 integers
and display the
value of their
summation.

counter 1, sum 0

counter < 6
true
input n
sum sum + n
counter++
output sum

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false

Condition-controlled Loop

Given an exam marks as input, display the appropriate

message based on the rules below:

If marks is greater than 49, display PASS, otherwise
display FAIL

However, for input outside the 0-100 range, display
WRONG INPUT and prompt the user to input again
until a valid input is entered

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Condition-Controlled Loop
input m
WRONG INPUT
true

m<0 || m>100
false
Condition-controlled
loop with its condition
being tested at the end

true

m>49
false

FAIL

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PASS

input m
false

m<0 || m>100
true

WRONG INPUT
input m
Condition-controlled
Conditionloop with its
condition being
tested first

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true

m>49
false

FAIL

PASS

Sentinel-Controlled Loop

Receive a number of positive

integers and display the
summation and average of
these integers.
A negative or zero input
indicates the end of input
process

Input: A set of integers

ending with a
negative integer or a zero

Output: Summation and

Average of these integers

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Input Example:
30 16
42
Output Example:
Sum = 88
Average = 29.33

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-9

Sentinel
Value

while loop
while (expression)
statement
expression
T

while (i < n) {
printf (Line no : %d.\n,i);
i++;
}

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statement
(loop body)

while Statement
The while statement is used to carry out looping
operations, in which a group of statements is executed
repeatedly, as long as some condition remains
satisfied.
while (condition)
statement_to_repeat;

while (condition) {
statement_1;
...
statement_N;
}

Note:
The while-loop will not be entered if the loop-control
expression evaluates to false (zero) even before the first
iteration.
break can be used to come out of the while loop.
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while :: Examples
int weight;
while ( weight > 65 ) {
printf ("Go, exercise, ");
printf ("then come back. \n");
printf ("Enter your weight: ");
scanf ("%d", &weight);
}

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Sum of first N natural numbers int main () {

int N, count, sum;

scanf (%d, &N) ;
sum = 0;
count = 1;
while (count <= N) {
sum = sum + count;
count = count + 1;
}
printf (Sum = %d\n, sum) ;
return 0;

START
READ N
SUM = 0
COUNT = 1
SUM = SUM + COUNT

COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO

IS
COUNT > N?

YES
OUTPUT SUM
STOP

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Double your money

Suppose your Rs 10000 is earning interest at 1% per
month. How many months until you double your money ?
my_money=10000.0;
n=0;
while (my_money < 20000.0) {
my_money = my_money*1.01;
n++;
}
printf (My money will double in %d months.\n,n);

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Maximum of inputs
printf (Enter positive numbers to max, end with 1.0\n);
max = 0.0;
count = 0;
scanf(%f, &next);
while (next != 1.0) {
if (next > max)
max = next;
count++;
scanf(%f, &next);
}
printf (The maximum number is %f\n, max) ;

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Printing a 2-D Figure

How would you print the following diagram?

*****
*****
*****

repeat 3 times
print a row of 5
stars

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repeat 5 times
print *

Nested Loops

#define ROWS 3
#define COLS 5
...
row=1;
while (row <= ROWS) {
/* print a row of 5 *s */
...
row++;
}

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row=1;
while (row <= ROWS) {
/* print a row of 5 *s */
col=1;
while (col <= COLS) {
printf (* );
col++;
}
printf(\n);
row++;
}

outer
loop
inner
loop

do-while statement

do statement while (expression)

main () {
int digit=0;
do
printf(%d\n,digit++);
while (digit <= 9) ;
}

statement

F
expression
T

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Example for do-while

Usage: Prompt user to input month value, keep prompting until a
correct value of moth is input.
do {
printf (Please input month {1-12});
scanf (%d, &month);
} while ((month < 1) || (month > 12));

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int main () {
char echo ;
do {
scanf (%c, &echo);
printf (%c,echo);
} while (echo != \n) ;
}

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for Statement
The for statement is the most commonly
used looping structure in C.
General syntax:
for ( expr1; expr2; expr3) statement
expr1 (init) : initialize parameters
expr2 (test): test condition, loop continues if satisfied
expr3 (update): used to alter the value of the parameters
after each iteration
statement (body): body of the loop

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for ( expression1; expression2; expression3)

statement
expr1
(init)
expr2
(test)
T
statement
(body)
expr3
(update)
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expr1;
while (expr2) {
statement
expr3;
}

Sum of first N natural numbers

int main () {
int N, count, sum;
scanf (%d, &N) ;
sum = 0;
count = 1;
while (count <= N) {
sum = sum + count;
count = count + 1;
}
printf (Sum = %d\n, sum) ;
return 0;
}

Dept. of CSE, IIT KGP

Sum of first N natural numbers

int main () {
int N, count, sum;
scanf (%d, &N) ;
sum = 0;
count = 1;
while (count <= N) {
sum = sum + count;
int main () {
count = count + 1;
int N, count, sum;
}
printf (Sum = %d\n, sum) ; scanf (%d, &N) ;
sum = 0;
return 0;
}
for (count=1; count

<= N; count++)
sum = sum + count;

printf (Sum = %d\n, sum) ;

return 0;
}

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2-D Figure
Print
*****
*****
*****

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#define ROWS 3
#define COLS 5
....
for (row=1; row<=ROWS; row++) {
for (col=1; col<=COLS; col++) {
printf(*);
}
printf(\n);
}

Another 2-D Figure

Print
*
**
***
****
*****

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#define ROWS 5
....
int row, col;
for (row=1; row<=ROWS; row++) {
for (col=1; col<=row; col++) {
printf(* );
}
printf(\n);
}

For - Examples

Problem 1: Write a For statement that computes the sum of all odd
numbers between 1000 and 2000.
Problem 2: Write a For statement that computes the sum of all
numbers between 1000 and 10000 that are divisible by 17.
Problem 3: Printing square problem but this time make the square
hollow.
Problem 4: Print
*****
****
***
**
*

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Problem 4 : solution
Print
*****
****
***
**
*

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#define ROWS 5
....
int row, col;
for (row=0; row<ROWS; row++) {
for (col=1; col<=row; col++)
printf(" ");
for (col=1; col<=ROWS-row; col++)
printf("* ");
printf ("\n");
}

The comma operator

We can give several statements separated by commas
in place of expression1, expression2, and
expression3.
for (fact=1, i=1; i<=10; i++)
fact = fact * i;
for (sum=0, i=1; i<=N, i++)
sum = sum + i * i;

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for :: Some Observations

Arithmetic expressions
Initialization, loop-continuation, and increment
can contain arithmetic expressions.
for ( k = x; k <= 4 * x * y; k += y / x )
"Increment" may be negative (decrement)
for (digit=9; digit>=0; digit--)
If loop continuation condition initially false:
Body of for structure not performed.
Control proceeds with statement after for structure.

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Specifying Infinite Loop

for (; ;)
{
statements
}

while (1) {
statements
}

do {
statements
} while (1);

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The break Statement

Break out of the loop { }

can use with
while
do while
for
switch
does not work with
if
else

Causes immediate exit from a while, do/while, for or switch

structure.
Program execution continues with the first statement after the
structure.

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An Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int fact, i;
fact = 1; i = 1;
while ( i<10 ) {
/* run loop break when fact >100*/
fact = fact * i;
if ( fact > 100 ) {
printf ("Factorial of %d above 100", i);
break;
/* break out of the while loop */
}
i ++ ;
}
}

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The continue Statement

Skips the remaining statements in the body of a
while, for or do/while structure.
Proceeds with the next iteration of the loop.

while and do/while

Loop-continuation test is evaluated immediately after the
continue statement is executed.

for structure
expression3 is evaluated, then expression2 is evaluated.

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An Example with break & continue

fact = 1; i = 1;
while (1) {
fact = fact * i;
i ++ ;
if ( i<10 )
continue;
break;
}

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/* a program segment to calculate 10 !

/* not done yet ! Go to loop and

perform next iteration*/

Some Examples

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Sum of first N natural numbers int main () {

int N, count, sum;

scanf (%d, &N) ;
sum = 0;
count = 1;
while (count <= N) {
sum = sum + count;
count = count + 1;
}
printf (Sum = %d\n, sum) ;
return 0;

START
READ N
SUM = 0
COUNT = 1
SUM = SUM + COUNT

COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO

IS
COUNT > N?

YES
OUTPUT SUM
STOP

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Sum of first N natural numbers

int main () {
int N, count, sum;
scanf (%d, &N) ;
START
sum = 0;
count = 1;
READ N
for (count=1;count <= N;count++) {
sum = sum + count;
SUM = 0
printf (Sum = %d\n, sum) ;
COUNT = 1
return 0;
SUM = SUM + COUNT }
COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO

IS
COUNT > N?

YES
OUTPUT SUM
STOP

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Example 5: SUM = 12 + 22 + 32 + N2
int main () {
int N, count, sum;
scanf (%d, &N) ;
sum = 0;
count = 1;
while (count <= N) {
sum = sum + count
count;
count = count + 1;
}
printf (Sum = %d\n, sum) ;
return 0;
}

START
READ N
SUM = 0
COUNT = 1
SUM = SUM + COUNT COUNT
COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO

IS
COUNT > N?

YES
OUTPUT SUM
STOP

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Example: Computing Factorial

START
READ N
PROD = 1
COUNT = 1
PROD = PROD * COUNT

int main () {
int N, count, prod;
scanf (%d, &N) ;
prod = 1;
for (count=0;count < N; count++) {
prod =prod*count;
printf (Factorial = %d\n, prod) ;
return 0;
}

COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO

IS
COUNT > N?

YES
OUTPUT PROD
STOP

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Example: Computing ex series up to N terms

START
READ X, N
TERM = 1
SUM = 0
COUNT = 1
SUM = SUM + TERM
TERM = TERM * X / COUNT
COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO

IS
COUNT > N?

YES
OUTPUT SUM
STOP

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int main () {
float x, term, sum;
int n, count;
scanf (%d, &x) ;
scanf (%d, &n) ;
term = 1.0; sum = 0;
for (count = 0; count < n; count++) {
sum += term;
term = x/count;
}
printf (%f\n, sum) ;
}
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Example 8: Computing ex series up to 4 decimal places

START
READ X, N
TERM = 1
SUM = 0
COUNT = 1
SUM = SUM + TERM
TERM = TERM * X / COUNT
COUNT = COUNT + 1

NO

IS
TERM < 0.0001?

YES
OUTPUT SUM
STOP

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int main () {
float x, term, sum;
int n, count;
scanf (%d, &x) ;
scanf (%d, &n) ;
term = 1.0; sum = 0;
for (count = 0; term<0.0001; count++) {
sum += term;
term *= x/count;
}
printf (%f\n, sum) ;
}
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Example 1: Test if a number is prime or not

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n, i=2;
scanf (%d, &n);
while (i < n) {
if (n % i == 0) {
printf (%d is not a prime \n, n);
exit;
}
i++;
}
printf (%d is a prime \n, n);
}
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More efficient??
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int n, i=3;
scanf (%d, &n);
while (i < sqrt(n)) {
if (n % i == 0) {
printf (%d is not a prime \n, n);
exit;
}
i = i + 2;
}
printf (%d is a prime \n, n);
}

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Example 2: Find the sum of digits of a number

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int n, sum=0;
scanf (%d, &n);
while (n != 0) {
sum = sum + (n % 10);
n = n / 10;
}
printf (The sum of digits of the number is %d \n, sum);
}

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Example 3: Decimal to binary conversion

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int dec;
scanf (%d, &dec);
do
{
printf (%2d, (dec % 2));
dec = dec / 2;
} while (dec != 0);
printf (\n);
}

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Example 4: Compute GCD of two numbers

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int A, B, temp;
scanf (%d %d, &A, &B);
if (A > B) { temp = A; A = B; B = temp; }
while ((B % A) != 0) {
temp = B % A;
B = A;
A = temp;
}
printf (The GCD is %d, A);
}
Initial:

12 ) 45 ( 3
36
9 ) 12 ( 1
9
3 ) 9 ( 3
9
0

A=12, B=45
Iteration 1: temp=9, B=12,A=9
Iteration 2: temp=3, B=9, A=3
B % A = 0
GCD is 3

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More about scanf and printf

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Entering input data :: scanf function

General syntax:
scanf (control string, arg1, arg2, , argn);
control string refers to a string typically containing data
types of the arguments to be read in;
the arguments arg1, arg2, represent pointers to data
items in memory.
Example: scanf (%d %f %c, &a, &average, &type);

The control string consists of individual groups of characters,

with one character group for each input data item.
% sign, followed by a conversion character.

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 Commonly used conversion characters:

c
d
f
s
X

single character
decimal integer
floating-point number
string terminated by null character
hexadecimal integer

We can also specify the maximum field-width of a data item, by

specifying a number indicating the field width before the
conversion character.
Example:

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scanf (%3d %5d, &a, &b);

Writing output data :: printf function

General syntax:
printf (control string, arg1, arg2, , argn);
control string refers to a string containing formatting
information and data types of the arguments to be output;
the arguments arg1, arg2, represent the individual output
data items.

The conversion characters are the same as in scanf.

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 Examples:
printf (The average of %d and %d is %f, a, b, avg);
printf (Hello \nGood \nMorning \n);
printf (%3d %3d %5d, a, b, a*b+2);
printf (%7.2f %5.1f, x, y);

Many more options are available:

Read from the book.
Practice them in the lab.

String I/O:
Will be covered later in the class.

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