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Image Sensor - CMOS VS CCD

This document provides an overview of image sensors. It defines an image sensor as a device that converts light signals into digital signals, with the two main types being CCD and CMOS sensors used in digital cameras. It describes the basic workings of CCD sensors, which record light as electrical charges that are transferred and converted to digital signals, and CMOS sensors where each pixel contains transistors to perform analog to digital conversion locally. The document also discusses color filtering using Bayer filters, sources of image noise, and provides a comparison of the advantages of CCD and CMOS sensors.

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168 views21 pages

Image Sensor - CMOS VS CCD

This document provides an overview of image sensors. It defines an image sensor as a device that converts light signals into digital signals, with the two main types being CCD and CMOS sensors used in digital cameras. It describes the basic workings of CCD sensors, which record light as electrical charges that are transferred and converted to digital signals, and CMOS sensors where each pixel contains transistors to perform analog to digital conversion locally. The document also discusses color filtering using Bayer filters, sources of image noise, and provides a comparison of the advantages of CCD and CMOS sensors.

Uploaded by

bkrebtel
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Image sensor

BIJOY KUNDU
EXAM ROLL: 110907012
Electronics and Telecommunication
Department
27-03-2012

KEY POINTS
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

7.

What is an Image sensor?


Possible uses for Image Sensors
Working of Image Sensors-CCD
&CMOS Sensors
Colour filter-Bayer filter
Image Noise
Comparison between CMOS and
CCD sensors
Conclusion

What is an Image Sensor?

An Image Sensor is a photosensitive device


that converts light signals into digital
signals (colours/RGB data).

Two main types in common use are CCD


and CMOS sensors and are mainly used in
digital cameras and other imaging devices.

CCD stands for Charged-Coupled Device


and CMOS stands for Complementary
MetalOxideSemiconductor

Block Diagram OF A DIGITAL


CAMERA SYSTEM

Uses of Image Sensors

Image sensors are not


only limited to digital
cameras.

Image sensors are used


in other fields such as:
Astronomy, most
notably in the Hubble
Space Telescope
Machine
vision/sensing
UV Spectroscopy
Etc.

How Image Sensors Work

Both CCD and CMOS


sensors work by
employing
photosensitive circuitry
that reacts to light and
stores the analog
signals as digital data,
namely an image.

They both use different


methods to achieve
this.

CCD
A CCD, or a Charged-Coupled Device, is a
photosensitive analog device that records light as a
small electrical charge in each of its pixels or cells.
In essence a CCD is a collection of CCD cells.
The signal captured by the CCD requires additional
circuitry to convert the analog light data into a
readable digital signal.
This is mainly layers of capacitors called Stages
which act as a way to transport the analog signal to
an array of flip-flops which store the data all
controlled by a clock signal.
This is basically an Analog Shift Register.

Imaging system in CCD


technology

CCD

When light strikes a CCD, it acquires an electrical


charge according to how much light has hit the
particular CCD cell.

Each CCD cell can transfer its charge to its


neighboring cell and then off to external circuitry.

The charge is then read off by an analog-to-digital


converter as an integer on a range of 0 to 4095
for most modern DSLR cameras. Lower ranges
exist, such as 0-255, for lower quality cameras.

Imaging system in CMOS


technology

CMOS

A CMOS, or Complementary Metal Oxide


Semiconductor, each pixel has neighboring
transistors which locally perform the analog to
digital conversion.

This difference in readout has many implications


in the overall organization and capability of the
camera.

Each one of these pixel sensors are called an


Active Pixel Sensor (APS).

However, APSs are transistor-based, which means


that CMOS chips can be cheaply manufactured on

3T CMOS Sensor

Colour filtering

Typical photo-sensors detect light intensity with


little or nowavelengthspecificity, and therefore
cannot separate color information.

Two common color registration methods are RGB


(Red, Green, and Blue) and CMYG
(Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Green)

BAYER Filter
o

It is a RGB colour filter.

Its is arranged in groups of


four
cells over
the pixel array.
The filter pattern is 50%
green, 25% red and 25% blue.
o

The reasoning behind the two


green cells is because the
human eye is more sensitive to
green light and it is more
convenient to use a 4 pixel
filter than a 3 pixel filter
(harder to implement)
o

The Bayer arrangement of color


filters on the pixel array of an
image sensor

Image Noise
Image noiseis random (not present in the object imaged)
variation of brightness or color information inimages,
and is usually an aspect ofelectronic noise.

Different types of noises:


Amplifier noise (Gaussian noise)

Salt-and-pepper noise

Shot noise

Quantization noise (uniform noise)

Film grain

Salt and paper noise

Comparison
CCD

Needs extra circuitry


to convert to digital
signal and for other
signal processing

Less noise due to less


on-chip circuitry

Power consumption is
high

CMOS

Incorporates
amplifiers, A/Dconverters and often
circuitry for additional
processing

Lower complexity on
the sensor leading to
faster image capture

Reduced power
consumption

Comparison
CMOS

CCD
one charge-to-voltage
converter per sensor
o

Windowing and multiview streaming not


allowed
o

Heat issues with CCD


sensors can increase
interference
o

One charge-to-voltage
converter per pixel
o

A CMOS sensor allows


windowing and
multi-view streaming
Faster readout

Conclusion
CCD and CMOS sensors have different advantages.
With evolution of technology, CMOS sensors have
better future.
Based on the need of the imaging device, sensors
are designed.

References:
CCD vs CMOS, by Dave Litwiller from Photonics Spectra 2001
R. Dyck and G. Weckler (1968)."Integrated arrays of silicon

photodetectors for image sensing".IEEE Trans. Electron DevicesED15(4): 196201.

CCD and CMOS,Padmakumar R. Rao et al., "CCD structures


implemented in standard 0.18 m CMOS technology

Margaret Brown (2004), Advanced Digital Photography,

Media

Publishing

Adding L* to RGBG , May 13, 2008byJeff Mather


"Color Filter Array 2.0, by John Compton and John Hamilton (200706-14). A Thousand Nerds: A Kodak blog. Archived fromthe originalon
2007-07-20. Retrieved 2011-02-25.

Alexander G. Dickinson et al., "Active pixel sensor and imaging system


having differential mode", US 5631704

Any Questions
or
Comments?

TH ANK YOU

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