Surface Irrigation

Section 21 of 22 (21b - Choosing an Irrigation System)
This Chapter Includes:

Methods of applying water
Effect of land slope
Requirements, Considerations, Advantages/Disadvantages
Surface Irrigation Methods
Furrow Irrigation
Basin or Level
Border Irrigation
Wild Flood Irrigation
Corrugation Irrigation
Graded Border Irrigation
Agronomy Tech Note 76 (http://www.nm.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/handbooks/iwm/nmiwm.html)
Surface Irrigation Systems

Method
Adapted to
Conservation Features
Eff. %
Basins or Level Border
Close-growing crops on flat land

with sandy soils.
Provides good control of water applied. Good for

alkali control.
60-80
Graded Borders
Hay or grain on uniform slopes up

to 3%; established pasture on
uniform slopes up to 6%. Best
adapted to light soils.
Provides uniform wetting and efficient water use.

Utilizes large water streams safely and thus less
time is required to cover area.
60-80
Corrugations
Close-growing crops on sloping

land with soil slow to take water.
Extreme care is needed in applying
water to slopes of more than 2%.
Provides uniform wetting and prevents erosive

water accumulation on land too rolling or steep for
borders or basins. Makes use of small streams.
40-55
Furrows
Row crops, truck crops, orchards,

vineyards and berries on gentle
slopes with all but coarse-textured
soils.
Provides no conservation features unless furrows

laid on nearly level land on the contour and water
applied with extreme care.
60-80
Controlled Flooding
Close-growing crops on rolling

land; pasture sod established by
corrugations or sprinkler.
Provides water control and fairly uniform wetting

where land cannot be used for other methods.
65-80
Wild Flood
Water is allowed to flow over the

land without the use of furrows,
borders or other structures.
Provides little to no water control and non uniform

wetting on sloping and rolling lands.
25-40
Factors Affecting the Selection of Surface Irrigation Systems

WATER
APPLICATION
RAT E O F
INTAKE FAMILY
M AX.
SLOPE
TYPE OF
SYSTEM
Basins, Level Border
Graded Borders
Corrugations
NonSodded
Crops
Sod
Crops
Less than .1% Slope

Greater than 0.1%
Slope
4 .0 0 %
8 .0 0 %
SHAPE OF
FIELD
RO W
CRO P S
ADAPTABLE TO
SOWN DRILLED
OR SODDED
CRO P S
O RCH ARDS
AND
VINEYARDS
LABOR
REQUIRED
(min/acre)
APPROXIMATE
COST ($/ac)
MIN
M AX
0 .1
Any Shape
Ye s
Ye s
Ye s
6-30
2.7-4
0 .1
Any Shape
Ye s
Ye s
Ye s
6-30
2.7-4
0 .1
1 .5
Any shape
No
Ye s
Ye s
25-72
1.4-2.7
Ye s
Ye s
Ye s
25-72
2.7-8.1
No
Ye s
Ye s
12-60
2.7-8.1
Furrows
3 .0 0 %
NA
0 .1
Rows should
be equal in
length
Controlled Flooding
0 .1 0 %
NA
0 .3
Rectangular
Sprinkler Irrigation Methods
Center Pivot
Linear Move
Side Roll
Center Pivot
Solid Set
Hand Move
Big Gun Traveling or

Stationary
Sprinkler Irrigation Systems
Eff.
%
Linear Move
Provides good control of water applied. Good for

rectangular fields, may be equipped with drop tubes and
various spray heads to reduce wind drift and
evaporative losses and can operate on low pressures.
75-90
Center Pivot
Application uniformity is usually high, labor

requirements are low and pressure requirements are
often low. Results can be accomplished on fields which
are less than a full circle.
75-90
Method
Fixed Solid Set

Side Rolls
Hand Move
Big Gun
(Traveling or
Stationary)
Adapted To
Nearly all crops on any

irrigable soils, except in very
windy hot climates.
Labor requirements are low, easily automated and

application uniformity is usually high.
Good for rectangular fields, not adapted to tall crops,
alignment may be difficult on undulating topography.
Good for irregular shaped hills and rolling terrain, not
suited for tall crops. More labor intensive than a side
roll system.
Good for irregular shaped fields, suited for high intake
rate soils, wind greatly affects water distribution
pattern. Manual labor minimized.
60-75
60-75
60-75
55-65
Factors Affecting the Selection of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems
Type of
System
Linear
Move
Water
Application
Rate.
Min.
Max.
Max.
Slope
(%) (in./hr) (in./hr)
20
0.2
Circular,
Any shape
No limit
No
limit
.2-.5
1 or
more
Reasonably
smooth
1-3
20-80
No limit
No
limit
.5-1.5
10-40
Safe
operation
for tractor
and lane for
boom and
hose
0.2
1.5
Fixed
Solid Set
No
limit
0.05
Side Rolls
10
0.1
2
Rectangular
0.1
Big Gun
(Traveling
or
Stationary)
0.25
40-160
8-10
20
20
Field
Surface
Conditions
Clear of
obstructions
Square, or and path for
towers
Rectangular
Center
Pivot
Hand
Move
Shape of
Field
Adaptable To
Max.
Size of
Height
Liquid
Labor
Single Approx.
of
C
o
o
l
i
n
g
A
nimal
Crop Required System
Cost
Chemical
Fertilizer
and Frost
Waste
($/ac)
(ft.)
(hrs/ac.)
(ac.)
Protection Application Application Distribution
Any shape
.05-.15
No
40-320
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
8-10
.1-.5
20-40
* Irrigation water shall be available on demand or if on rotation sufficient water storage is required! *
Trickle Irrigation Methods
Subsurface Trickle
Surface Trickle
Micro Spray or Mist
Trickle Irrigation Systems
Method
Adapted To
All terrains and most

agricultural crops and soils
including steep or rocky
ground that is unsuitable for
other forms of irrigation.
Permits storage of water in

lower part of soil profile, good
control over timing and water
application, less water required,
chemicals and fertilizer are
efficiently applied, runoff and
deep percolation are controlled,
can be used on soils with low
infiltration rates and low waterholding capacity. Easily
automated.
Surface Trickle
Subsurface Trickle
Micro Spray or Mist
Eff. %
85-95
85-90
Factors Affecting the Selection of Trickle Irrigation Systems

Adaptable to
Type of
System
Max.
Slope
(%)
Max. Water
Intake Rate Soils
(in./hr)
Surface
Trickle
No
Limit
Any
Subsurface
Trickle
1.5
Micro Spray
or Mist
No
Limit
Any
Shape of
Field
Any Shape
Orchards
and
Vineyards
Row Crops
(row or
bedded)
Sown,
Drilled or
Sodded
Crops
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Labor
Approx.
Requirements
Cost
(hrs/ac)
($/ac)
0.06
Improving Efficiencies of Existing Irrigation Systems
Irrigation System
Surface
Sprinkler
Trickle
Ways to Improve Efficiencies

Decrease the set time or irrigation frequency
Land level fields or modify the slope
Use gated pipe or cablegation
Use surge irrigation
Cutback inflow
Use furrow diking
Reuse tailwater
Check for leaks in the system
Change out worn sprinkler heads or nozzles
Use an irrigation timer
Decrease set time or irrigation frequency
Check for plugged filters
Dont over estimate water requirements
Address plugging problems in emitters
Avoid excessive backflushing

Surface Irrigation

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Section 21 of 22 (21b - Choosing an Irrigation System)

This Chapter Includes:

Surface Irrigation Methods

Graded Border Irrigation

Agronomy Tech Note 76 (http://www.nm.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/handbooks/iwm/nmiwm.html)

Surface Irrigation Systems

Basins or Level Border

Close-growing crops on flat land

Provides good control of water applied. Good for

Hay or grain on uniform slopes up

Provides uniform wetting and efficient water use.

Close-growing crops on sloping

Provides uniform wetting and prevents erosive

Row crops, truck crops, orchards,

Provides no conservation features unless furrows

Close-growing crops on rolling

Provides water control and fairly uniform wetting

Water is allowed to flow over the

Provides little to no water control and non uniform

Factors Affecting the Selection of Surface Irrigation Systems

Less than .1% Slope

Sprinkler Irrigation Methods

Big Gun Traveling or

Sprinkler Irrigation Systems

Provides good control of water applied. Good for

Application uniformity is usually high, labor

Fixed Solid Set

Nearly all crops on any

Labor requirements are low, easily automated and

Factors Affecting the Selection of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems

Trickle Irrigation Methods

Micro Spray or Mist

Trickle Irrigation Systems

All terrains and most

Permits storage of water in

Micro Spray or Mist

Factors Affecting the Selection of Trickle Irrigation Systems

Improving Efficiencies of Existing Irrigation Systems

Ways to Improve Efficiencies

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