Scribd
Upload
410 views19 pages

08 Voltage Regulation and Per Unit System

The document discusses transformer voltage regulation in three sentences: 1) It defines the ideal and non-ideal voltage ratios for transformers under no load and full load conditions, and introduces the concept of voltage regulation as the percent difference between no load and full load voltages. 2) It shows equations for the non-ideal transformer relating primary and secondary voltages to the equivalent resistance and reactance, and how voltage regulation is affected by lagging, unity, or leading power factors. 3) It presents a phasor diagram relating primary and secondary voltages to the equivalent impedance and load current phasor.

Uploaded by

ashrafsaber
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
410 views19 pages

08 Voltage Regulation and Per Unit System

The document discusses transformer voltage regulation in three sentences: 1) It defines the ideal and non-ideal voltage ratios for transformers under no load and full load conditions, and introduces the concept of voltage regulation as the percent difference between no load and full load voltages. 2) It shows equations for the non-ideal transformer relating primary and secondary voltages to the equivalent resistance and reactance, and how voltage regulation is affected by lagging, unity, or leading power factors. 3) It presents a phasor diagram relating primary and secondary voltages to the equivalent impedance and load current phasor.

Uploaded by

ashrafsaber
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Transformer Voltage Regulation

UCF

Transformer Voltage Regulation (1)


Ideal:

VP
n
VS

Non-ideal:

NP
NS

UCF

Transformer Voltage Regulation (2)

No load (open circuit):

Full load : VP

VP
VSnl
n

VSfl ( Reqs jX eqs )I S

Voltage regulation: VR

VSnl VSfl
VSfl

100%

VP / n VSfl
VSfl

100%

UCF

Transformer Voltage Regulation (3)


VP
VSfl ReqsI S jX eqsI S
n
VR

Discussions:

VP / n VSfl

(1) Load is lagging (inductive)

I 0
s

VP / n VSfl VR 0

VSfl

100%

UCF

Transformer Voltage Regulation (4)


VP
VSfl ReqsI S jX eqsI S
n
(2) Load is resistive (unit power factor)

VP / n VSfl VR 0
(3) Load is leading (capacitive)

I 0
s

VP / n may be VSfl VR may be <0

Discussions on Phasor Diagram

UCF

VP
VS ReqsIS jXeqsIS
n

lagging load

I 0

leading load
I 0
s

Assume the angle of VS is 0.

Real part:

Imaginary part:

VP
cos VS Reqs I S cos I s X eqs I S sin I s
n
VS ( Reqs cos X eqs sin ) I S
VP
sin Reqs I S sin I s X eqs I S cos I s
n
( Reqs sin X eqs cos ) I S

Transformer VR Calculation Case I


UCF

VR

VP / n VS
100%
VS

Given: (1) VS (fixed)


(2) rated apparent power (VA) of the load
(3) power factor (pf) of the load
Find: IS and thenVP
IS : I S Srated / VS

cos1 ( pf )
I V
S

+ lagging, - leading

VP
VS ( Reqs jX eqs ) I S
n

Transformer VR Calculation Case II (1)


UCF

VP / n VS
VR
100%
VS
VP
VS ( Reqs jX eqs ) I S
n
Given: (1) VP (fixed)
(2) IS of the load
(3) power factor (pf) of the load
Find: VS
IS : cos1 ( pf ) + lagging, - leading
set

V 0
S

I V
S

IS IS e

jIS

Transformer VR Calculation Case II (2)

UCF

VP
VS (Reqs jXeqs )IS
n
VS ZeqsIS

lagging load

I 0
s

Imaginary part:

VP
sin ( Reqs sin X eqs cos ) I S = Im( Z eqs I S )
n

sin 1 ( Reqs sin X eqs cos ) I S / (VP / n) = sin 1 Im( Z eqs I S ) / (VP / n)

Real part:

VP
cos VS ( Reqs cos X eqs sin ) I S VS Re Z eqs I S
n

VP
VP
VS cos ( Reqs cos X eqs sin ) I S cos Re Z eqs I S
n
n
Or:

VP VP j
e
n n

VP
VS ZeqsIS
n

Transformer VR Calculation Case III


UCF

Given: (1) VP (fixed)


(2) ZL

VP / n VS
VR
100%
VS
VP
VS (Reqs jXeqs )IS
n
VS ZeqsIS

Find: VS
Assume the angle of VP is 0.
VP / n
IS
Zeqs ZL

VP VP j 0
e
n n

ZL VP
VS ZLIS
Zeqs ZL n

UCF

Example 3

For a 15 kVA, 2300/230 V, 60 Hz transformer, the equivalent circuit


parameters are:

Req 5, X eq 6, RC 100 k, X M 10 k
Find voltage regulation:
(1) The secondary voltage 230 V (fixed), full load at (a) 0.8 pf lagging;
(b)1.0 pf; (c) 0.8 pf leading;
(2) The primary voltage 2300 V (fixed), load current 65 A at
(a) 0.8 pf lagging; (b)1.0 pf; (c) 0.8 pf leading;
(3) The load resistance Z L 3+j2 .

trans3.m.

Per Unit System

UCF

Per Unit System (1)

Define Base Values


Normalization:
Actual quantity
Quantity in per unit
Base value of quantity

UCF

Per Unit System (2)

Analysis Procedure:
(1) select VA base and voltage base
VA base
(2) current base
voltage base
voltage base
(3) resistance base
current base
(4) normalize all the quantities (or : get quantities per unit)
(5) perform a standard circuit analysis with all quantities
in per unit
(6) actual values of results
base value solved quantity in per unit

UCF

Example 4 (1)

UCF

Example 4 (2)

Process is in trans4.m.

UCF

Non-ideal Transformer in Per Unit System


Or

UCF

Voltage Regulation in Per Unit System

Voltage regulation: VR

VSnl VSfl
VSfl

100%

VP / n VSfl
VSfl

100%

VP, pu VS , pu ( Req , pu jX eq, pu )I S , pu


Voltage regulation in per unit:

VR

VP, pu VS , pu
VS , pu

100%

UCF

Per-Unit Phasor Diagram

lagging load

VP , pu
VS , pu

VP , pu VS , pu Req , pu I S , pu jX eq , pu I S , pu

jX eq , pu I S , pu

Req , pu I S , pu

VP , pu

leading load

jX eq , pu I S , pu

Req , pu I S , pu
VS , pu

Assume the angle of VS , pu is 0.

Real part:

VP , pu cos VS , pu Req , pu I S , pu cos I s X eq , pu I S , pu sin I s


VS , pu ( Req , pu cos X eq , pu sin ) I S , pu

Imaginary part: VP , pu sin Req , pu I S , pu sin I X eq , pu I S , pu cos I


s

( Req , pu sin X eq , pu cos ) I S , pu

You might also like