Anp National Framework e
Anp National Framework e
A National Framework
2008
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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Evolution of Advanced Nursing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Definition and Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Educational Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Competencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Clinical Competencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Research Competencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Leadership Competencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Consultation and Collaboration Competencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Impact of Advanced Nursing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Support for Advanced Nursing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Looking to the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Appendix A: PEPPA Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Appendix B: The Consultation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Appendix C: Members of the National Working Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Introduction
Society and its health-care needs are always evolving. As a result, health care in
Canada today faces many challenges, including rising costs, shortages of professionals,
an aging population, the introduction of new technology and difficulties with access
to care. The demand for collaborative, innovative clinical practitioners to act as
leaders in health care has never been stronger. Nurses in advanced nursing practice
are well positioned to respond to the evolution of health care. In particular, advanced
nursing practice plays a key role in meeting the health needs of Canadians, by
building nursing knowledge, advancing the nursing profession and contributing
to a sustainable and effective health-care system.
The Board of Directors of the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) approved the
key elements of a national framework for advanced nursing practice in June 1999.
The first edition of Advanced Nursing Practice: A National Framework was published
in May 2000. That document defined advanced nursing practice, identified its characteristics and competencies, 1 and described the necessary educational preparation,
the various domains of practice and potential roles, and its regulation. The framework was deliberately broad, in part to allow for variations among jurisdictions and
in part to allow for evolution of advanced nursing practice roles. In March 2002,
the CNA Board of Directors revised one of
Terms defined in the glossary are presented in italics on first appearance in the text.
The advanced nursing practice framework contains the following key elements:
evolution of advanced nursing practice
definition and characteristics
educational preparation
roles
regulation
competencies
impact of advanced nursing practice
support for advanced nursing practice
Evolution of Advanced
Nursing Practice
opportunities, of which
advanced nursing practice
is one.
In Canada, the origin of the nurse practitioner lies in the work of nurses who, decades ago,
provided care that was otherwise unavailable in rural and remote areas. Nurse practitioners
gained formal recognition in the 1970s, when this role was recommended by policy-makers
as a way of providing health care to isolated populations. Education programs were started,
Advanced nursing practice is used by CNA as the umbrella term for the advanced level of clinical practice described in
this framework; individuals in advanced nursing practice roles are referred to in this document as advanced practice nurses.
Nurses refers to registered nurses.
As demand, technology and knowledge change the ways in which health care is delivered,
interest in advanced nursing practice is on the rise. Trends in the delivery of health care
are providing opportunities for nurses to expand current roles and create new ones. Nurses
can choose from a variety of diverse and equally valuable practice opportunities, of which
advanced nursing practice is one. As nurses move along the continuum of experience and
education, they acquire additional competencies that become incorporated into their
practice. This evolution enables nurses to contribute to the health-care system in new ways.
Although all nurses contribute to the health-care system through their work in
clinical practice, education, administration, research and policy, advanced nursing
practice focuses on the clinical domain in a wide array of practice settings. Clinical
practice not only incorporates direct client care but also involves a supportive and
consultative role. Canadian advanced practice nurses have the education, clinical
expertise, leadership skills and understanding of organizations, health policy and decisionmaking to play an important role in client and health-care system outcomes now and
in the future.
Definition and
Characteristics
Definition
Definition
Advanced nursing practice is an umbrella term describing an advanced level of clinical
nursing practice that maximizes the use of graduate educational preparation, in-depth
nursing knowledge and expertise in meeting the health needs of individuals, families,
groups, communities and populations. It involves:
analyzing and synthesizing knowledge;
understanding, interpreting and applying nursing theory and research; and
developing and advancing nursing knowledge and the profession as a whole.
Characteristics
In advanced nursing practice, nurses build on their expertise in a specialty area,
integrating and consistently displaying the following features and characteristics:
provision of effective and efficient care, delivered with a high degree of
autonomy, to an identified population;
demonstration of leadership and initiation of change to improve client,
organization and system outcomes;
deliberate, purposeful and integrated use of in-depth nursing knowledge,
research and clinical expertise, as well as integration of knowledge from
other disciplines;
depth and breadth of knowledge that draws on a wide range of strategies
to meet the needs of clients and to improve access to and quality of care;
ability to explain and apply the theoretical, empirical, ethical and experiential
foundations of nursing practice;
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Educational Preparation
photo : Comstock
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Roles
photo : Corbis
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Advanced nursing practice focuses on clinical practice, whether through a direct relationship with clients or through a supportive and consultative role. Nurse educators,
researchers and administrators must demonstrate competencies in advanced nursing
practice and must have clinical practice as a significant part of their role if they are to
be considered as functioning within advanced nursing practice.
Only two advanced nursing practice roles are recognized in Canada today: the clinical
nurse specialist and the nurse practitioner. These two roles are fundamentally different.
Clinical nurse specialists provide expert nursing care for specialized client populations.
They play a leading role in the development of clinical guidelines and protocols,
promote the use of evidence, provide expert support and consultation, and facilitate
system change (Association of Registered Nurses of Newfoundland and Labrador,
2007). In contrast, nurse practitioners provide direct care focusing on health promotion and the treatment and management of health conditions. They are registered
nurses with additional educational preparation and experience who possess and
demonstrate the competencies to autonomously diagnose, order and interpret
diagnostic tests, prescribe pharmaceuticals and perform specific procedures within
their legislated scope of practice (CNA, 2006a).
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and abilities.
Winnipeg, Manitoba
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Regulation
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roles to develop.
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Competencies
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Competencies are the specific knowledge, skills, judgment and personal attributes required
for a registered nurse to practise safely and ethically in a designated role and setting
(CNA, 2005). Core competencies for advanced nursing practice are based on an appropriate
depth, breadth and range of nursing knowledge, theory and research, enhanced by clinical
experience.3 They cut across specialty lines and are exhibited by all advanced practice nurses.
This framework separates competencies into four categories: clinical, research, leadership,
and consultation and collaboration. However, it is the effective and simultaneous interaction,
blending and execution of knowledge, skills, judgment and personal attributes in a wide
variety of practice environments that characterizes advanced nursing practice.
Clinical Competencies
The cornerstone of advanced nursing practice is expertise in a specialized area of nursing.
Through a holistic and integrated approach, the nurse works in partnership with the client
and other members of the health-care team in the provision of comprehensive care.
An advanced practice nurse integrates extensive clinical experience with theory, research
and in-depth nursing and related knowledge to:
develop multiple advanced assessment and intervention strategies within a
client-centred framework for individual clients, communities and populations;
use qualitative and quantitative data from multiple sources, often in ambiguous
and complex situations, when making clinical decisions and initiating and
managing change;
analyze the complex interaction of sociological, psychological and physiological
processes, determinants of health and clients lived experience;
Competencies specific to the nurse practitioner role and responsibilities are identified in Canadian Nurse Practitioner:
Core Competency Framework (CNA, 2005).
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Research Competencies
Generating, synthesizing and using research evidence is central to advanced
nursing practice.
An advanced practice nurse is able to:
identify and implement research-based innovations for improving client
care, organizations or systems;
as either primary investigator or collaborator with other members of the
health-care team or community, identify, conduct and support research
that enhances or benefits nursing practice;
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Advanced practice
nurses are leaders in
they work.
health-care system;
critique, interpret, apply and disseminate evidence-based findings; and
contribute to nursing and the health-care system by disseminating new
knowledge through formal and informal channels, including presentation
and publication at the local, regional, national and international levels.
Leadership Competencies
Advanced practice nurses are leaders in the organizations and communities where they
work. They are agents of change, consistently seeking effective new ways to practise, to
improve the delivery of care, to shape their organizations, to benefit the public and to
influence health policy.
An advanced practice nurse demonstrates leadership by:
advocating for individuals, families, groups and communities in relation to
treatment, the health-care system and policy decisions that affect health and
quality of life;
identifying the learning needs of nurses and other members of the health-care
team and finding or developing programs and resources to meet those needs;
mentoring and coaching nursing colleagues, other members of the healthcare team, and students;
advocating for and promoting the importance of health-care access and
advanced nursing practice to nurses and other health professionals, the
public, legislators and policy-makers;
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27
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Impact of Advanced
Nursing Practice
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supportive to a leading
experience and education to take nursing practice to new levels, as they have moved
from a supportive to a leading role in client care.
Evidence about the benefits of advanced nursing practice is now building. Cunningham
(2004, p. 219) has stated that nurses in advanced nursing practice enrich health care by
adding value to the delivery of health-care services. Bryant-Lukosius, DiCenso, Browne
and Pinelli (2004, p. 526) found that advanced practice nurses may improve client and
health-care system outcomes related to health status, functional status, quality of life,
satisfaction with care and cost efficiency. DeGrasse and Nicklin (2001, p. 8) reported
that the use of advanced practice nurses decreased
the number of hospital admissions and emergency
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Hamilton, Ontario
practice is an innovative and exciting development that provides nurses with an opportunity
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better outcomes for very low birth weight babies; they also found that cancer
patients whose care team included a clinical nurse specialist had fewer complications.
Perhaps the most important aspect of the article was the scope of information it
covered: in addition to the research pieces, the authors reviewed 31 publications about
program development and evaluation and 25 anecdotal accounts. These numbers are
a sign that the knowledge base for advanced nursing practice is building, but Fulton
and Baldwin (2004, p. 22) warned that although the number of articles had drastically
increased, the scope of everyday [clinical nurse specialist] accomplishments is not
completely captured in published work. [Clinical nurse specialists] improve care
practice on a daily basis.
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34
35
36
photo : Corbis
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Canadas health-care needs are growing with the aging of the population, continued
shortages in the supply of health human resources, increasing complexity of the health-care
system and mounting pressure to contain costs. Advanced nursing practice is helping to
meet these growing needs. To have a far-reaching impact, however, advanced nursing
practice must be promoted and sustained.
New advanced nursing practice roles should be introduced only in response to the healthcare needs of Canadians and must be based on solid evidence of those needs. CNAs position
statement National Planning for Human Resources in the Health Sector states that needs-based
planning anticipates health needs on the basis of demographic, epidemiological, and cultural
factors and includes benchmarking for regional variation and review of specialty mix within
and between disciplines (CNA, 2006c).
developed collaboratively.
needed and whether it will be effective. These steps include defining the patient population,
defining new models of care and the place of the advanced practice nurse within them,
implementing the new models of care and long-term monitoring.
The Canadian Nurse Practitioner Initiative includes an implementation and evaluation
toolkit, which serves as a practical guide to assessing the need and readiness for the nurse
practitioner role. In addition, the toolkit identifies key steps and factors to support the
implementation of this role and ongoing monitoring of its effectiveness through a
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Glossary
Advanced nursing practice
Umbrella term for an advanced level of clinical nursing practice that maximizes the use of
graduate educational preparation, in-depth nursing knowledge and expertise in meeting the
health needs of individuals, families, groups, communities and populations. It involves:
analyzing and synthesizing knowledge;
understanding, interpreting and applying nursing theory and research; and
developing and advancing nursing knowledge and the profession as a whole.
Client
Client-centred care
Nurses achieve client-centred care by actively including the client and significant others
as partners in the care, [and by] identifying the clients goals, wishes and preferences
and making these the basis of the plan of care... (College of Nurses of Ontario, 2006)
Competencies
Credentials
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Graduate education
Education beyond the baccalaureate level, including masters, doctoral and postdoctoral
levels (Field, Stinson & Thibaudeau, 1992)
Mentoring
Nurse practitioner
A registered nurse with additional educational preparation and experience who possesses
and demonstrates the competencies to autonomously diagnose, order and interpret
diagnostic tests, prescribe pharmaceuticals and perform specific procedures within the
legislated scope of practice (CNA, 2006a)
Regulation
All of those legitimate and appropriate means governmental, professional, private and
individual whereby order, identity, consistency and control are brought to the profession;
through regulation, the profession and its members are defined, the scope of practice is
determined, standards of education and of ethical and competent practice are set and
systems of accountability are established (Styles & Affara, 1997)
Specialized practice
Practice that concentrates on a particular aspect of nursing, related to the clients age
(e.g., pediatrics, gerontology), the clients problem (e.g., pain management, bereavement),
the diagnostic group (e.g., orthopedics, vascular surgery), the practice setting (e.g., home
care, emergency) or the type of care (e.g., primary health care, palliative care, critical care)
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Appendix A
PEPPA Framework
Participatory, evidence-based, patient-centred process for advanced practice
nurse [APN] role development, implementation and evaluation
From: Bryant-Lukosius, D., & DiCenso, A. (2004). A framework for the introduction of an evaluation of advanced practice
nursing roles. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48 (5), 530-540. Reprinted with the permission of Blackwell Publishing.
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Appendix B
The Consultation Process
The Board of Directors of the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) approved the key
elements of a national framework for advanced nursing practice in June 1999. The
framework was first published in May 2000 in Advanced Nursing Practice: A National
Framework. In March 2002, the CNA Board of Directors revised one of the key elements
of the framework by establishing a graduate degree in nursing as the minimum educational requirement for advanced nursing practice
Changes in practice that emerged during CNAs 2005 Dialogue on Advanced Nursing
Practice and the Canadian Nurse Practitioner Initiative (2004-06) signalled the need
to update CNAs framework on advanced nursing practice.
In 2006, the CNA Board of Directors created a national working group to guide revision
of the framework. Its consultations involved one face-to-face meeting, numerous teleconferences and circulation of several draft documents among member jurisdictions
and national nursing and other health-care organizations. In addition, a discussion of
the draft framework by the CNA Board of Directors helped to guide the final version.
Feedback from the consultation process was extensive. Hundreds of responses were
received from associations, organizations and individual nurses. Although views on specific
aspects of the framework differed, there was strong consensus on the key concepts for
advanced nursing practice. Taking into consideration the feedback received and the consensus recommendations from the national working group, the CNA Board of Directors
approved the updated framework for advanced nursing practice in November 2007.
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Appendix C
Members of the National Working Group
Co-Chairs
Christine Rieck Buckley
Debbie Philipchuk
Members
Karen Antoni
Gail Beatty
Michle Brennan
Suzanne Durand
Stephen Leck
Francis Loos
Betty Lundrigan
Patricia McGarr
Blake Parkin
Cheri Vigar
Barb Waters
Jo Wearing
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Doug Wheeler
Joanne Winsor
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advanced practice nursing roles. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(5), 530-540.
Bryant-Lukosius, D., DiCenso, A., Browne, G., & Pinelli, J. (2004). Advanced practice nursing roles:
Development, implementation and evaluation. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(5), 519-529.
Canadian Nurses Association. (2005). Canadian nurse practitioner: Core competency framework.
Ottawa: Author.
Canadian Nurses Association. (2006a). Practice framework for nurse practitioners in Canada. Ottawa: Author.
Canadian Nurses Association. (2006b). Report of 2005 dialogue on advanced nursing practice. Ottawa: Author.
Canadian Nurses Association. (2006c). National planning for human resources in the health sector [Position
statement]. Ottawa: Author.
Canadian Nurses Association. (2006d). Canadian nurse practitioner initiative: Implementation and
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Canadian Nurses Association. (2006e). Health human resources chapter. In: Canadian nurse practitioner
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Cunningham, R. S. (2004). Advanced practice nursing outcomes: A review of selected empirical literature. Oncology Nursing Forum, 31(2), 219-230.
Daly, W., & Carnwell, R. (2003). Nursing roles and levels of practice: A framework for differentiating
between elementary, specialist and advancing nursing practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12, 158-167.
DeGrasse, C., & Nicklin, W. (2001). Advanced nursing practice: Old hat, new design. Canadian Journal
of Nursing Leadership, 14(4), 7-12.
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Field, P. A., Stinson, S., & Thibaudeau, M-F. (1992). Graduate education in nursing in Canada. In A. J.
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Fulton, J., & Baldwin, K. (2004). An annotated bibliography reflecting CNS practice and outcomes.
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in your health setting. Winnipeg: Author.
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specialist to your team. Winnipeg: Author.
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