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Lecture Today: Slotted Vs Unslotted ALOHA Carrier Sensing Multiple Access Ethernet

The document discusses several random access protocols used in the data link layer, including slotted and unslotted ALOHA, carrier sensing multiple access (CSMA), and Ethernet. It provides details on how slotted ALOHA, pure (unslotted) ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA with collision detection (CSMA/CD), and Ethernet operate, including their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses concepts like collision detection, propagation delay, efficiency calculations, and the CSMA/CD algorithm used in Ethernet.

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Rupesh Sushir
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72 views9 pages

Lecture Today: Slotted Vs Unslotted ALOHA Carrier Sensing Multiple Access Ethernet

The document discusses several random access protocols used in the data link layer, including slotted and unslotted ALOHA, carrier sensing multiple access (CSMA), and Ethernet. It provides details on how slotted ALOHA, pure (unslotted) ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA with collision detection (CSMA/CD), and Ethernet operate, including their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses concepts like collision detection, propagation delay, efficiency calculations, and the CSMA/CD algorithm used in Ethernet.

Uploaded by

Rupesh Sushir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Today





slotted vs unslotted ALOHA


Carrier sensing multiple access
Ethernet

DataLink Layer

Random Access Protocols




When node has packet to send





transmit at full channel data rate R.


no a priori coordination among nodes

two or more transmitting nodes collision,


 random access MAC protocol specifies:





how to detect collisions


how to recover from collisions (e.g., via delayed
retransmissions)

Examples of random access MAC protocols:






slotted ALOHA
ALOHA
CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA
DataLink Layer

Slotted ALOHA
Assumptions
 all frames same size
 time is divided into
equal size slots, time to
transmit 1 frame
 nodes start to transmit
frames only at
beginning of slots
 nodes are synchronized
 if 2 or more nodes
transmit in slot, all
nodes detect collision

Operation
 when node obtains fresh
frame, it transmits in next
slot
 no collision, node can send
new frame in next slot
 if collision, node
retransmits frame in each
subsequent slot with prob.
p until success

DataLink Layer

Slotted ALOHA

Pros
 single active node can
continuously transmit
at full rate of channel
 highly decentralized:
only slots in nodes
need to be in sync
 simple

Cons
 collisions, wasting slots
 idle slots
 nodes may be able to
detect collision in less
than time to transmit
packet
DataLink Layer

Slotted Aloha efficiency


Efficiency is the long-run
fraction of successful slots
when there are many nodes,
each with many frames to send
N nodes with many
frames to send, each
transmits in slot with
probability q (new
arrival or re-Tx)
 prob that node 1 has
success in a slot


For max efficiency


with N nodes, find q*
that maximizes
Nq(1-q)N-1
 For many nodes, take
limit of Nq*(1-q*)N-1
as N goes to infinity,
gives 1/e = .37


= q(1-q)N-1


At best: channel
used for useful
transmissions 37%
of time!

Total expected
utilization = Nq(1-q)N-1

DataLink Layer

Pure (unslotted) ALOHA


unslotted Aloha: simpler, no synchronization
 when frame first arrives


transmit immediately

collision probability increases:




frame sent at t0 collides with other frames sent in [t0-1,t0+1]

DataLink Layer

Pure Aloha efficiency


P(success by given node) = P(node transmits at to) .
P(no other node transmits in [t0-1,t0]) .
P(no other node transmits in [t0,t0 +1])
= q . (1-q)N-1 . (1-q)N-1
= q . (1-q)2(N-1)
choosing optimum q and then letting N -> infty ...

Even worse !

= 1/(2e) = .18

DataLink Layer

CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)


CSMA: listen before transmit:
If channel sensed idle: transmit entire frame
 If channel sensed busy, defer transmission

Human analogy: dont interrupt others!

Do we then get effective channel partitioning, with no


collisions possible?

DataLink Layer

CSMA collisions

spatial layout of nodes

collisions can still occur:


propagation delay means
two nodes may not hear
each others transmission

collision:
entire packet transmission
time wasted

note:
role of propagation delay in
determining collision probability

DataLink Layer

CSMA Efficiency
 Key parameters:
 Propagation delay (in seconds): tprop
 packet transmission time ttrans

 Efficiency depends only on tprop/ttran, and

decreases with this parameter.

DataLink Layer

10

CSMA Efficiency
 Decreases with tprop/ttrans
 Decreases with increasing distance

between nodes.

 t_{trans} = R/L, where R is the link speed

in bits/s and L is the frame length in bits.

 So efficiency decreases with increasing

link speed R.

DataLink Layer

11

CSMA/CD (Collision Detection)


CSMA/CD: carrier sensing, deferral as in CSMA
collisions detected within short time
 colliding transmissions aborted, reducing channel
wastage


 collision detection:
 easy in wired LANs: measure signal strengths,
compare transmitted, received signals
 difficult in wireless LANs: receiver shut off while
transmitting
 human analogy: the polite conversationalist
DataLink Layer

12

CSMA/CD collision detection

DataLink Layer

13

Ethernet
dominant wired LAN technology:
 cheap $20 for 100Mbs!
 first widely used LAN technology
 Simpler, cheaper than token LANs and ATM
 Kept up with speed race: 10 Mbps 10 Gbps

Metcalfes Ethernet
sketch

DataLink Layer

14

Star topology
 Bus topology popular through mid 90s
 Now star topology prevails

hub

DataLink Layer

15

Unreliable, connectionless service


Connectionless: No handshaking between sending
and receiving adapter.
 Unreliable: receiving adapter doesnt send acks or
nacks to sending adapter






stream of datagrams passed to network layer can have


gaps
gaps will be filled if app is using TCP
otherwise, app will see the gaps

DataLink Layer

16

Ethernet uses CSMA/CD


No slots
 adapter doesnt transmit
if it senses that some
other adapter is
transmitting, that is,
carrier sense
 transmitting adapter
aborts when it senses
that another adapter is
transmitting, that is,
collision detection


Before attempting a
retransmission,
adapter waits a
random time, that is,
random access

DataLink Layer

17

Ethernet CSMA/CD algorithm


1. Adaptor receives
4. If adapter detects
datagram from net layer &
another transmission while
creates frame
transmitting, aborts and
sends jam signal
2. If adapter senses channel
idle, it starts to transmit 5. After aborting, adapter
frame. If it senses
enters exponential
channel busy, waits until
backoff: after the mth
channel idle and then
collision, adapter chooses
transmits
a K at random from
{0,1,2,,2m-1}. Adapter
3. If adapter transmits
waits K512 bit times and
entire frame without
returns to Step 2
detecting another
transmission, the adapter
is done with frame !
DataLink Layer
18

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