2013 Bohol Earthquake

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2013 Bohol earthquake

2013 Bohol earthquake

The rubble of the Church of Our Lady of Light inLoon, Bohol,


the oldest and one of the largest in the province

Date

October 15, 2013

Origin time 0:12:32 UTC


8:12:32 PST[1]

Duration

34 seconds[2]

Magnitude

Mw

Depth

12.0 km (7.5 mi)[1]

Epicenter

7.2

9.880N 124.117ECoordinates: 9.880N


124.117E[3]

Type

Tectonic[1]

Areas
affected

Philippines

Max.
intensity

Intensity VII (Bohol and Cebu provinces)[1]

Landslides Cebu: Aloguinsan, Argao, Boljoon[4]


Bohol: Alicia, Antequera, Balilihan, Bilar,
Carmen, Clarin, Corella, Cortes, Danao,
Dimiao, Lila, Loboc, Loon[4][5]
Aftershocks 4,465 (122 felt) (as of December 31, 2013)
Casualties

222 dead; 8 missing; 976 injured[4]

The 2013 Bohol earthquake occurred on October 15, 2013, at 8:12 a.m.(PST) in Bohol, an island
[6]
province located in Central Visayas, Philippines. The magnitude of the earthquake at the epicenter
was recorded at Mw 7.2, located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) SW of Sagbayan town, at a depth of 12
[1][7]
kilometres (7.5 mi).
It affected the whole Central Visayas region, particularly Bohol and Cebu.
The quake was felt in the whole Visayas area and as far as Masbate island in the north and
Cotabato provinces in southern Mindanao.
According to official reports by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council (NDRRMC), 222 were reported dead, 8 were missing, and 976 people were injured. In all,
[4]
more than 73,000 structures were damaged, of which more than 14,500 were totally destroyed.
It was the deadliest earthquake in the Philippines in 23 years. The energy released by the quake
[8]
was equivalent to 32 Hiroshima bombs. Previously, Bohol was also hit by an earthquake on
[9][10]
February 8, 1990 that damaged several buildings and caused a tsunami.

On November 7, just 3 weeks after the quake, Super Typhoon Haiyan(Yolanda) struck the region.
Although the storm's eye missed the area affected by the earthquake, it sent some 40,000
Boholanos still living in temporary shelters back to evacuation centers and disrupted relief efforts in
[11]
the province.

Intensities

Intensity map during the Bohol Quake


The quake was felt several parts of Visayas and Mindanao. The strongest intensity was reported
in Sagbayan Bohol which is the epicenter of the quake which measured Intensity 8 to 9 classified by
Phvilocs as devastating. Intensity 7 to 8 was reported inMetro Cebu and Southern Cebu and the rest
of Bohol. Intensity 6 over Northern Cebuand some parts of Negros Oriental. Intensity 5 over the rest
of Negros Oriental andCamotes Island. Intensity 4 over Negros Occidental and Iloilo in
Visayas Misamis Oriental specifically Cagayan De Oro City in Mindanao Masbate in Luzon.

Geology

of the Visayasislands, showing location and strength


of quake. Star marks theepicenter (Sagbayan, Bohol).
Shakemap

Initially it was thought that the epicenter was 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of Carmen, Bohol, triggered
[8]
by the East Bohol Fault. But according to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS), the 7.2 earthquake may have been caused by a previously
undiscovered fault line transectingBohol running ENE-WSW parallel to the island's northwest
[12][13]
coast.
This was apparent in the pattern of epicenters of the subsequent aftershocks.

On October 20, a team of state volcanologists led by Dr. Teresito Bacolcol had discovered the
theorized new fault (now named North Bohol Fault) in Inabanga, a town 20 kilometres (12 mi) north
of the epicenter. Vertical displacement, as much 10 feet (3.0 m), was noted in the landscape of the
[14][15][16]
town. According to experts, the fault may be as much as 100 kilometres (62 mi) long.
It
was also noted that Bohol gained around 500 meters more of shoreline due to the quake and shifted
[17][18]
55 centimetres (22 in) west towards Cebu Island.

North Bohol Fault

Raised sea bottom at Loon (the water used to extend to


the mangroves at right)
PHIVOLCS reported that the North Bohol Fault (NBF), which generated the Mw 7.2 earthquake, is a
northeast-southwest trending reverse fault along the western sector of Bohol island. Surface
ruptures ranging from 0.10 metres (3.9 in) to as high as 5 metres (16 ft) in vertical displacements
were exposed in Barangay Anonang in Inabanga, Bohol. The mapped surface of NBF is 6 kilometres
(3.7 mi) long from Barangay New Anonang in Buenavista to Barangay Napo in Inabanga and
generally trends 40 degrees northeast and dips at 50 degrees southeast. The team continues to
map its probable extension of NBF northeast of Inabanga towards Getafe and southwest towards
[19]
Loon and Maribojoc.
The longest, continuous individual trace mapped by the team is approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi)
in Barangay Anonang. In this barangay, surface rupture trends 40 degrees northeast. The surface
rupture manifested as prominent fault scarps, which range from 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) to 5 metres
(16 ft) of vertical displacements. Other geomorphic manifestations observed in Barangay Anonang
include 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) vertical displacement of Cawasan Creek in Sitio Calubian, producing a
small waterfall at the point where the fault transects the creek. Other typical features associated with
reverse faulting, such asscallops, bulges and warps, were also observed in the deformation zone,
[19]
which extended as wide as 30 metres (98 ft) in some places.

Aftershocks
Aftershocks continue to rattle Bohol Island and Cebu. As of December 6, 4,026 aftershocks were
[18]
recorded, 114 of which were felt.
Included in the aftershocks are the 5.3 magnitude tremor
[20]
experienced at 12:59 a.m. on October 26,
and another 4.8 magnitude quake at 1:28 p.m. on
[21]
November 12, centered at San Isidro, Bohol.

Warnings
[22][23]
The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center did not issue a Pacific-wide tsunami threat.
The United
States Geological Surveyissued a yellow warning, saying "some casualties and damage are possible
and the impact should be relatively localised. Past yellow alerts have required a local or regional
[24]
level response."
SHOA, of the Chilean Navy, stated the earthquake would not affect national or
[25][26]
South American coasts.

Casualties and infrastructure damage[edit]


The earthquake struck as the Philippines was observing the Muslim holiday of Eid-al-Adha. The
public holiday had closed schools, some businesses, and offices which helped reduce the number of
[27]
casualties.
A total of 2.25 billion worth of damage to public buildings, roads, bridges, and flood controls was
reported in Bohol and Cebu. A total of 671,103 families or more than 3.2 million people were
affected by the quake. Out of the total number of affected, 71,822 families or more than 348,000
[4]
people were displaced.

Bohol
By far the most casualties and damage occurred in Bohol. A total of 209 people were confirmed
dead, 877 people were confirmed injured, and 8 confirmed missing. A rough estimate of the damage
[20]
is expected to be at least at 2.2 billion.
The town of Loon had the largest number fatalities (67).
Also, a total of 1,255,128 people (the province's entire population) were affected by the
[4]
quake. Nearly 71,900 residential houses were damaged (out of which 14,480 were totally
[4]
destroyed), with the towns of Loon, Tubigon, Carmen, and Calape among the worst affected.
A building at the Tagbilaran Port Terminal and a ceiling of the second floor and the airport tower
of Tagbilaran Airport inTagbilaran collapsed. The Church of San Pedro Apostol in Loboc, the Church
of Our Lady of Light in Loon and Santa Cruz Parish Church in Maribojoc collapsed; in Baclayon, the
facade of Church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception and its bell tower were totally damaged.
[28]
Other churches, such as in Loay, Dauis, Dimiao, and Tubigon were also heavily damaged.
In
Carmen, a freestanding bell tower and an observation deck in the island's renowned Chocolate
[29][30][31]
Hills were destroyed, with some hills themselves damaged by landslides.
Several government buildings and numerous schools in the province were also partially or totally
[4]
damaged, including the municipal halls of twelve towns. The Congressman Natalino P. Castillo,
Sr. Memorial Hospital in Loon collapsed, trapping and killing an unknown number of
[32]
patients.
Some 32 bridges, including many along the National Road, and 13 road sections were
damaged and impassable, hampering aid efforts. Energy services in the province were also cut
[4]
off.

Damage in Bohol

Destroyed houses in Loon

Destroyed town hall of Tubigon

Destroyed house in Tubigon

Destroyed church in Clarin

Ground rupture and destroyed home in Catigbian


,

1990 Luzon earthquake


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1990 Luzon earthquake

Cabanatuan City

Date

July 16, 1990

Magnitude

7.8 Ms

Epicenter

15.7N 121.2ECoordinates:

15.7N 121.2E

Areas affected

Philippines, Central Luzon, Manila,Bicol Region

Tsunami

eastern seaboard of Luzon

Casualties

1,621

The Luzon earthquake occurred on Monday, July 16, 1990, at 4:26 PM local time in the Philippines.
The densely populated island of Luzon was struck by an earthquake with a 7.8 Ms (surface-wave
magnitude). The earthquake produced a 125 km-long ground rupture that stretched from Dingalan,
Aurora to Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija as a result of strike-slip movements along the Philippine Fault and
the Digdig Fault within the Philippine Fault System. The earthquake epicenter was placed at 15 42'
N and 121 7' E near the town of Rizal, Nueva Ecija, northeast of Cabanatuan City.[1] An estimated
1,621 people were killed in the earthquake,[2][3] most of the fatalities located in Central Luzon and
the Cordillera region.
Contents
[hide]

1 Impact
o 1.1 Baguio City, Benguet
o 1.2 Cabanatuan City
o 1.3 Dagupan City, Pangasinan
o 1.4 La Union
2 Patterns of damage
3 Geology
4 Media coverage
5 Bibliography
6 References
7 External links

Impact[edit]
The earthquake caused damage within an area of about 20,000 square kilometers, stretching from
the mountains of theCordillera Administrative Region and through the Central Luzon region. The
earthquake was strongly felt in Metropolitan Manila, Destroying many buildings and leading to panic
and stampedes and ultimately three deaths in the National Capital Region,[4] one of the lowest
fatalities recorded in the wake of the tremor. The Southern Tagalog (nowadays Regions 4A and 4B)
and Bicol Regions also felt the quake, but with low casualty figures.

Baguio City, Benguet[edit]


The popular tourist destination of Baguio City, situated over 5000 feet above sea level, was among
the areas hardest hit by the Luzon earthquake. The earthquake caused 28 collapsed buildings,
including hotels, factories, government and university buildings, as well as many private homes and
establishments.[5] The quake destroyed electric, water and communication lines in the city.[6] The main
vehicular route to Baguio, Kennon Road, as well as other access routes to the mountain city were
shut down due to landslides, and it took three days before enough landslide debris was cleared to
allow access by road to the stricken city.[6] Baguio City was isolated from the rest of the Philippines
for the first 48 hours after the quake. Damage atLoakan Airport rendered access to the city by air
limited through helicopters.[6] American & Philippine Air Force C-130s did evacuate many residents
from this airport. Many city residents, as well as patients confined in hospital buildings damaged by
the quake were forced to stay inside tents set up in public places, such as in Burnham Park, or in the
streets. Looting of department stores in the city was reported.[7] Among the first rescuers to arrive at
the devastated city were miners from Benguet Corporation, who focused on rescue efforts at the
collapsed Hotel Nevada.[8] Teams sent by the Philippine government and by foreign governments
and agencies likewise participated in the rescue and retrieval operations in Baguio City. One of the
more prominent buildings destroyed was the Hyatt Terraces Hotel where at least eighty hotel
employees and guests were killed. However, three hotel employees were pulled out alive after
having been buried under the rubble for nearly two weeks, and after international rescue teams had
abandoned the site convinced there were no more survivors.[9] Luisa Mallorca and Arnel Calabia
were extricated from the rubble 11 days after the quake, while hotel cook Pedrito Dy was recovered
alive 14 days following the earthquake.[10] All three survived in part by drinking their own urine[10] and
in Dy's case, rainwater.[8] At that time, Dy's 14-day ordeal was cited as a world record for
entombment underneath rubble.[9]
The United States Agency for International Development was sponsoring a seminar at the Hotel
Nevada when the tremor struck, causing the hotel to collapse. 27 of the seminar participants,
including one American USAID official were killed in the quake.[5] Among those who were pulled out
alive from the ruins of the hotel was future senatoriall candidate Sonia Roco, wife of politician Raul
Roco, who was pulled out from the rubble by miners after 36 hours.[11]

Cabanatuan City[edit]

In Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, the tallest building in the city, a six-story concrete school building
housing the Christian College of the Philippines, collapsed during the earthquake, which occurred
during school hours. Around 154 people were killed at the CCP building. Unlike in Baguio City, local
and international journalists were able to arrive at Cabanatuan City within hours after the tremor, and
media coverage of the quake in its immediate aftermath centered on the collapsed school, where
rescue efforts were hampered by the lack of heavy equipment to cut through the steel reinforcement
of fallen concrete.[4] Some of the victims who did not die in the collapse were found dead later from
dehydration because they were not pulled out in time.[12] A 20-year old high school student, Robin
Garcia, was later credited with rescuing at least eight students and teachers by twice returning under
the rubble to retrieve survivors. Garcia was killed by an aftershock hours after the quake while trying
to rescue more survivors, and he received several posthumous tributes, including medals of honor
from theBoy Scouts of the Philippines and President Corazon Aquino's[13] Grieving Heart Award for
his heroic effort that caught the world's attention of the quake due to quick media coverage in the
city, since most of the buildings were damaged save for the CCP building which was collapsed
totally. The Christian College of the Philippines was the only building in Cabanatuan City that
collapsed during the earthquake. The city suffered about 363 casualties, (including 274 who were
trapped ), with 154 of them dead. Most of the buildings here suffered moderately.

Dagupan City, Pangasinan[edit]


In Dagupan City, about 90 buildings in the city were damaged, and about 20 collapsed. Some
structures sustained damage because liquefaction caused buildings to sink as much as 1 metre (39
inches). The earthquake caused a decrease in the elevation of the city and several areas were
flooded. The city suffered 64 casualties of which 47 survived and 17 died. Most injuries were
sustained during stampedes at a university building and a theater.

La Union[edit]
Five municipalities in La Union were affected: Agoo, Aringay, Caba, Santo Tomas, and Tubao with a
combined population of 132,208. Many buildings collapsed or were severely damaged. 100,000
families were displaced when two coastal villages sank due to liquefaction. The province suffered
many casualties and 32 of them died.

Patterns of damage[edit]
Based on preliminary analysis, cases and controls were similar in age and sex distribution. Similar
proportions of cases and controls were inside (74% and 80%, respectively) and outside (26% and
20%, respectively) buildings during the earthquake. For persons who were inside a building, risk
factors included building height, type of building material, and the floor level the person was on.
Persons inside buildings with seven or more floors were 35 times more likely to be injured (odds
ratio [OR]=34.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]=8.1-306.9). Persons inside buildings constructed of
concrete or mixed materials were three times more likely to sustain injuries (OR=3.4; 95% CI=1.113.5) than were those inside wooden buildings. Persons at middle levels of multistory buildings were
twice as likely to be injured as those at the top or bottom levels (OR=2.3; 95% CI=1.3-4.2).[14]
The earthquake caused different patterns of damage in different parts of Luzon Island. The mountain
resort of Baguio was most severely affected, it had a high population density and many tall concrete
buildings, which were more susceptible to seismic damage. Relief efforts proved difficult as all routes
of communication, roads, and airport access were severed for several days following the quake.
These efforts were further hampered by daily rainfall. Baguio is home to a large mining company and
a military academy; experienced miners and other disciplined volunteers played a crucial role in
early rescue efforts. Rescue teams arriving from Manila and elsewhere in Luzon were able to
decrease mortality from major injuries. Surgeons, anesthesiologists, and specialized equipment and
supplies were brought to the area, and victims were promptly treated. Patients requiring specialized
care (e.g., hemodialysis) not available in the disaster area were airlifted to tertiary hospitals. Damage

was caused by landslides in the mountains and settling in coastal areas. Relief efforts in these areas
were prompt and successful, partly because those areas remained accessible.[14]
On July 19, three days after the earthquake, the priority of relief efforts shifted from treatment of
injuries to public health concerns. For example, numerous broken pipes completely disrupted water
systems, limiting the availability of potable water, and refugees who camped in open areas had no
adequate toilet facilities. Early efforts at providing potable water by giving refugees chlorine granules
were unsuccessful. Most potable water was distributed from fire engines, and Department of Health
(DOH) sanitarians chlorinated the water before it was distributed. Surveys of refugee areas showed
few latrines; these had to be dug by the DOH.[15]

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