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Digital Meters - 7 - 2014

This document discusses digital multimeters (DMMs) and their use in measuring resistance, capacitance, and testing semiconductors. It describes how DMMs use shunts to measure current and convert AC to DC. For resistance measurements, DMMs use a known current source and measure the resulting voltage to determine the unknown resistance based on Ohm's Law. Capacitance is measured by charging the unknown capacitor to a reference voltage and measuring the required charge. Special DMM functions allow measurement of frequency, temperature, and continuity. The document concludes with assignment questions on DMM parameters and differentiating data logging and acquisition systems.

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Fazal Mcpherson
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60 views20 pages

Digital Meters - 7 - 2014

This document discusses digital multimeters (DMMs) and their use in measuring resistance, capacitance, and testing semiconductors. It describes how DMMs use shunts to measure current and convert AC to DC. For resistance measurements, DMMs use a known current source and measure the resulting voltage to determine the unknown resistance based on Ohm's Law. Capacitance is measured by charging the unknown capacitor to a reference voltage and measuring the required charge. Special DMM functions allow measurement of frequency, temperature, and continuity. The document concludes with assignment questions on DMM parameters and differentiating data logging and acquisition systems.

Uploaded by

Fazal Mcpherson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEASUREMENTS AND

INSTRUMENTATION
ELE 4101
LECTURE VII
Lecturer: Jomo N. Gill

CONCEPTS TO BE EXAMINED
- Digital multimeters contd

- Resistance, semiconductors and capacitor


testing

DIGITAL MULTIMETERS
- To measure currents, DMMs also
incorporate shunts
- Also load the circuit under test

- Convert ac to dc and obtain the


corresponding average value
- True rms readings consider harmonics in
the supply voltage or current
3

contd
- For a composite waveform, the DMM
indicates the appropriate quantity based on
the selector switch.
- Measure resistance by using a current
source to provide a known current
through an unknown resistance. The
voltage developed and Ohms Law are
used to determine the unknown
resistance.
4

CURRENT TO VOLTAGE
CONVERSION

RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT:
ALTERNATIVE METHOD

This works on the voltage


principle: Vo = (R1/RT).E

divider
6

RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT:
ALTERNATIVE METHOD II

This works on the principle that:


Vo = -(Rx/R1).E

LOW RESISTANCE
MEASUREMENTS
- In the eld and the design environment,
users encounter low resistances in devices
and circuits that include contacts found in
switches, relays, and connectors
- Likewise, users nd low continuity
resistances in PCB traces and cables.
Typical low resistance measurements are
within the range of 1 to less than 1 m
8

contd
- We note that lead resistances can
significantly impinge on accuracy when
measuring low value resistances.
- High quality DMMs circumvent this
problem by using 4-wire resistance
measurements.
- Some have resolutions as low as 100 .
9

contd

10

TESTING SEMICONDUCTOR
DEVICES
- A DMM can be used on the Diode
Function to test a diode. Both in-circuit
and out-of-circuit tests are possible.
- The forward biased connection should
give a reading of 650 mV or 300 mV and
the reverse biased mode should indicate
an open.
- DMMs can also test BJTs.
11

CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENTS
- These measurements are carried out by
measuring the charge required to change
the voltage across the unknown capacitor
from zero to reference, Vref.
- This is known as the ballistic type of
measurement.

12

contd

13

contd
- The unknown capacitor is fully charged
from zero up to Vref during the integrate
period.
- The charge Q is given by:

14

contd
Where

Finally,

Or

15

contd
The A/D converter integrates the voltage (V)
across the known resistor Rref and latches
the count. The capacitor is discharged
during the de-integrate and hold period. The
microcomputer (not shown) calculates and
displays the capacitance from the latched
count, which is proportional to the unknown
capacitance.
16

OTHER SPECIAL FUNCTIONS


DMMs also measure:
- Frequency
- True rms voltages and current
- Temperature
- Continuity

For these measurements, manufacturers use


modications to the basic techniques or add
special components to the basic system
components
17

THE 8060A FLUKE DMM

18

contd
- True r.m.s. a.c. voltage or frequency
measurement functions are added to the
basic conguration by the use of a true rms
ac converter block between the ac input and
the custom IC (MAC)
- For frequency measurements, the ac signal
is divided by the voltage divider and
buffered by the rms converter. The signal is
then applied to a comparator in the MAC for
counting, where the counter gate is
controlled by the microcomputer block
19

ASSIGNMENT NOs. 1 and 2


1. Define the various functional and
characteristic parameters of a typical DMM.
2. Differentiate between data logging and
data acquisition systems.

Due date:
1. October 02, 2014
2. October 23, 2014
20

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