Scribd
Upload
130 views9 pages

NC PRG

The document discusses CNC part programming and coding systems. It provides information on axis designation for machines, setting the origin, and common coding systems like BCD and ASCII. It also describes CNC code syntax including word address format, leading and trailing zero suppression. Preparatory codes, miscellaneous codes, modal and non-modal codes, and tool motion G-codes for linear and circular interpolation are defined. An example CNC program for machining a contour using various G-codes is also included.

Uploaded by

NAGU2009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
130 views9 pages

NC PRG

The document discusses CNC part programming and coding systems. It provides information on axis designation for machines, setting the origin, and common coding systems like BCD and ASCII. It also describes CNC code syntax including word address format, leading and trailing zero suppression. Preparatory codes, miscellaneous codes, modal and non-modal codes, and tool motion G-codes for linear and circular interpolation are defined. An example CNC program for machining a contour using various G-codes is also included.

Uploaded by

NAGU2009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Module

F (1) : CNC Part Programming I

(1.2 ) Axis Designation


An object in space can have six degrees of freedom with respect to an imaginary Cartesian coordinate
system. Three of them are liner movements and other three are rotary. Machining of simple part does not
require all degrees of freedom. With the increase in degrees of freedom, complexity of hardware and
programming increases. Number of degree of freedom defines axis of machine.
Axes interpolation means simultaneous movement of two or more different axes to generate required
contour.
For typical lathe machine degree of freedom is 2 and so it called 2 axis machines. For typical milling
machine degree of freedom is
, which means that two axes can be interpolated at a time and third
remains independent. Typical direction for the lathe and milling machine is as shown in figure 12 and
figure 13.

1.3 ) Setting up of Origin


In case of CNC machine tool rotation of the reference axis is not possible. Origin can set by selecting
three reference planes X, Y and Z. Planes can be set by touching tool on the surfaces of the
workpiece and setting that surfaces as X=x, Y=y and Z=z.

(1.4 ) Coding Systems


The programmer and the operator must use a coding system to represent information, which the
controller can interpret and execute. A frequently used coding system is the Binary-Coded Decimal or
BCD system. This system is also known as the EIA Code set because it was developed by Electronics
Industries Association. The newer coding system is ASCII and it has become the ISO code set because
of its wide acceptance.
(2) CNC Code Syntax
The CNC machine uses a set of rules to enter, edit, receive and output data. These rules are known as
CNC Syntax, Programming format, or tape format. The format specifies the order and arrangement of
information entered. This is an area where controls differ widely. There are rules for the maximum and
minimum numerical values and word lengths and can be entered, and the arrangement of the
characters and word is important. The most common CNC format is the word address format and the
other two formats are fixed sequential block address format and tab sequential format, which are
obsolete. The instruction block consists of one or more words. A word consists of an address followed
by numerals. For the address, one of the letters from A to Z is used. The address defines the meaning
of the number that follows. In other words, the address determines what the number stands for. For
example it may be an instruction to move the tool along the X axis, or to select a particular tool.

Most controllers allow suppressing the leading zeros when entering data. This is known

as leading zero suppression. When this method is used, the machine control reads the
numbers from right to left, allowing the zeros to the left of the significant digit to be
omitted. Some controls allow entering data without using the trailing zeros.
Consequently it is called trailing zero suppression. The machine control reads from left
to right, and zeros to the right of the significant digit may be omitted.
Types of CNC codes
(3.1) Preparatory codes
The term "preparatory" in NC means that it "prepares" the control system to be ready for
implementing the information that follows in the next block of instructions.
A preparatory function is designated in a program by the word address G followed by
two digits. Preparatory functions are also called G-codes and they specify the control
mode of the operation.
(3.2) Miscellaneous codes
Miscellaneous functions use the address letter M followed by two digits. They perform a
group of instructions such as coolant on/off, spindle on/off, tool change, program stop,
or program end. They are often referred to as machine functions or M-functions. Some
of the M codes are given below.
M00 Unconditional stop
M02 End of program
M03 Spindle clockwise
M04 Spindle counterclockwise
M05 Spindle stop
M06 Tool change (see Note below)
M30 End of program
In principle, all codes are either modal or non-modal. Modal code stays in effect until
cancelled by another code in the same group. The control remembers modal codes.
This gives the programmer an opportunity to save programming time. Non-modal
code stays in effect only for the block in which it is programmed. Afterwards, its function
is turned off automatically. For instance G04 is a non-modal code to program a dwell.
After one second, which is say, the programmed dwell time in one particular case, this
function is cancelled. To perform dwell in the next blocks, this code has to be
reprogrammed. The control does not memorize the non-modal code, so it is called as
one shot codes. One-shot commands are non-modal. Commands known as "canned
cycles" (a controller's internal set of preprogrammed subroutines for generating
commonly machined features such as internal pockets and drilled holes) are non-modal
and only function during the call.
On some older controllers, cutter positioning (axis) commands (e.g., G00, G01, G02,
G03, & G04) are non-modal requiring a new positioning command to be entered each
time the cutter (or axis) is moved to another location.

Command
group

Gcode

Function and Command


Statement

G00

Rapid traverse
G00 Xx Yy Zz

G01

Linear interpolation
G01 Xx Yy Zz Ff

Tool motion

Illustration

Circular Interpolation in
clock-wise direction
G02

G02 Xx Yy Ii Jj
G02 Xx Zz Ii Kk
G02 Yy Zz Jj Kk

Circular interpolation in
counter- clockwise
direction
G03 Xx Yy Ii Jj
G03 G03 Xx Zz Ii Kk
G03 Yy Zz Jj Kk

Command group

Gcode

Function and Command


Statement

Illustration

G17

Plane Selection G18

G19

XY - Plane selection

ZX - Plane selection

YZ - plane selection

Command group

G-code

Function and Command Statement

G20 or
G70

Inch unit selection

Unit Selection
G21 or
G71
Metric unit selection

Command group

Gcode

Function and
Command
Statement

Cutter
Offset and
diameter
G40
compensation
compensation
cancel

Illustration

Illustration

Cutter
G41 diameter
cancellation
left

Cutter
G42 diameter
compensation
righ

Command
group

G-code

Function and Command


Statement

Illustration

G00

Rapid traverse
G00 Xx Zz

G01

Linear interpolation
G01 Xx Zz

G02

Circular Interpolation in
clock-wise direction
G02 Xx Zz Ii Kk
(or)
G02 Xx Zz Rr

G03

Circular interpolation in
counter- clockwise
direction
G03 Xx Zz Ii Kk
(or)
G03 Yy Zz Rr

Tool
motion

Illustrative Example Program


A contour illustrated in figure 29.3 is to be machined using a CNC milling machine. The
details of the codes and programs used are given below.
Example:

Figure 29.3 An illustrative example

O5678
N02 G21
N03 M03 S1000
N04 G00 X0 Y0
N05 G00 Z-10.0
N06 G01 X50.0
N07 G01 Y20.0
N08 G02 X25.0
Y45.0 R25.0
N09 G03 X-25.0
Y45.0 R25.0
N10 G02 X-50.0
Y20.0 R25.0
N11 G01 Y0.0
N12 G01 X0.0
N13 G00 Z10.0
N14 M05 M09

Program number
Metric programming
Spindle start clockwise with 1000rpm
Rapid motion towards (0,0)
Rapid motion towards Z=-10 plane
Linear interpolation
Linear interpolation
Circular interpolation clockwise(cw)
Circular interpolation counter clockwise(ccw)
Circular interpolation clockwise(cw)
Linear interpolation
Linear interpolation
Rapid motion towards Z=10 plane
Spindle stop and program end

You might also like