Basic Concepts PDF
Basic Concepts PDF
EUROCODES
Name
Publishing
EN 1990: Basis of Structural design
2002
EN 1991: Actions on structures
2002
EN 1992: Design of concrete structures
2004
EN 1993: Design of steel structures
2004
EN 1994: Design of composite structures
2004
EN 1995: Design of timber structures
2004
EN 1996: Design of masonry structures
2004
EN 1997: Geotechnical design
2004
EN 1998: Design of structures for earthquake
2004
EN 1999: Design of aluminium structures
2004
DAV:
Enclosing a space
1,5NL/(hf)
= -1
N ( Pf )
Pf
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
1,28
2,32
3,09
3,72
4,27
4,75
5,20
1 to 5 years
25 years
50 years
100 years
Resistance R
L
Fire qfi
Limit states
Limit states - states beyond which the structure no longer fulfils
the relevant design (performance) criteria
Ultimate limit states
loss of equilibrium of the structure as a rigid body
failure, collapse, loss of stability
failure caused by fatigue or other time dependent effects
Internal ties
Continuous
vertical ties
In columns
and walls
Columns and wall
ties anchored into
structure at each
floor
Robustness
Horizontal tie
Vertical ties
Structural continuity
Overall stiffness
The Oldest
Building Law
Hammourabi, Babylon, 2200 BC
Variables
Basic variables in general random variables
actions F
properties of materials f
geometric data a
Model uncertainties
uncertainty of load effect E (F, f, a)
uncertainty of resistance R (F, f, a)
uncertainty of semi resulting variables
All variables may be time invariant (permanent load, geometric data)
or time variant (variable actions, material properties) - then time t
Example
Ed = GGk + QQk < Rd = A fyk /M
Classification of actions F
Permanent
G
Variable Accidental
Q
A
- Self-weight, fixed
equipment
- Prestressing
- Actions due to
water and earth
- Indirect actions,
e.g. due to sagging
of fundaments
- Imposed
loads
- Snow
- Wind
- Indirect,
e.g. due to
temperature
- Explosion
- Fire
- Impact of
vehicles
0,3
Actions F:
G, Q, P, g, q, p
0,2
Characteristic
value xk=x0,05
Standard deviation
0,1
The mean
0 05
p = 0,05
0,0
-3,5
1- p = 0,05
(x-)/
-2,5
-1,5
-0,5
0,5
1,5
2,5
3,5
Factors G and Q
EN 1990, 24.04.2002
Limit state
A-EQU
Load effect
Unfavourable
Favourable
B-STR/GEO Unfavourable
Favourable
C- STR/GEO Unfavourable
Favourable
1,10
0,90
1,35
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,50
0,00
1,50
0,00
1,30
0,00
Partial factors
Yield strength
Relative frequency
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
Outliers
0.000
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
A steel rod
Load effect
R
General
Design
values
Design of
rod area A
Resistance
E=G+Q
R = A fy
Ed = GGk + QQk Rd = A fyk /M = A fyd
Ed < Rd
A > Ed / fyd, or
GGk + QQk < A fyk /M
A > (GGk + QQk) / (fyk /M)
E
An example: Gk = 0,6 MN, Qk = 0,4 MN, G= 1,35 , Q= 1,5
Ed = 1,35.0,6+1,5.0,4 = 1,41 MN
fyk = 235 MPa, M = 1,10, fyd = fyk/ M= 214 MPa
A > Ed / fyd = 1,41/214 = 0,00659 m2 = 65,9 cm2
bxfc
0,8x x
d z
As
Asfy
a
As = b
f c
2 2M
(
)
h
a
f cb
f y
As M/(z fy)
z 0,9 d
Example:
Md = 0,1 MNm, d = 0.42 m, steel S500fyk=500 MPA, s=1,15
fyd = 500/1,15 = 435 MPA, z = 0,9d = 0,378 m,
As 0,1/0,378/435 = 6,08 10-4 m2 = 608 mm2
As
a
b
An example
Design load effect
Nd 1000 kN = 1 MN
Design strengths
fyd = 500/1,15
500/1 15 = 435 MPa , fcd= 20/1,5=
20/1 5= 13,3
13 3 MPa
Chosen reinforecement area
As~ 0.01 b h < 0,08 b h
b2 = h2 = Nd / ( 0,01 fyd + 0,8 fcd) = 1/15 = 0,067
b = h = 0,26 ~ 0,30 m > 0,20 m
Load Combinations
EN 1990, 24.04.2002
Ultimate limit states:
- Persistent and transient design situation:
EQU - equilibrium
STR - structure
GEO - soil or rock
FAT - fatigue (general rules)
(6.7)
(6.10)
(6.10)
(6.14)
(6.15)
(6.16)
Gj
j 1
or
j 1
j 1
G k j + P Pk + Q 1Q k 1 + Qi 0 i Q i
( 6 .10 )
i >1
Gj G kj
+ P Pk +
Qi 0 i Qi
( 6.10 a )
i 1
Gj G k j + P Pk + Q 1Q k 1 + Qi 0 i Q i
(6.10b)
i >1
kj
+ Pk + Ad + ( 11 or 21) Qk1 +
j 1
j 1
Gj
2i Qki
(6.11b)
i >1
G k j + Pk + I AEd + 2 i Q k i
( 6 .12 b )
i 1
G
j 1
kj
+ Pk + Qk1 + 0 i Qi
(6 .14 )
i >1
Frequent
F
t combination
bi ti - reversible
ibl andd local
l l effects
ff t
G
j 1
kj
+ Pk + 11Qk1 + 2 i Qki
( 6 .15 )
i >1
G
j 1
kj
+ Pk + 2 i Qki
i 1
( 6 .17 )
hs
hs
W
n hs
hs
a1
a1
a2
a1
Representative Values of Q
Characteristic value Qk
t1
t2
t3
Time
Factors i
EN 1990, 24.04.2002
Actions
Imposed
p
A,, B
Imposed C, D
Imposed E
0,7
,
0,7
1,0
0,5
,
0,7
0,9
0,3
,
0,6
0,8
Snow
Wind
Temperature
Cantilever beam
Actions g1, g2, q1, q2, G
q1
g1
(a)
g2
q2
(b)
(c)
(d)
B
l1 = 4,5 m
l2 = 3,0 m
q1
g1
g2
(a)
(b)
(c)
l1 = 4,5 m
l2 = 3,0 m
g1
(d)
(a)
g2
q2
(b)
(c)
(d)
B
l1 = 4,5 m
l2 = 3,0 m
Cantilevered Beam
q1
g1
(a)
g2
(b)
(c)
(d)
B
l1 = 4,5 m
Load
case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
q2
l2 = 3,0 m
Limit state
g1
Equilibrium, eq. (6.7)
0,90
Ultimate, eq. (6.10) (c)
1,35
Ultimate eq.
Ultimate,
eq (6.10)
(6 10) (b)
1 00
1,00
Ultimate, eq. (6.10)
1,35
Ultimate, eq. (6.10a) (c)
1,35
Ultimate, eq. (6.10b) (c) 0,851,35
Ultimate, eq. (6.10a) (b)
1,00
Ultimate, eq. (6.10b) (b)
1,00
Serviceability, eq. (6.14)
1,00
Serviceability, eq. (6.14)
1,00
Serviceability, eq. (6.15)
1,00
Serviceability, eq. (6.15)
1,00
Serviceability, eq. (6.16)
1,00
Serviceability, eq. (6.16)
1,00
g2
1,10
1,00
1 35
1,35
1,35
1,00
1,00
1,35
0,851,35
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
Action
q1
1,50
1,50
1,500,7
1,50
1,00
1,000,5
1,000,3
-
q2
1,50
1 50
1,50
1,50
1,500,7
1,50
1,00
1,000,5
1,000,3
G
1,10
1,00
1 35
1,35
1,35
1,00
1,00
1,35
0,851,35
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
Load Effects
-64.8
Eq(6.7) - shear
1
2
1
-4.0
Eq. (6.10)
bending moments
3
2
6.6
96.6
-176,2
-85,5
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
40,5
47,8
Use
15%
Other
15%
Actions
20%
Risk Assessment
System Definition
Hazard Identification
Propability P
Consequences C
Risk Ass. R = P C
Criteria R < Rt
EN 1991
EN 1992
EN 1995
EN 1997
EN 1993 EN 1994
EN 1996 EN 1999
EN 1998
Basis of design,
structural safety,
serviceability and
durability
Actions on structures,
ppermanent,, variable,,
accidental
Design and detailing
for structures made of
different materials
Geotechnical and
Seismic design
Concrete creep
Deformation of concrete