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Editors: Write HTML Using Notepad or Textedit

HTML can be edited by using a professional HTML editor like: Adobe dreamweaver Microsoft Expression web CoffeeCup HTML editor. For learning HTML we recommend a text editor like Notepad or TextEdit. Follow the 4 steps below to create your first web page with notepad.

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91 views

Editors: Write HTML Using Notepad or Textedit

HTML can be edited by using a professional HTML editor like: Adobe dreamweaver Microsoft Expression web CoffeeCup HTML editor. For learning HTML we recommend a text editor like Notepad or TextEdit. Follow the 4 steps below to create your first web page with notepad.

Uploaded by

amirgholami1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 53

HTML Editors

Write HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit


HTML can be edited by using a professional HTML editor like:

Adobe Dreamweaver
Microsoft Expression Web
CoffeeCup HTML Editor
However, for learning HTML we recommend a text editor like Notepad (PC) or TextEdit (Mac).
We believe using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.
Follow the 4 steps below to create your first web page with Notepad.

Step 1: Open Notepad


To open Notepad in Windows 7 or earlier:
Click Start (bottom left on your screen). Click All Programs. Click Accessories. Click
Notepad.
To open Notepad in Windows 8 or later:
Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your screen). Type
Notepad.

Step 2: Write Some HTML


Write or copy some HTML into Notepad.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Step 3: Save the HTML Page


Save the file on your computer.
Select File -> Save as in the Notepad menu.
When saving an HTML file, use either the .htm or the .html file extension. There is no
difference, it is entirely up to you.

Step 4: View HTML Page in Your Browser


Double-click your saved HTML file, and the result will look much like this:

HTML Basic Examples


Don't worry if these examples use tags you have not learned.
You will learn them in the next chapters.

HTML Documents
All HTML documents must start with a type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html>.
The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.
The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags:

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>

HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

The link address is specified in the href attribute.


Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The source file (src), alternative text (alt), and size (width and height) are provided as
attributes:

Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" alt="W3Schools.com" width="104" height="142">

HTML Elements
HTML documents are made up by HTML elements.

HTML Elements
HTML elements are written with a start tag, with an end tag, with the content in between:

<tagname>content</tagname>
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<p>My first paragraph.</p>


Start tag
<h1>
<p>
<br>

Element content
My First Heading
My first paragraph.

End tag
</h1>
</p>

Nested HTML Elements


HTML elements can be nested (elements can contain elements).
All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.
This example contains 4 HTML elements:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>


<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Example Explained


The <html> element defines the whole document.
It has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
The element content is another HTML element (the <body> element).
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The <body> element defines the document body.
It has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
The element content is two other HTML elements (<h1> and <p>).
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
The <h1> element defines a heading.
It has a start tag <h1> and an end tag </h1>.
The element content is: My First Heading.
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
The <p> element defines a paragraph.
It has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>.
The element content is: My first paragraph.
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Don't Forget the End Tag


Some HTML elements will display correctly, even if you forget the end tag:

Example
<html>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph
</body>
</html>
The example above works in all browsers, because the closing tag is considered optional.
Never rely on this. It might produce unexpected results and/or errors if you forget the end
tag.

Empty HTML Elements


HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.
<br> is an empty element without a closing tag (the <br> tag defines a line break).
Empty element can be "closed" in the opening tag like this: <br />.
HTML5 does not require empty elements to be closed. But if you need stricter validation, and
make your document readable by XML parsers, please close all HTML elements.

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags


HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>.
The HTML5 standard does not require lowercase tags, but W3C recommends lowercase in
HTML4, and demands lowercase for stricter document types like XHTML.

HTML Attributes
Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes

HTML elements can have attributes


Attributes provide additional information about an element
Attributes are always specified in the start tag
Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

The lang Attribute

The document language can be declared in the <html> tag.


The language is declared in the lang attribute.
Declaring a language is important for accessibility applications (screen readers) and search
engines:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The first two letters specify the language (en). If there is a dialect, use two more letters
(US).

The title Attribute


HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.
In this example, the <p> element has a title attribute. The value of the attribute is "About
W3Schools":

Example
<p title="About W3Schools">
W3Schools is a web developer's site.
It provides tutorials and references covering
many aspects of web programming,
including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XML, SQL, PHP, ASP, etc.
</p>
When you move the mouse over the element, the title will be displayed as a tooltip.

The href Attribute


HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
You will learn more about links and the <a> tag later in this tutorial.

Size Attributes

HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.


The filename of the source (src), and the size of the image (width and height) are all
provided as attributes:

Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142">
The image size is specified in pixels: width="104" means 104 screen pixels wide.
You will learn more about images and the <img> tag later in this tutorial.

The alt Attribute


The alt attribute specifies an alternative text to be used, when an HTML element cannot be
displayed.
The value of the attribute can be read by "screen readers". This way, someone "listening" to
the webpage, i.e. a blind person, can "hear" the element.

Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" alt="W3Schools.com" width="104" height="142">

We Suggest: Always Use Lowercase Attributes


The HTML5 standard does not require lower case attribute names.
The title attribute can be written with upper or lower case like Title and/or TITLE.
W3C recommends lowercase in HTML4, and demands lowercase for stricter document
types like XHTML.

Lower case is the most common. Lower case is easier to type.


At W3Schools we always use lower case attribute names.

We Suggest: Always Quote Attribute Values


The HTML5 standard does not require quotes around attribute values.
The href attribute, demonstrated above, can be written as:

Example
<a href=http://www.w3schools.com>
W3C recommends quotes in HTML4, and demands quotes for stricter document types like
XHTML.

Sometimes it is necessary to use quotes. This will not display correctly, because it contains
a space:

Example
<p title=About W3Schools>
Using quotes are the most common. Omitting quotes can produce errors.
At W3Schools we always use quotes around attribute values.

Single or Double Quotes?


Double style quotes are the most common in HTML, but single style can also be used.
In some situations, when the attribute value itself contains double quotes, it is necessary to
use single quotes:

Example
<p title='John "ShotGun" Nelson'>
Or vice versa:

Example
<p title="John 'ShotGun' Nelson">

HTML Attributes
Below is an alphabetical list of some attributes often used in HTML:
Attribute
alt
disabled
href
id
src
style
title
value

Specifies
Specifies
Specifies
Specifies
Specifies
Specifies
Specifies
Specifies

Description
an alternative text for an image
that an input element should be disabled
the URL (web address) for a link
a unique id for an element
the URL (web address) for an image
an inline CSS style for an element
extra information about an element (displayed as a tool tip)
the value (text content) for an input element.

A complete list, of all legal attributes for each HTML element, is listed in our: HTML Tag
Reference.

HTML Headings
Headings are important in HTML documents.

HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>
Note: Browsers automatically add some empty space (a margin) before and after each
heading.

Headings Are Important


Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.
Search engines use your headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.
Users skim your pages by its headings. It is important to use headings to show the document
structure.
h1 headings should be main headings, followed by h2 headings, then the less important h3,
and so on.

HTML Horizontal Rules


The <hr> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.
The hr element can be used to separate content:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<hr>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<hr>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

The HTML <head> Element


The HTML <head> element has nothing to do with HTML headings.
The HTML <head> element only contains meta data.
The HTML <head> element is placed between the <html> tag and the <body> tag:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
</head>
<body>
.
.
.
Try it Yourself

Meta data means data about data. HTML meta data is data about the HTML
document.

The HTML <title> Element


The HTML <title> element is meta data.
It defines the HTML document's title. It will not be displayed in the document.
However, it might be displayed in one of the browser tabs.

The HTML <meta> Element


The HTML <meta> element is meta data.
It defines the character set used in the HTML document.

More Meta Elements


In the following chapter you will learn more about meta elements:
The HTML <style> element defines internal CSS style sheets.
The HTML <link> element can define external CSS style sheets.

HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source


Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"
To find out, right-click in the page and select "View Page Source" (in Chrome) or "View
Source" (in IE), or similar in another browser. This will open a window containing the HTML
code of the page.

HTML Tag Reference


W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their
attributes.
You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial.
Tag
<html>
<body>
<head>
<h1> to <h6>
<hr>

Description
Defines
Defines
Defines
Defines
Defines

an HTML document
the document's body
the document's head Element
HTML headings
a horizontal line

HTML Paragraphs
HTML documents are divided into paragraphs.

HTML Paragraphs
The HTML <p> element defines a paragraph.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

Browsers automatically add an empty line before and after a paragraph.

HTML Display
You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.
Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results.
With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML
code.
The browser will remove extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed.
Any number of spaces, and any number of new lines, count as only one space.

Example
<p>
This paragraph

contains a lot of lines


in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>
<p>
This paragraph
contains
a lot of spaces
in the source
code,
but the
browser
ignores it.
</p>

Don't Forget the End Tag


Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph
The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it.
Forgetting the end tag can produce unexpected results or errors.

Stricter versions of HTML, like XHTML, do not allow you to skip the end tag.

HTML Line Breaks


The HTML <br> element defines a line break.
Use <br> if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

Example
<p>This is<br>a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>
The <br> element is an empty HTML element. It has no end tag.

The Poem Problem


Example
<p>This poem will display as one line:</p>
<p>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.


Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.
</p>

The HTML <pre> Element


The HTML <pre> element defines a block of pre-formatted text, with structured spaces and
lines.
To display anything, with right spacing and line-breaks, you must wrap the text in a <pre>
element:

Example
<p>This will display as a poem:</p>
<pre>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.
</pre>

HTML Tag Reference


W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML elements and their
attributes.
Tag
<p>
<br>
<pre>

Description
Defines a paragraph
Inserts a single line break
Defines pre-formatted text

HTML Text Formatting Elements


Text Formatting

This text is bold


This text is italic
This is

superscript

HTML Formatting Elements


HTML uses elements like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.
These elements are called formatting elements.

HTML Bold Formatting


The HTML <b> element defines bold text, without any extra importance.

Example
<p>This text is normal.</p>
<p><b>This text is bold</b>.</p>
The HTML <strong> element defines strong text, with added semantic importance.

Example
<p>This text is normal.</p>
<p><strong>This text is bold</strong>.</p>

HTML Italic Formatting


The HTML <i> element defines italic text, without any extra importance.

Example
<p>This text is normal.</p>
<p><i>This text is italic</i>.</p>
The HTML <em> element defines emphasized text, with added semantic importance.

Example
<p>This text is normal.</p>
<p><em>This text is emphasized</em>.</p>
Browsers display <strong> as <b>, and <em> as <i>.
However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags: <b> and <i> defines bold
and italic text,
but <strong> and <em> means that the text is "important".

HTML Marked Formatting


The HTML <mark> element defines marked or highlighted text:

Example
<h2>HTML <mark>Marked</mark> Formatting</h2>

HTML Deleted Formatting


The HTML <del> element defines deleted (removed) of text.

Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.</p>

HTML Inserted Formatting


The HTML <ins> element defines inserted (added) text.

Example
<p>My favorite <ins>color</ins> is red.</p>

HTML

Subscript

Formatting

The HTML <sub> element defines subscripted text.

Example
<p>This is <sub>subscripted</sub> text.</p>

HTML

Superscript

Formatting

The HTML <sup> element defines superscripted text.

Example
<p>This is <sup>superscripte</sup> text.</p>

HTML Text Formatting Elements


Tag
<b>
<em>
<i>
<small>
<strong>
<sub>
<sup>
<ins>
<del>
<mark>

Defines
Defines
Defines
Defines
Defines
Defines
Defines
Defines
Defines
Defines

HTML Styles

Description
bold text
emphasized text
a part of text in an alternate voice or mood
smaller text
important text
subscripted text
superscripted text
inserted text
deleted text
marked/highlighted text

I am Red
I am Blue
HTML Formatting Elements
In the previous chapter, you learned about HTML formatting elements.
Formatting elements are special HTML elements with a special meaning.
Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text, like
important text, emphasized text, subscripts, and superscripts.

HTML Styling
HTML styling has nothing to do with formatting elements.
Styling is about changing or adding the style of existing HTML
elements.
Every HTML element has a default style (background color is white, text
color is black ...)
Changing the default style of an HTML element, can be done with the
style attribute.

Example
<body style="background-color:lightgrey">
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
The bgcolor attribute, supported in older versions of HTML, is not valid in HTML5.

The HTML Style Attribute


The HTML style attribute has the following syntax:
style="property:value"

The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.

HTML Text Color


The color property defines the text color to be used for an HTML
element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="color:blue">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Text Fonts


The font-family property defines the font to be used for an HTML
element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="font-family:verdana">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:courier">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Text Size


The font-size propery defines the text size to be used for an HTML
element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1 style="font-size:300%">This is a heading</h1>


<p style="font-size:160%">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

HTML Text Alignment


The text-align property defines the horizontal text alignment for an
HTML element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="text-align:center">Centered Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Tthe <center> tag, supported in older versions of HTML, is not valid in HTML5.

Chapter Summary

Use the style attribute for styling HTML elements


Use background-color for background color
Use color for text colors
Use font-family for text fonts
Use font-size for text sizes
Use text-align for text alignment

HTML Quotation and Citation Elements


Quotation
Here is a quote from WWF's website:
For 50 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature. The world's leading conservation
organization, WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by 1.2 million members in the
United States and close to 5 million globally.

HTML Short Quotations


The HTML <q> element defines a short quotation.
Browsers usually insert quotation marks around the <q> element.

Example
<p>WWF's goal is to: <q>Build a future where people live in harmony with
nature.</q></p>

HTML Long Quotations


The HTML <blockquote> element defines a quoted section.
Browsers usually intend <blockquote> elements.

Example
<p>Here is a quote from WWF's website:</p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/index.html">
For 50 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature.
The world's leading conservation organization,
WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by
1.2 million members in the United States and
close to 5 million globally.
</blockquote>

HTML Quotations, Citations, and Definition Elements


Tag
<abbr>
<address>
<bdo>
<blockquote>
<q>
<cite>
<dfn>

Defines
Defines
Defines
Defines
Defines
Defines
Defines

Description
an abbreviation or acronym
contact information for the author/owner of a document
the text direction
a section that is quoted from another source
an inline (short) quotation
the title of a work
a definition termd

HTML Styles - CSS


CSS = Styles and Colors
M a n i p u l a t e
T e x t
C o l o r s ,
B o x e s

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color:lightgray}
h1
{color:blue}
p
{color:green}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

Styling HTML with CSS


CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
Styling can be added to HTML elements in 3 ways:

Inline - using a style attribute in HTML elements


Internal - using a <style> element in the HTML <head> section
External - using one or more external CSS files
The most common way to add styling, is to keep the CSS syntax in separate CSS files. But, in
this tutorial, the examples are internal, and simplified, to make it easier for you understand
it, and try it yourself.

You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

CSS Syntax
CSS styling has the following syntax:
element { property:value ; propety:value }
The element is an HTML element name. The property is a CSS property. The value is a
CSS value.
Multiple styles are separated with semicolon.

Inline Styling (Inline CSS)

Inline styling is useful for applying a unique style to a single HTML element:
Inline styling uses the style attribute.
This line styling changes the text color and the left margin of single paragraph:

Example
<h1 style="color:blue">This is a Blue Heading</h1>
Try it Yourself

Internal Styling (Internal CSS)


An internal style sheet can be used to define a common style for all HTML elements on a
page.
Internal styling is defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, using a <style>
element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color:lightgrey}
h1
{color:blue}
p
{color:green}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

External Styling (External CSS)


External style sheet are ideal when the style is applied to many pages.
With external style sheets, you can change the look of an entire site by changing one file.
External styles are defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, in the <link>
element:

Example
<DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

CSS Fonts
The CSS property color defines the text color to be used for an HTML element.
The CSS property font-family defines the font to be used for an HTML element.
The CSS property font-size defines the text size to be used for an HTML element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color:blue;
font-family:verdana;
font-size:300%;
}
p {
color:red;
font-family:courier;
font-size:160%
}
</style>
</head>
<html>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

The <font> tag, supported in older versions of HTML, is not valid in HTML5.

The CSS Box Model

Every visible HTML element has a box around it, even if you cannot see it.
The CSS border property defines a visible border around an HTML element:

Example
p {
border:1px solid black;
}
Try it Yourself

The CSS padding property defines a padding (space) inside the border:

Example
p {
border:1px solid black;
padding:10px;
}
Try it Yourself

The CSS margin property defines a margin (space) outside the border:

Example
p {
border:1px solid black;
padding:10px;
margin:30px;
}
Try it Yourself

The CSS examples above use px to define sizes in pixels (screen pixels).

The id Attribute
All the examples above use CSS to style HTML elements in a general way.
The CSS styles define an equal style for all equal elements.
To define a special style for a special element, first add an id attribute to the element:

Example
<p id="p01">I am different</p>
then define a different style for the (identified) element:

Example
p#p01 {
color:blue;
}

Try it Yourself

The class Attribute


To define a style for a special type (class) of elements, add a class attribute to the element:

Example
<p class="error">I am different</p>
Now you can define a different style for this type (class) of element:

Example
p.error {
color:red;
}

Tr <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<style>
p.error {
color: red;
text-align:center
}
h1.error {
color: blue;
}

</style>

<body>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p class="error">I am different.</p>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<h1 class="error">I am different.</h1>

</body>
</html>

Use id to address single elements. Use class to address groups of elements.

Deprecated Tags and Attributes in HTML5


In older HTML versions, several tags and attributes were used to style documents.
These tags are not supported in HTML5.
Avoid using the elements: <font>, <center> and <strike>.
Avoid using the attributes: color and bgcolor.

Chapter Summary

Use
Use
Use
Use
Use
Use
Use
Use
Use
Use

the
the
the
the
the
the
the
the
the
the

HTML style attribute for inline styling


HTML <style> element to define internal CSS
HTML <link> element to define external CSS
HTML <head> element to store <style> and <link> elements
CSS color property for text colors
CSS font-family property for text fonts
CSS font-size property for text sizes
CSS border property for visible element borders
CSS padding property for space inside the border
CSS margin property for space outside the border

HTML Style Tags


Tag
Description
<style> Defines style information for a document
<link>

Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource

HTML Links
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Links are found in nearly all web pages. Links allow users to click their way from page to
page.

HTML Links - Hyperlinks


HTML links are hyperlinks.
A hyperlink is an element, a text, or an image that you can click on, and jump to another
document.

HTML Links - Syntax


In HTML, links are defined with the <a> tag:

Link Syntax:
<a href="url">link text</a>

Example:
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>

Try it Yourself

The href attribute specifies the destination address (http://www.w3schools.com/html/)


The link text is the visible part (Visit our HTML tutorial).
Clicking on the link text, will send you to the specified address.

The link text does not have to be text. It can be an HTML image or any other HTML
element.

Local Links
The example above used an absolute URL (A full web address).
A local link (link to the same web site) is specified with a relative URL (without
http://www....).

Example:
<a href="html_images.asp">HTML Images</a>

Try it Yourself

HTML Links - Colors and Icons


When you move the mouse cursor over a link, two things will normally happen:

The mouse arrow will turn into a little hand


The color of the link element will change

By default, links will appear as this in all browsers:

An unvisited link is underlined and blue


A visited link is underlined and purple
An active link is underlined and red

You can change the default colors, using styles:

Example
<style>
a:link {color:#000000; background-color:transparent}
a:visited {color:#000000; background-color:transparent}
a:hover
{color:#ff0000; background-color:transparent}
a:active {color:#ff0000; background-color:transparent}
</style>

Try it Yourself

HTML Links - The target Attribute


The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.
This example will open the linked document in a new browser window or in a new tab:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>

Try it Yourself

Target Value
_blank

Description
Opens the linked document in a new window or tab

_self

Opens the linked document in the same frame as it was clicked (this is
default)

_parent

Opens the linked document in the parent frame

_top

Opens the linked document in the full body of the window

framename

Opens the linked document in a named frame

If your webpage is locked in a frame, you can use target="_top" to break out of the frame:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/" target="_top">HTML5 tutorial!</a>

Try it Yourself

HTML Links - Image as Link


It is common to use images as links:

Example
<a href="default.asp">
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML tutorial" style="width:42px;height:42px;border:0">
</a>

Try it Yourself

border:0 is added to prevent IE9 (and earlier) from displaying a border around the
image.

HTML Links - The id Attribute


The id attribute can be used to create bookmarks inside HTML documents.
Bookmarks are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader.

Example
Add an id attribute to any <a> element:
<a id="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>

Then create a link to the <a> element (Useful Tips Section):


<a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>
Or, create a link to the <a> element (Useful Tips Section) from another page:
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html_links.htm#tips">Visit the Useful Tips
Section</a>

Try it Yourself

Without a trailing slash on subfolder addresses, you might generate two requests to
the server.
Many servers will automatically add a slash to the address, and then create a new
request.

HTML Images
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Example

GIF Images

JPG Images

PNG Images

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>Spectacular Mountains</h2>
<img src="pic_mountain.jpg" alt="Mountain View" style="width:304px;height:228px">
</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself

Always specify image size. If the size is unknown, the page will flicker while the image
loads.

HTML Images Syntax


In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.
The <img> tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a closing tag.
The src attribute defines the url (web address) of the image:
<img src="url" alt="some_text">

The alt Attribute


The alt attribute specifies an alternate text for the image, if it cannot be displayed.
The value of the alt attribute should describe the image in words:

Example
<img src="html5.gif" alt="The official HTML5 Icon">
The alt attribute is required. A web page will not validate correctly without it.

HTML Screen Readers


Screen readers are software programs that can read what is displayed on a screen.
Used on the web, screen readers can "reproduce" HTML as text-to-speech, sound icons, or
braille output.

Screen readers are used by people who are blind, visually impaired, or learning disabled.

Screen readers can read the alt attribute.

Image Size - Width and Height


You can use the style attribute to specify the width and height of an image.
The values are specified in pixels (use px after the value):

Example
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px">

Try it Yourself

Alternatively, you can use width and height attributes.


The values are specified in pixels (without px after the value):

Example
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" width="128" height="128">

Try it Yourself

Width and Height or Style?


Both the width, the height, and the style attributes, are valid in the latest HTML5 standard.
We suggest you use the style attribute. It prevents styles sheets to change the default size of
images:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
img { width:100%; }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px">


<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" width="128" height="128">
</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself

At W3schools we prefer to use the style attribute.

Images in Another Folder


If not specified, the browser expects to find the image in the same folder as the web page.
However, it is common on the web, to store images in a sub-folder, and refer to the folder in
the image name:

Example
<img src="/images/html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px">

Try it Yourself

If a browser cannot find an image, it will display a broken link icon:

Example
<img src="wrongname.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px">

Try it Yourself

Images on Another Server


Some web sites store their images on image servers.
Actually, you can access images from any web address in the world:

Example
<img src="http://www.w3schools.com/images/w3schools_green.jpg">

Try it Yourself

Moving Images
The GIF standard allows moving images:

Example
<img src="programming.gif" alt="Computer Man" style="width:48px;height:48px">

Try it Yourself

Note that the syntax of inserting moving images is no different from non-moving images.

Using an Image as a Link


It is common to use images as links:

Example
<a href="default.asp">
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML tutorial" style="width:42px;height:42px;border:0">
</a>

Try it Yourself

We have added border:0 to prevent IE9 (and earlier) from displaying a border around
the image.

Image Maps
For an image, you can create an image map, with clickable areas:

Example
<img src="planets.gif" alt="Planets" usemap="#planetmap"
style="width:145px;height:126px">
<map name="planetmap">
<area shape="rect" coords="0,0,82,126" alt="Sun" href="sun.htm">
<area shape="circle" coords="90,58,3" alt="Mercury" href="mercur.htm">
<area shape="circle" coords="124,58,8" alt="Venus" href="venus.htm">
</map>

Try it Yourself

Image Floating
You can let an image float to the left or right of a paragraph:

Example
<p>
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" style="float:left;width:42px;height:42px">
A paragraph with an image. The image floats to the left of the text.
</p>

Try it Yourself

HTML Layouts
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Websites often display content in multiple columns (like a magazine or newspaper).

City Gallery
London
Paris
Tokyo

London
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with
a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.
Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its
history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.

Copyright W3Schools.com

HTML Layout Using <div> Elements


The <div> element is often used as a layout tool, because it can easily be positioned
with CSS.

This example uses 4 <div> elements to create a multiple column layout:

Example
<body>
<div id="header">
<h1>City Gallery</h1>
</div>
<div id="nav">
London<br>
Paris<br>
Tokyo<br>
</div>
<div id="section">
<h1>London</h1>
<p>
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United
Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.
</p>
<p>
Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia,
its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.
</p>
</div>
<div id="footer">
Copyright W3Schools.com
</div>
</body>

Try it yourself

The CSS:

<style>
#header {
background-color:black;
color:white;
text-align:center;
padding:5px;
}
#nav {
line-height:30px;
background-color:#eeeeee;
height:300px;
width:100px;
float:left;
padding:5px;
}
#section {
width:350px;
float:left;
padding:10px;
}
#footer {
background-color:black;
color:white;
clear:both;
text-align:center;
padding:5px;
}
</style>

Website Layout Using HTML5


HTML5 offers new semantic elements that define different parts of a web page:
header

Defines a header for a document or a section

nav

Defines a container for navigation links

section

Defines a section in a document

article

Defines an independent self-contained article

aside

Defines content aside from the content (like a


sidebar)

footer

Defines a footer for a document or a section

details

Defines additional details

summary Defines a heading for the details element

This example uses <header>, <nav>, <section>, and <footer> to create a multiple column
layout:

Example
<body>
<header>
<h1>City Gallery</h1>
</header>
<nav>
London<br>
Paris<br>
Tokyo<br>
</nav>
<section>
<h1>London</h1>
<p>
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United
Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.
</p>
<p>
Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia,
its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.
</p>
</section>
<footer>
Copyright W3Schools.com
</footer>
</body>

Try it yourself

The CSS
<style>
header {
background-color:black;
color:white;
text-align:center;
padding:5px;

}
nav {
line-height:30px;
background-color:#eeeeee;
height:300px;
width:100px;
float:left;
padding:5px;
}
section {
width:350px;
float:left;
padding:10px;
}
footer {
background-color:black;
color:white;
clear:both;
text-align:center;
padding:5px;
}

HTML Layout Using Tables


The <table> element was not designed to be a layout tool.
The purpose of the <table> element is to display tabular data.

Layout can be achieved using the <table> element, because table elements can be styled
with CSS:

Example
<body>
<table class="lamp">
<tr>
<th>
<img src="/images/lamp.jpg" alt="Note" style="height:32px;width:32px">
</th>
<td>
The table element was not designed to be a layout tool.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

Try it yourself

The CSS
<style>
table.lamp {
width:100%;
border:1px solid #d4d4d4;
}
table.lamp th, td {
padding:10px;
}
table.lamp td {
width:40px;
}
</style>

HTML Tables
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HTML Table Example


Number

First Name

Last Name

Points

Eve

Jackson

94

John

Doe

80

Adam

Johnson

67

Jill

Smith

50

Defining HTML Tables


Example
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>

<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>

Try it Yourself

Example explained:
Tables are defined with the <table> tag.
Tables are divided into table rows with the <tr> tag.
Table rows are divided into table data with the <td> tag.
A table row can also be divided into table headings with the <th> tag.

Table data <td> are the data containers of the table.


They can contain all sorts of HTML elements like text, images, lists, other tables, etc.

An HTML Table with a Border Attribute


If you do not specify a border for the table, it will be displayed without borders.
A border can be added using the border attribute:

Example
<table border="1" style="width:100%">
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>

Try it Yourself

The border attribute is on its way out of the HTML standard! It is better to use CSS.

To add borders, use the CSS border property:

Example
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
}

Try it Yourself

Remember to define borders for both the table and the table cells.

An HTML Table with Collapsed Borders


If you want the borders to collapse into one border, add CSS border-collapse:

Example
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
border-collapse: collapse;
}

Try it Yourself

An HTML Table with Cell Padding


Cell padding specifies the space between the cell content and its borders.
If you do not specify a padding, the table cells will be displayed without padding.
To set the padding, use the CSS padding property:

Example
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
th,td {

padding: 15px;
}

Try it Yourself

HTML Table Headings


Table headings are defined with the <th> tag.
By default, all major browsers display table headings as bold and centered:

Example
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Points</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>

Try it Yourself

To left-align the table headings, use the CSS text-align property:

Example
th {
text-align: left;
}

Try it Yourself

An HTML Table with Border Spacing


Border spacing specifies the space between the cells.
To set the border spacing for a table, use the CSS border-spacing property:

Example
table {
border-spacing: 5px;
}

Try it Yourself

If the table has collapsed borders, border-spacing has no effect.

Table Cells that Span Many Columns


To make a cell span more than one column, use the colspan attribute:

Example
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th colspan="2">Telephone</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
<td>555 77 854</td>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>

Try it Yourself

Table Cells that Span Many Rows


To make a cell span more than one row, use the rowspan attribute:

Example
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>First Name:</th>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Telephone:</th>
<td>555 77 854</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>

Try it Yourself

An HTML Table With a Caption


To add a caption to a table, use the <caption> tag:

Example
<table style="width:100%">
<caption>Monthly savings</caption>
<tr>
<th>Month</th>
<th>Savings</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January</td>
<td>$100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>February</td>
<td>$50</td>
</tr>
</table>

Try it Yourself

The <caption> tag must be inserted immediately after the <table> tag.

Different Styles for Different Tables


Most of the examples above use a style attribute (width="100%") to define the width of each
table.
This makes it easy to define different widths for different tables.
The styles in the <head> section, however, define a style for all tables in a page.
To define a special style for a special table, add an id attribute to the table:

Example
<table id="t01">
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Points</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>

Now you can define a different style for this table:


table#t01 {
width: 100%;
background-color: #f1f1c1;
}

Try it Yourself

And add more styles:


table#t01 tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #eee;
}
table#t01 tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #fff;
}
table#t01 th {
color: white;
background-color: black;
}

Try it Yourself

HTML Lists
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HTML can have Unordered Lists, Ordered Lists, or Description Lists:

Unordered HTML List

The
The
The
The

Ordered HTML List


1.
2.
3.
4.

first item
second item
third item
fourth item

The
The
The
The

first item
second item
third item
fourth item

HTML Description List


The first item
Description of item
The second item
Description of item

Unordered HTML Lists


An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles).

Unordered List:
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Try it Yourself

Unordered HTML Lists - The Style Attribute


A style attribute can be added to an unordered list, to define the style of the marker:
Style

Description

list-style-type:disc

The list items will be marked with bullets (default)

list-style-type:circle

The list items will be marked with circles

list-style-type:square

The list items will be marked with squares

list-style-type:none

The list items will not be marked

Disc:
<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Try it Yourself

Circle:
<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Try it Yourself

Square:
<ul style="list-style-type:square">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Try it Yourself

None:
<ul style="list-style-type:none">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Try it Yourself

Using a type attribute <ul type="disc">, instead of <ul style="list-style-type:disc">,


also works.

But in HTML5, the type attribute is not valid in unordered lists, only in ordered list.

Ordered HTML Lists


An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with numbers.

Ordered List:
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Try it Yourself

Ordered HTML Lists - The Type Attribute


A type attribute can be added to an ordered list, to define the type of the marker:
Type

Description

type="1"

The list items will be numbered with numbers (default)

type="A"

The list items will be numbered with uppercase letters

type="a"

The list items will be numbered with lowercase letters

type="I"

The list items will be numbered with uppercase roman numbers

type="i"

The list items will be numbered with lowercase roman numbers

Numbers:
<ol type="1">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Try it Yourself

Upper Case:
<ol type="A">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Try it Yourself

Lower Case:
<ol type="a">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Try it Yourself

Roman Upper Case:


<ol type="I">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Try it Yourself

Roman Lower Case:


<ol type="i">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Try it Yourself

HTML Description Lists

A description list, is a list of terms, with a description of each term.


The <dl> tag defines a description list.
The <dt> tag defines the term (name), and the <dd> tag defines the data (description).

Description List:
<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>

Try it Yourself

Nested HTML Lists


List can be nested (lists inside lists).

Nested Lists:
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ul>
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Try it Yourself

List items can contain new list, and other HTML elements, like images and links, etc.

Horizontal Lists
HTML lists can be styled in many different ways with CSS.
One popular way, is to style a list to display horizontally:

Horizontal List:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
ul#menu li {
display:inline;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Horizontal List</h2>
<ul id="menu">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself

With a little extra style, you can make it look like a menu:

Tables
Lists
Blocks
Classes

New Style:
ul#menu {
padding: 0;
}
ul#menu li {
display: inline;
}
ul#menu li a {
background-color: black;
color: white;
padding: 10px 20px;
text-decoration: none;
border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0;
}

ul#menu li a:hover {
background-color: orange;
}

Try it Yourself

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