White Paper: DB2 to Oracle Migration

MacDB2O 2006: Version – February 1, 2005

1. Overview
This document reviews Microsoft’s process methodology for migrating IBM Mainframe DB2 databases to
Oracle. Much of our work in this area has been done in conjunction with work projects intended to migrate
mainframe applications to server environments (Unix, Linux, Windows). We have our own migration tools
(MMK – Mainframe Migration Toolkit), as well as expertise in using industry standard tools such as Oracle
Workbench, Micro Focus Revolve, etc.

We are development partners of IBM and Oracle, and as well are partners of: Micro Focus, Migration
Transformation Consortium (MTC) for legacy migrations, and Mainframe Migration Alliance (MMA).

The methodology we use requires minimum interaction with the client’s mainframe production
environment, thereby reducing costs and minimizing interruptions of the production system. This is
achieved through a phased activity, in which most of the analysis, tool-creation, mock-conversion, testing
work is done on a PC (back office). Our global delivery model (offshore, near-shore, and onsite) further
minimizes costs for the client.

2. Process Phases
The migration process generally includes the following steps:

1. Creation of overall Project Plan

2. Creation of overall Migration Plan
3. Database Schema Migration
4. Data Migration

These are explained below:

2.1 Creation of Overall Project Plan

This involves the following activities:

• Determine migration scenario

• Identify all migration tasks
• Develop infrastructure sustaining processes
• Determine the training requirements
• Determine resources that will be required (HW,SW and people)
• Determine QA & Support processes and teams
• Identify customer responsibilities
• Determine MVS change management process
• Determine the environments -- Test, Development, Production
• Determine the network connectivity (VPN) to both source and target systems
• Determine the amount of data to migrate
• Determine the amount of customization for online and batch
 • Archiving of historical data to reduce the amount of data to migrate
• Determine the parallel testing strategy
• Determine details of integration with other systems
• Determine naming conventions and process standards
[eg: Oracle database object names can be 30 chars long whereas in DB2 it is 18 chars ]
• Prepare a proto target environment
• Test the migration scenario

2.2 Creation of Overall Migration Plan

This involves the following activities:

• Analyze customization and platform differences

• Develop an infrastructure plan
• Design the layout of the databases, table-spaces, and tables
• Estimate CPU and Storage (disk & memory) sizes
• Analyze and choose migration tools
• Analyze the fixes for present and future environments
• Develop plans for:
 Print migration
 Batch migration
 Testing (Test Criteria & Strategy )
• Determine customization of source applications required
• Determine conversion of JCLs etc. to shell scripts required
• Determine conversion/Customization of third party tools
• Determine EBCDIC-ASCII conversion - possible issues
• Develop plans for
 Security
 Backup and disaster recovery
 Administration
 Database monitoring
 Performance monitoring
 Change management
 Stress test
 Incident tracking
 Vulnerability assessment

2.3 Database Schema Migration

The phases involved in DB schema migration are shown in Fig. 1 and explained below:

2.3.1 Extract Database Meta data

This phase involves extracting and analyzing the source database structure, from the source DDL
statements. Modeling tools and reverse engineering can help in capturing all details of the schema.

2.3.2 Convert Database Objects

This is the major step of the schema migration process. All database objects in the source database need
to be converted to the equivalent objects in the target system. Typically objects such as data types,
tables, columns, views, indexes, stored procedures, triggers, packages, sequences, authorities, functions
etc. need to be converted. Factors such as data type, scale, precision, length and default values for table
columns, functions, and stored procedures, null values etc. can cause issues. Refer Section 4 for
examples of terminology differences between DB2 and Oracle.

2.3.3 Convert Queries

This is the next major phase in the database schema migration process. Even though the basic SQL
commands are the same, SQLs differs from engine to engine (Refer to Section 4 for examples of
differences between Oracle PL/SQL and DB2 SQL). SQL translation requires good expertise and
knowledge of both the source and target systems in order to avoid performance issues.

2.3.4 Implement Converted Objects

This phase involves building the database structure, on the target platform through scripts or the facilities
provided in the target system. Enhancements related to the schema or performance can also be
considered in this phase, utilizing the special features in the target system

2.4 Data Migration

The phases involved in data migration are shown in Fig. 2 and explained below:

2.4.1 Data Analysis

This phase involves walkthrough of the data presently in the database (or in use). Some data, which is
well accommodated in the source system, may not be accommodated in the target system. Usually the
volume of data is large and a full walkthrough may not be possible. In such cases random samples are
taken for identifying data items, which can cause problems in movement.

2.4.2 Data Cleanup / Enrichment

A data cleanup / enrichment prior to migration can help in effective movement of data. There could be
obsolete or unused items, as well as items which will not affect the source or target system if modified. If
this step is performed well in advance, the subsequent phases in this process will gain significant
advantage.

2.4.3 Conversion Study

This phase involves assimilation of the outputs from the above two phases, and detailed study for
finalization of a conversion strategy. This phase can be categorized into the following steps:

 Fitment / Conversion Study – Output of this phase is a study report detailing the changes
required in the data items for the movement.

 Formation of Migration Strategy – Output of this phase is the “Migration Strategy Document”
detailing the planned process of migration, tools planned to be used etc.

 Finalization of Scope of Migration - In this phase, the scope of migration is defined. Items such
as scope, limitations, performance and maintenance issues etc. need to be well defined.

 Finalization of Acceptance Criteria – This phase will define the acceptance / test criteria, test
process and test procedures to ensure that the data movement is fault free.

2.4.3.1 Conversion Strategy Signoff

In this phase, user (client) approves all the documents mentioned above. This phase is very crucial, while
handling critical data.

2.4.4 Conversion Tool Preparation

In this phase, the tools required for the data movement are developed (or customized). In production
systems, tools are very crucial since the final data movement is done in one shot (usually in 1 or 2 days
during off hours or holidays). The tools preparation is a full project activity of its own involving all phases
of SDLC.

2.4.5 Mock Conversion

In this phase, a mock conversion is performed, using the existing data in the source system. This may
involve several rounds as below:

Mock Conversion Round 1

Fixing of mismatches observed in round 1
Mock Conversion Round 2
Fixing of mismatches observed in round 2
…
It is very important to document the change records during this phase.

2.4.6 Conversion for Parallel Run

Usually a pre-production system is setup for parallel run to which the data migration can be performed to
ensure that the migration is problem-free. In this phase a one-shot data migration from the source system
to the pre-production system is performed. Detailed testing is carried out to ensure that the data migration
is fault free. Detailed performance testing and monitoring is also done in this phase.

2.4.7 Conversion for Live System

This is the final step of actual data movement from source system to target system. In production
systems, this should be done in one shot when the system is not active (usually off hours or holidays). In
24x7 systems, the system may have to be brought down to off-line mode for the data movement.

3. General Milestones and Deliverables

Generally we envisage documents that include the following:

Planning
 Overall Project Plan Document
 Overall Migration Plan Document
 System Overview document
 Plan – Sign Off

Analysis & Design

 Gap Analysis document
 SRS - Migration Specification document
 Data Migration Strategy document
 Migration Tools (Design/Test/Usage) documents
 User Acceptance Test Plan (UAT) document
 Test Criteria, Plan & Procedures
 Migration Strategy & Tools – Sign Off
  Design – Sign Off
Schema Migration
 Schema Migration Reports
 Unit Test Reports (Schema Validation)
 Schema Migration – Sign Off

Data Migration
 Mockup Data Migration Reports (including cleanup details)
 Unit Test Reports
 Data Migration – Sign Off
User Acceptance Test
 Test Reports
 UAT – Sign Off

Installation/Live Run
 Live Migration Test Reports
 Live Cutover – Sign Off

Delivery & Post implementation Support

 Parallel Run Reports
 Tools & Application Software developed
 All other documents
 Project – Sign Off

4. Examples of Differences between DB2 and Oracle

Terminology DB2 Oracle

Database A subsystem can have more than one Each instance has one database
database. Databases are used to and one set of system catalog
logically group application data. All tables.
databases share the same system
catalogs, system parameters, and
processes in the subsystem. DBADM
authority is granted on the database
level. SYSADM authority is granted at
the subsystem level.
Tablespace A database is logically divided into A database is logically divided into
tablespaces. There are several tablespaces. A tablespace can point
tablespace types: simple, segmented, to one or more physical database
partitioned and large partitioned (for files on disk. One or more tables
16 TB tables). A non-partitioned can reside in a tablespace
tablespace points to one physical
VSAM file on DASD. A partitioned
tablespace points to one VSAM file
per partition on DASD. A segmented
or simple tablespace can contain one
 or more tables.
Blocks Equivalent to pages; 4 K, 8 K, 16 K, The smallest unit of database
32 K. storage. Database files are
formatted into blocks, which can be
from 2 K to 16 K.
Extents The unit by which storage is allocated The unit by which storage is
for a VSAM file. The size of the allocated in a database file. The size
primary and secondary extents is of the primary and secondary
specified in the CREATE extents are specified in the Storage
TABLESPACE statement. A VSAM file clause of the CREATE TABLE or
can grow up to a maximum of 119 CREATE INDEX statements or
secondary extents. Extents are made default to the sizes specified in the
up of contiguous pages. CREATE TABLESPACE statement.
Extents are allocated until there is
no
more free space in the files that
make up the tablespace, or the
maximum number of extents has
been reached. The size of
the file is specified in the CREATE
TABLESPACE statement. Extents
are made up of contiguous blocks of
storage.
Stogroups A series of DASD volumes assigned a No equivalent.
unique name and used to allocate
VSAM datasets for DB2 tablespaces
and indexes.
Stored Stored procedures are written in C, Written in PL*SQL, JAVA etc. Stored
Procedures C++, COBOL, Assembler, PL/1or the procedures are stored in an Oracle
new DB2 SQL Stored Procedure table and executed from within the
language. The compiled host database.
language is stored on the DB2 server
and the compiled SQL is stored on
the database.
Plan A plan is an executable module of No equivalent.
SQL that is composed of one or more
packages and was created from a
DBRM. A DBRM is a module of un-
compiled SQL statements that were
extracted from the source program by
pre-compilation. A DBRM is bound
into a plan or a package.
Clusters No equivalent. Clusters are an optional method of
storing data. This approach creates
an indexed cluster for groups of
tables frequently joined. Each value
for the cluster index is stored only
once. The rows of a table that
contain the clustered key value are
physically stored together on disk.
Clustering An index created on a column of a No equivalent.
 Index table where the data values are
stored in the same physical sequence
as the index.
Allows for fast sequential access.
Secondary Secondary Authid or RACF Group. No direct equivalent in Oracle.
Authid Privileges can be granted to a Groups of privileges known as roles
secondary authid. Primary authids are can be granted to a user ID.
assigned to the secondary authid
Group. Primary authids inherit all
privileges granted to the secondary
authid (group) they are in.
Package A package consists of a single No equivalent as known in Oracle. A
program of executable SQL and the “package” in Oracle has another
access paths to that SQL. The meaning. Package is written in
package is stored on the database PL*SQL and allows you to group all
and invoked by the host language related programming such as stored
executable. A package is created by procedures, functions, and variables
doing a BIND. A package may be part in one database object that can be
of a PLAN. shared by applications.
Other PRIQTY INITIAL
examples of SECQTY NEXT
differences Smallint\Decimal NUMBER
FREEPAGE FREELIST
etc. etc.

5. Database Migration – General Questionnaire (Example)

A. Customer Data
Customer Name:___________________________________ Phone no.:____________________
Contact Person: ____________________________________Fax no.: ______________________

B. Technical Data

B.1 Source System

Hardware Model ___________________ Operating System Name _____________________
Operating System Version ____________ Database DB2 Database Version ___________
Size of Production Database ____________ No. of Concurrent Users in Production ____________
Avg. No. of On-line Transactions in Production per hour __________________________________
No. of Batch Processes _____________
(a ) Production No. of Databases ________ No. of Tablespaces ________ Size _______
(b ) Test No. of Databases ________ No. of Tablespaces ________ Size _______
(c) Development No. of Databases ________ No. of Tablespaces ________ Size _______
(d) Other ___________ No. of Databases ________ No. of Tablespaces ________ Size _______
List Names and Number of rows for the 10 largest tables in Production:
__________________ ____________
__________________ ____________
__________________ ____________
__________________ ____________
__________________ ____________
__________________ ____________
Have any stored procedures been written to access the database? ( ) Yes ( ) No how many _________
What is the average number of SQL calls per stored procedure? ____________
How long are the stored procedures (total number of statements) ____________
Have any triggers been written to access the database? ( ) Yes ( ) No how many ________
What is the average number of SQL statements per trigger _____________
How long are the triggers (total number of statements)? _____________
Is an archival process in place ( ) Yes ( ) No
Brief description of Hardware Configuration _____________________________________________

Brief description of application, third party tools & Host languages __________________________

__________________________________________________________________

B.2 Target System

Hardware __________________________ Operating System Name ____________________
Operating System Version ____________ Database: Oracle Database Version _________
Do Migration Tools such as “Oracle Migration Workbench” Exist ? ( ) Yes ( ) No

Brief description of Hardware Configuration _____________________________________________

Brief description of application, third party tools & Host languages __________________________
________________________________________________________________________