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CE 201 - Surveying: Measurement of Distance - Measurement of Distance - Chain Surveying

The document provides information on measuring distances using chain surveying. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences: Chain surveying involves measuring distances using a chain, which is ideally suited for rough terrain. Chaining involves unfolding the chain between stations, ranging intermediate points if the distance is longer than the chain, and then measuring and folding the chain. Ranging establishes points along the line between stations and can be done directly if the stations are visible, or indirectly if not, using reciprocal ranging through intervening points.

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69 views10 pages

CE 201 - Surveying: Measurement of Distance - Measurement of Distance - Chain Surveying

The document provides information on measuring distances using chain surveying. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences: Chain surveying involves measuring distances using a chain, which is ideally suited for rough terrain. Chaining involves unfolding the chain between stations, ranging intermediate points if the distance is longer than the chain, and then measuring and folding the chain. Ranging establishes points along the line between stations and can be done directly if the stations are visible, or indirectly if not, using reciprocal ranging through intervening points.

Uploaded by

nakul_kansal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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15-01-2012

CE 201 - Surveying
Lecture 3
Measurement of distance
Chain Surveying

Instruments
Distances can be measured by many methods
Chain

Tape

The term Chaining in survey work is used to


refer to measurement of distances with a
chain and Taping with a tape

15-01-2012

Chain

Chains are ideally suited for rough use in difficult terrain


It comes in 20 m and 30 m length (IS 1492-1954)
Each link is 20 cm long, Tallies at every 5 m
The ends of each link are bent into a loop and connected
together by means of oval rings.
To facilitate reading the fractions, brass rings are provided
at every 1 m between tallies
Handles are with swivel joints and links with open rings to
provide flexibility in handling reduces the risk of getting
kinks easily.

Testing and adjusting of a Chain

A chain can get shortened


By the bending of links, clogging of the connecting
links are made straight and adjust by stretching of
the links, and rings

A chain can get elongated


By the wear and tear of the links, joints are opened

15-01-2012

Other Accessories for Chaining


Ranging rod

Wooden peg

Plumb bob

Steel arrow

Contd
Ranging rods
Made of hollow steel pipe
They come in 3 m length and about 30 mm in dia.
They are painted in alternate bands of white and
red or while and black
Used for marking stations for the purpose of intervisibility and ranging

Plumb bob
To transfer points to the ground, specially useful in
measurement of sloping ground and so on

15-01-2012

Measuring distance with Chains


Chaining involves following operations
Marking the stations with the help of ranging rods
Unfolding the chain

Two chainmen are required


Chainman at zero end is follower
Chainman holding the forward handle is leader
Both handles in one hand, rest of the bundle is thrown in the
forward direction with the other hand chain is laid straight

Ranging
required when the distance is more than a chain length
To establish intermediate points in line with the main
stations

Measurement of distance
Folding the chain

Ranging a Survey Line


Ranging a survey line
Placing a line on the ground (along the shortest
distance between two points)
It is normally required when the line is longer than
the chain or tape length
Chain 30 m
?
P

Ranging must ensure that the intermediate points established,


lie along the line joining the two stations

15-01-2012

Ranging
Establishing one or more intermediate points
along a line connecting two main stations to
properly place the line and measure its length
is known as ranging.
For example, P and Q are two stations, at
longer than chain length s

- Ranging a line

Direct Ranging by eye


Used when stations are inter-visible but the
line is longer than the chain or tape length
Surveyor
s

Ranging rod

Assistant with
ranging rod

Ranging rod

Steps:
1. Place ranging rods vertically at two marked stations
2. An assistant holds a third ranging rod approximately within the chain length vertically
and moves it as per the instructions given by the surveyor
3. The surveyor should stand behind the rod and direct the assistant to move in line as
per mutually agreed signs

15-01-2012

Suggested signals with meanings


Signal

Action

Rapid sweeps with the right hand

Move right fast

Slow sweeps with the right hand

Move right slowly

Right arm extended

Continue moving to the right

Right arm up and moved to the right

Plumb the ranging rod to the right

Rapid sweeps with the left hand

Move left fast

Slow sweeps with the left hand

Move left slowly

Left arm extended

Continue moving to the left

Left arm up and moved to the left

Plumb the ranging rod to the left

Both hands above head and brought


down

Position correct, no movement

Both hands forward horizontally and


brought down briskly

Fix the ranging rod (point)

5. The surveyor finally checks the alignment of the three ranging rods before chaining

Direct Ranging by Line Ranger


Used only when two stations (A and B) are
inter-visible and far apart
b

d
Lower prism
P
B

A
a

Upper prism c

EYE

15-01-2012

Direct Ranging by Line Ranger


Used only when two stations (A and B) are
inter-visible and far apart
b

d
Lower prism
P
B

A
A

Upper prism c

EYE
Incorrect position

Correct position

Procedure for ranging by Line Ranger


It consists of two mirrors or right-angled isosceles
prisms placed one above the other
Two ranging rods are fixed at A and B
To obtain P on survey line AB, hold the line ranger
approximately near to the line AB
Upper prism receives rays from A and reflected by
diagonal ab towards the observer
Lower prism receives rays from B, reflected by
diagonal cd to the observer
Thus observer can see both the ranging rods A & B
The images of two rods may not coincide not in
line

15-01-2012

Indirect Ranging
This method is used when the stations are FAR
apart and NOT inter-visible
Also known as reciprocal ranging
Causes stations may not be inter-visible due
to intervening high ground or small hillocks
e.g. consider two stations A and B

Front view

Top view

15-01-2012

Front view

Top view

Steps
1. Select two intervening stations C1 and D1 such
that
a. from C1 both D1 and B are visible
b. from D1 both A and C1 are visible
2. With ranging rods placed vertically at A and B, two
persons take up positions with ranging rods at C1 and
D1 as closely aligned as possible with the line A B
3. The person holding the rod at C1 directs the person
holding the rod at D1 to come in line with BC1
4. The new position that D1 occupies is D2 in line with
BC1

15-01-2012

contd
5. The person standing at D2 can see C1 and A
6. This person from D2 directs the person holding
the rod at C1 to come in line with AD2
7. Thus the new position that C1 occupies is C2 in
line with AD2
8. This procedure is repeated alternately by both
the persons
9. With a few trials, the ranging rods at C and D
will be placed in line of A and B

10

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