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Protection Course - Chapter 2

This document discusses power system layout and relaying principles. It begins with an overview of key electrical engineering concepts and typical system configurations, including generation, transmission, distribution and substations. It then covers operating voltage levels and common diagram representations. The remainder of the document focuses on relay operating principles, including level detection, magnitude comparison, differential comparison, phase angle comparison, pilot relaying, harmonic content sensing, and frequency sensing. It also briefly discusses thermal, electromagnetic, solid-state and computer relays.

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ahmed s. Nour
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153 views57 pages

Protection Course - Chapter 2

This document discusses power system layout and relaying principles. It begins with an overview of key electrical engineering concepts and typical system configurations, including generation, transmission, distribution and substations. It then covers operating voltage levels and common diagram representations. The remainder of the document focuses on relay operating principles, including level detection, magnitude comparison, differential comparison, phase angle comparison, pilot relaying, harmonic content sensing, and frequency sensing. It also briefly discusses thermal, electromagnetic, solid-state and computer relays.

Uploaded by

ahmed s. Nour
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2 TWO

POWER SYSTEM
LAYOUT AND
RELAYING PRINCIPLES

Power system layout,


Review of short circuit calculation
Electrical engineering basic concepts
Three phase review and per unit.
Voltage levels,
One line and three line diagram,
Generation system layout,
Transmission Layout,
Distribution layout,
Substation

Simplified generation system

Generation illustration (a) single phase


and (b) three phase

Typical
generating
plant one line
diagram

Electrical Power System Layout

Operating Voltage Levels

Operating Voltage Levels

Three--Line and One


Three
One--Line
Diagrams

One--line diagram
One

Three line diagram


used to represent
each phase of the
three phase system
One line diagram
Is a shorthand
Version of the
three line diagram

Interc.system
Advantages
Reliability
Economic
Disadvantages
Complex
Power loss
Voltage drop

Common one line


diagram symbols

Impedance diagram for a power system

Bulk power
transmission system
transmit power
Facilitate interChange of power
Between utilities.
single line outage
Does not affect.

345 KV transmission
line to transmit bulk
power from remote
generating plants to
the system load
centers.
Note, there are
2conductor/phase

Subtransmission system. Note there is a set


of air break switches to isolate the line sec.

Application 2.2
Disconnect the system for
faults;
F1
F2

Over all view of transmission


substation

Air break switch installation

Breaker and half


scheme
above 100KV
2 main bus with
3 breakers
high reliability

Check for gen.


Synchr. And for
T1T4 supply

Ring bus
No. of CBs = No. of
lines
Economic
less reliability
Future CBs for
future ext.

Transfer bus
scheme
CB conn. TL to
main bus
disc. Sw. conn. TL
to transfer bus
Tr CB conn.
Buses 1,2

Application 2.3
It is required to remove one of
the CBs

Radial distribution layout

Most economic
One CB for TL
Lowest Flexibility.

Overall view of distribution sub.

Distribution
substation one
line diagram

Distribution system layout

Overhead
Cables
Dist.
Transformers

Overhead secondary dist. system

Radial manner
is used at each
user cables or
overhead may
used

Secondary network system

Secondary
network is
supplied at
various points by
net. transformers

Spot network system


Similar to
net.system but
supply isolated
load centers in a
particular location-

floors of high rise


building.

th
4

Lec.
CH 2

Ch 2
RELAY OPERATING
PRINCIPLES

RELAY OPERATING
PRINCIPLES

INTRODUCTION
In general, a relay can be designed to
respond to any observable parameter or
effect.. The fundamental problem in power
effect
system protection is to define the quantities
that can differentiate between normal and
abnormal conditions
conditions.. This problem of being
able to distinguish between normal and
abnormal conditions
is compounded by
the fact that 'normal' in the present sense
means that the disturbance is outside the
zone of protection.
protection.

Problem of relay selectivity for


faults at zone boundary

DETECTION OF FAULTS
In general, as faults (short
(short--circuits)
occur, currents increase in magnitude,
and voltages go down.
down. Besides these
magnitude changes of the ac quantities,
other changes may occur in one or more
of the following parameters
parameters::
phase angles of current and voltage
phasors, harmonic components,
components, active
and reactive power,
power, frequency of the
power system, etc.
etc.

Level Detection
This is the simplest of all relay
operating principles
principles.. As reviewed in
Suction
2.1,
fault
current
magnitudes are almost always
greater than the normal load
currents that exist in a power
system..
system
Consider
the
motor
connection to a 4 kV power system
shown in Figure 2.2.

Overcurrent protection of a
motor

Example
The full load current for the motor is 245
amperes.. Allowing for an emergency
amperes
overload capability of 25%
25%, a current of
1.25*
25*245
245=
=346 amperes or lower should
correspond to normal operation
operation.. Any
current above a set level (chosen to be
above 346 amperes by a safety margin in
the present example) may be taken to
moan that a fault, or some other abnormal
condition, exists inside the zone of
protection of the motor
motor..

Pickup Setting of the Relay


The level above which the relay operates is
known as the pickup setting of the relay.
relay. For
all currents above the pickup, the relay
operates, and for currents smaller than the
pickup value
value,, the relay takes no action
action.. It is
of course possible to arrange the relay to
operate for values smaller than the pickup
value,, and take no action for values above
value
the pickup
pickup.. An under voltage relay is an
example of such a relay.
relay.

Characteristic of a level detector


relay

Magnitude comparison relaying


for two parallel transmission lines

Magnitude comparison
One could use a magnitude
comparison relay which compares
the magnitudes of the two line
currents IA and IB
IB.. If | IA | is
greater than | IB | + , and line B is
not open, the relay would declare a
fault on line A and trip it, where is
a suitable tolerance
tolerance..

Differential Comparison
Differential comparison is one of
the most sensitive and effective
methods of providing protection
against faults
faults..
The concept of
differential comparison is quite
simple, and can be best understood
by referring to the generator
winding shown in Figure 2.5.

Differential comparison principle


applied to a generator winding

Phase Angle Comparison

Pilot Relaying
Certain relaying principles are based
upon information obtained by the relay
from a remote location
location.. The information
is usually -although not always - in the
form of contact status (open or closed)
closed)..
The information is sent over a
communication channel using power
line carrier, microwave, or telephone
circuits..
circuits

Harmonic Content
These abnormal conditions can be
detected by sensing the harmonic
content
through
filters
in
electromechanical or solid
solid--state relays,
or by calculation in digital relays
relays.. Once
it is determined that an abnormal
condition exists, a decision can be
made whether some control action is
required..
required

Frequency Sensing
Normal power system operation is at 50 or 60
Hz, depending upon the country.
country. Any
deviation from these values indicates that a
problem exists or is imminent.
imminent. Frequency
can be measured by filter circuits, by
counting of zero crossings of waveforms in a
unit of time, or by special sampling and
digital computer techniques
techniques.. Frequency
sensing relays may be used to take
corrective actions which will bring the
system frequency back to normal.
normal.

Relays
Some relays are also designed to respond to
mechanical devices such as fluid level
detectors, pressure or temperature sensors,
etc
etc.. Relays may be constructed from
electromechanical
elements
such
as
solenoids, hinged armatures, induction
discs, solid state elements such as diodes,
SCRs, transistors or magnetic or operational
amplifiers, or digital computers using
analog--toanalog
to-digital
converters
and
microprocessors

THERMAL RELAYS

Electromagnetic relay, Hinged


armature relays

SOLID--STATE RELAYS
SOLID

Solid--state Instantaneous Over


Solid
Over-current Relay

Waveform
of the
solid--state
solid
instantane
ous
overcurre
nt relay

COMPUTER RELAYS

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