IJBPAS, October, 2014, 3(10): 2304-2315

ISSN: 22774998

DETERMINATION OF NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITIONS OF RUMEX

CHALEPENSIS LEAVES: A NOVEL FINDING WITH IMPORTANT PRACTICAL
IMPLICATIONS
JAVAD SHARIFI-RAD1,2 , ABDOLHOSSEIN MIRI1,2*, MAJID SHARIFI-RAD3,
MARZIEH SHARIFI-RAD4 AND RAZIEH SHARIFI-RAD5
1: Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
2: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences,
Zabol, Iran
3: Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of
Zabol, Iran
4: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
5: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

*Corresponding Author: E Mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
In this syudy, nutritional composition of Rumex chalepensis leaves was invistegated. Results
mineral compositions showed that concentration of Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium
(K), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn) and Selenium (Se) were 44.25, 9.98, 4713.91,
65.32, 81.13, 7.59 and 0.001 in mg/100g dry matter, respectively. The results of amino acids
assay showed that

content of Arginine and Carnitine were 1731.22 and 189.5 mg/g,

respectively.The phytochemical screening of R. chalepensis leaf showed the presence of

alkaloid, saponnin, tannin, steroid, terpenoid, flavonoid, glycosides general, and glycosides
with steroidal ring. The results of proximate composition (mg/g) in R. chalepensis leaf extract
revealed the percentage of crude protein, crude fat, total ash, crude fibre, moisture content
and carbohydrate in dry weight were 6.89%, 16.33%, 7.9%, 9.52%, 77.98% and 68.77%,
respectively while the total gross energy was 654.53 kJ/100g. This study revealed that the R.
chalepensis leaf can contribute useful amount of nutrients to human diet.
Keywords: Rumex chalepensis, Amino Acids, Phytochemical Screening, Mineral
Compositions

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IJBPAS, October, 2014, 3(10)

Abdolhossein Miri et al

Research Article

INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants have been used for

investigate of their biological activities.

thousands of years to flavor and conserve

Traditionally, Rumex plants are used as

food, to treat health disorders and to impede

antitumor, astringent antidermatitis [10],

diseases

anti-inflammatory

comprising

epidemics.

The

[11],

diuretic,

knowledge of their healing attribute has

cholagogue, tonic, laxative agents [12] and

been transferred over the one hundred years

bactericidal [13, 14].

within and among human communities [1,

The objective of this study was evaluated

2, 3]. The active ingredients produced

phytochemical

during secondary vegetative metabolism are

mineral, and amino acid of R. chalepensis

generally responsible for the biological

leaves so that verify the usefulness of this

characteristic of various plants utilized

plant as useful medicinal plant and also use

throughout

it in drug formulation.

the

Earth

for

different

compositions

proximate,

objectives, such as cure of disease and pain

MATERIALS AND METHODS

alleviate. The use of medicinal plants has

Plant Preparation

been

majority

The fresh samples of the mature plant leaves

developing countries as therapeutic agents

were collected from the area surrounding

for the maintenance of good health [4, 5].

Hamun

Rumex chalepensis Mill, is a perennial herb

61 30 4 E), in Sistan and Baluchestan

greatly

Provinces,

greatly

observed

distributed

in

in

worldwide.

R.

Lake,

Iran.

Zabol

(31 1 43 N,

voucher

specimen

chalepensis belonging to the Polygonaceae

(accession no. 30148) was deposited in

family are known to produce a large number

Ferdosi University Mashhad Herbarium

of

(FUMH). It was appropriately sorted, leaf

biologically

metabolites,

such

important
as

secondary

phenolic

acids,

dried, powdered form and kept under

flavonoid, anthraquinones [6], steroids [7],

refrigeration in an airtight plastic bottle

leucoanthocyanidins and glycosides [8].

before examination.

The genus Rumex has attracted the attention

Preparation of Aqueous Extract

of many ressarchers because of its medicinal

Ground sample (30 g) was mixed with 300

properties. The genus Rumex leaves and

ml of distrelied water using a shaking water

roots have been used in traditional medicine

bath for 24 h at room temperature. The

for blood purification, constipation and

extract was separated from the solid

inflammation [9]. The growing interest in

concentrate by filtering through Whatman

numerous Rumex species has led to the

No. 1 filter paper. The remaining residue

2305

Abdolhossein Miri et al

Research Article

was re-extracted twice and the extracts were

protein

pooled. The solvent was removed under

addition Na/K, Ca/Mg, Ca/P and the

vacuum.

millequivalent ratio of [K/(Ca +Mg)]; the

Mineral Assay

mineral safety index (MSI) of Zn, Ca, Na, P,

In this study, the mineral elements of the

and Mg were measured [16]. for measuring

leaf plant were determined in the solution as

MSI, RAI is suggested adult intake; CV in

follows-Na and K by flame photometry

the Table will represent measure value (CV)

using NaCl and KCl to prepare standards.

of calculating MSI from study results. In

Minerals were assayed using the solutions

addition, The differences between the MSI

obtained by dry ashing the leaf at 550 C

of the samples and the standard MSI were

and dissolving it in

measured.

2 ml lanthanum

(UEDP%)

was

calculated.

In

chloride (5%) and 25 ml HCl (10%),

Amino Acid Assay

boiling, filtering and making up to standard

In this study, Arginine and Carnitine profile

volume with deionized water. Phosphorus

were detected using the method described

was

by Sparkman et al. [17]. Briefly, 3 g of the

Spectronic instrument, with KH2PO4 as a

dried leaf was weighed into extraction

standard. The Zn, Ca and Mg elements were

thimble

evaluated

absorption

chloroform: methanol (2:1) mixture using

spectrophotometry. The detection limits for

soxhlet extraction apparatus [19]. Then, 1 g

the metals in aqueous solution had been

of the defatted sample was weighed into

determined just before the mineral analyses

glass small tube. 8 ml of HCl (6N) was

using the methods of Techtron, giving the

added and oxygen ejected by passing

following values in g/ml: K (0.002), Ca

nitrogen to the small tube. The glass small

(0.01), Mg (0.004), Zn (0.001) and Na

tube was closed tightly and placed in an

(0.03).The optimal analytical range was 0.1

oven arrange beforehand at 105 C for 24

to 0.3 absorbance units with coefficients of

hours. The small tube was allowed to cool

variation from 0.6-2.5%. The coefficients of

before breaking open at the top and the

variation percent were calculated [15]. The

content filtered. The filtrate was then

percentage contribution to energy due to

evaporated to dryness and the residue

protein (PEP%), because of total fat (PEF)

dissolved with 3 ml acetate buffer and

and carbohydrate (PEC) as PEP%, PEF%

stored in plastic specimen bottles. 5 l was

and PEC%, respectively were calculated.

distributed into the cartridge of the analyses

Also the percentage utilizable energy due to

which is designed to segregate and examine

assayed

colorimetrically

by

atomic

using

and

the

fat

extracted

with

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Abdolhossein Miri et al

Research Article

the amino acid of the hydrolyzate. the value

extracts tested indicated the presence of

of Arginine and Carnitine present in the

saponins. In Emulsion test, 5 drops of

sample was calculated in g/100g protein

extract were added to 3ml of the extract in a

from the chromatogram produced.

test tube and the mixture was vigorously

Phytochemical Screening

shaken. A stable emulsion formed in the

In this study measured the content of

extract tested indicated the presence of

alkaloids,

tannins,

saponins. For flavonoids assay, One ml of

glycosides, flavonoids and anthraquinone

10% NaOH was added to three ml of the

for

For

aqueous extract. A yellow colouration

phytochemical screening were used the

showed the presence of flavonoids in the

aqueous extract. According to standard

extract. For tannins assay, of the 1 ml of

methods of Trease and Evans [18], this

freshly prepared 10% KOH was added to 1

include qualitative chemical analysis to

ml of the extract. A dirty white precipitate

identify the different classes of chemical

observed in each extract showed the

component present. For alkaloids assay, one

presence of tannins. Of the 2 drops of Fecl3

drops of Mayers reagent were added to one

(5%) were added to 1 ml of the extract. A

ml of the extract. A creamy precipitate

greenish precipitate showed the presence of

observed indicates the presence of alkaloids.

tannins in the extract. For glycosides assay,

two drops of Hagers reagent were added to

of the 10 ml of 50% was added to 10 ml of

one ml of the extract. A reddish brown

the extract in a test tube. The mixture was

precipitate observed indicates the presence

heated in boiling water for 10 minutes. Of

of alkaloids. For terpenes assay, One ml of

the 10 ml of Fehlings solution was added

the extract was added to one ml of acetic

and the mixture was boiled. A brick-red

anhydride followed by the addition of one

precipitate was observed in the extract,

ml concentrated sulphuric acid down the

showing the presence of glycosides. For

wall of the test tube to form a layer

anthraquinone assay, of the 1g of powdered

underneath. The test tube was monitored for

leaf was boiled with 15 ml of Fecl3 and 5 ml

red colouration appearance the presence of

of dilute HCl for 10 minutes. The mixture

tri-terpenes. For saponins assay, we used 2

was filtered while hot, cooled and the

method include Frothing test and Emulsion

filtrate was shaken with equal volume of

test. In Frothing test, two ml of the extract

choloform. The layers were allowed to

in a test tube was forcefully shaken for 2

separate

minutes. Frothing monitored in the three

choloform layer was transferred into another

terpenes,

phytochemical

saponins,

screening.

in

separating

funnel,

the

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Abdolhossein Miri et al

Research Article

test tube containing 5ml of 10% ammonia

chalepensis showed that the leaves of this

solution and the upper aqueous layer was

plant are good diets for hypertensive patient

observed for a bright-pink colour showing

because any diets rich in potassium can

the presence of anthraquinones.

decrease the risks of hypertension and

Proximate Analysis

possibly strokes.

In this study, total ash, fiber, moisture of

Magnesium (Mg) is essential for energy

extract were determined by the methods of

production, protein formation and cellular

the AOAC [19]. The nitrogen was mesured

replication. The leaves of R. chalepensis

by a Kjeldahl method and the crude protein

contain 81.13 mg/100g of magnesium which

content were calculated as N6.25 [20].

show that it is a poor source of this mineral

Carbohydrate was determined by difference,

element. Idris et al. [21] evaluated nutrient

rather than analysed directly. All the

content of the leaves of R. acetosa. They

proximate results were illustrated in g/100 g

reported that Mg content in this plant was

dry weight. The energy values procured

73.56 mg/100g dry matter. The Mg content

from crude protein ( 17 KJ), crude fat (

in R. chalepensis leaves was more than R.

37 KJ) and carbohydrates (17 KJ) for each

acetosa.

of the samples.

Zinc (Zn) is an necessary mineral that is

Statistical Analysis

naturally present

Results were expressed as meanSE of three

attainable as a dietary complement. Zn is as

independent

Statistical

well as found in abundant cold lozenges and

significant differences were considered at p

some over-the-counter drugs sold as cold

< 0.05 using one-way analysis of variance

remedies. Zn is mixed up in multiple aspects

(ANOVA).

of cellular metabolism. It is needed for the

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

catalytic activity of nearly 100 enzymes [22]

The nutritionally important minerals as well

and it plays a role in protein synthesis [23],

as the computed mineral ratios in R.

wound healing [24], immune function [25],

chalepensis is shown in Table 1. Potassium

cell division and DNA synthesis [23].

(K) is a necessary mineral which must be

Idris et al. [21] investigated nutrient content

consumed in the diet. It is essential for

of the leaves of R. acetosa. They reported

suitable nerve excitation and contraction in

that R. acetosa have 2.66 mg/100g dry

muscular tissues potassium.

matter. The our results showed that R.

In this study, the higher potassium content

chalepensis have more Zinc content as

of 4713.91 mg/100g in the leaves of R.

compared to R. acetosa. In our study, the

experiments.

in some foods

and

2308

Abdolhossein Miri et al
Zinc content

Research Article

was 7.59 mg/100g in the

leaves required to be complemented with

leaves of R. chalepensis. This result showed

other food material rich in phosphorus.

that the leaves of the plant have sufficient

Calcium (Ca) is a mineral that helps human

Zn content for using in dietary.

build and maintain strong bones and teeth.

Sodium (Na)

Good calcium intake throughout human life

contractions,

is essential for muscle

maintaining

pH

balance,

be able help to prevent osteoporosis.

hydration, and nerve transmissions. Sodium

Calcium content in the leaves of R.

regulates the fluid outside of the cells and is

chalepensis was found to be 44.25 mg/100g

necessary to pump fluid into the cells as

dry matter. Idris et al. [21] reported that R.

potassium carries by-products out. The leaf

acetosa

sodium content of 65.32

calcium in leaves. It seems that the this

mg/100g as

was

involved 53.25

mg/100g

compare to the leaves of R. acetosa that

plant is good source for human diets.

evaluated by Idris et al. [21] was high

Selenium (Se) is an necessary mineral and

sources of this mineral elements.

micronutrient. It is essential to human health

Phosphorus (P) is a major mineral and most

and found in many foods. Selenium content

of it is stored in human bones. Lesser

in the leaves of R. chalepensis was found to

amounts are found in human teeth, DNA,

be 0.001 mg/100g dry matter.

and cell membranes throughout human

The value of Na/K ratio (0.01 mg/100g dry

body. Phosphorus is essential for many

matter) was lower than 0.6, the value that

biochemical reactions to take place, such as

favours non-enhancement of high blood

converting the foods huamn eat into energy.

pressure disease in human. the high amount

Of the 9.98 mg/100g dry matter was

of K/Na ratio (72.16 mg/100g dry matter)

recorded as phosphorus concentration in the

obtained in our study suggests that bringing

leaves

Phosphorus

the ratio down would need the consuming of

content in R. chalepensis leaves was 9.98

food sources rich in sodium. The Ca/Mg

mg/100g dry matter. Based on the Guil-

value in our study were 0.54 mg/100g dry

Guerrero et al. [26], for good calcium and

matter.

phosphorus intestinal utilization, Ca/P ratio

[K/(Ca+Mg)] (37.59) was comparably lower

necessity be close to one. The leaves of R.

than 2.2 recommended, which means the

chalepensis had a high ratio (4.43). This

sample would promote hypomagesaemia in

shows that the leaves of R. chalepensis are

human [27].

good sources of calcium over that of

The amino acids content in R. chalepensis

phosphorus; but, the diet based on this

leaf extract is shown in Table 2. The values

of

R.

chalepensis.

The

milliequivalent

ratio

of

2309

Abdolhossein Miri et al

Research Article

of Arginine and Carnitine were 1731.22 and

cardiac glycosides as their major secondary

189.5 mg/g, respectivly. L-Arginine (Arg) is

metabolites.

the substrate for the synthesis of nitric

The proximate composition (mg/g) in R.

oxide, the endothelium-derived relaxing

chalepensis leaf extract shown in Table 5.

factor necessery for regulating vascular tone

The Kjeldahl test determine the total

and hemodynamics [28]. Carnitine is a

nitrogen in a sample. The only major

conditionally necessery nutrient that plays a

component of most food which contains

critical role in fatty acid metabolism and

nitrogen is protein (fat, dietary fibre and

energy production [29].

carbohydrate do not contain nitrogen). If the

In our study, the concentration of zinc in

amount of nitrogen is multiplied by a factor

this plant was very high when compare with

depending

those of zinc-rich foods of plant origin, such

anticipated in the food the total protein can

as mushrooms, green peas (boiled) and

be measured. This value is known as the

sesame seeds [30].

"crude protein" content [31]. The crude

The mineral safety index (MSI) values of

protein content (6.89%) was comparably

the leaf extract are shown in Table 3. The

higher than the values reported from leaves

standard MSI for the elements are Na (4.8),

of R. acetosa (3.70%) [21].

Mg (15), P (10), Ca (10), K (4.8) and Zn

The ash is the inorganic residue remaining

(33). For Ca, P, Mg, Na, K and Zn the MSI

after the water and organic matter have been

values ranged from 0.019-6.356, with all the

removed by heating in the presence of

differences

and

oxidizing agents, which provides a measure

calculated MSI values being positive. The

of the total amount of minerals within a

implication of the positive values is that no

food. The total ash content of R. chalepensis

abnormally high level of the minerals were

leaf was 7.9 %.

present in the leaf extract. For all meniral

Crude fat is the term used to refer to the

that calculated MSI were lower than

crude mixture of fat-soluble material present

standard MSI and therefore within the

in a sample. Crude fat also known as the

USRDA [16].

ether extract or the free lipid content, is the

The results of phytochemical screening of

traditional measure of fat in food products.

R. chalepensis leaf extract are shown in

In our study the value of the crude fat was

Table 4. The aqueous leaf extract of R.

16.33%.

chalepensis contains alkaloid, saponins,

Fibre is not a single chemical entity; it is an

tannin, terpenoids, steroid, flavonoid and

extremely complex mixture of poorly

between the

standard

on

the

kinds

of

protein

2310

Abdolhossein Miri et al

Research Article

characterized constituents. Despite the fact

that of infants is 740 kCal (3094.68 kJ)(18).

that our knowlage current understanding

Higher carbohydrate content of 68.77% in

about fibre is in a state of development, the

the R.chalepensis leaf give rise to higher

most useful concept at demonstrate is that of

energy value of 654.53 kJ/100g in the

"dietary fibre". Dietary fibre is considered to

sample. This findings shown that the leaf of

be plant-cell skeletal remains that are

this plant are good energy sources.

resistant to digestion. The crude fibre value

This

in our study, was 9.52%. Moisture content

biochemical knowledge on the mineral

express the amount of water present in a

elements, proximate composition, amino

moist sample. Moisture content can be

acids

expressed on wet or dry basis. The moisture

chalepensis leaf. There are showes that the

content measured in R.chalepensis leaf was

plant leaf are good sources of mineral

77.98%.

elements, nutrients, phytochemicals and

In our study, the carbohydrate contant in

very rich in amino acids. And so, these

R.chalepensis

68.77%.

results confirm the scientific basis for the

Carbohydrates in vegetables will vary

use of this plant in folklore and it can give

between individual pieces and depending on

practical amount of nutrients to the human

cooking method. Most vegetables have a

diet.

high water content which will be absorbed

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

when

the

This study was supported by Department of

carbohydrate content of each vegetable will

Range and Watershed Management, Faculty

lower compared to the same weight when

of Natural Resources, University of Zabol,

raw.

Iran.

Energy is not a nutrient but is required in

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phenological

stages,

Brown KH, Rivera JA, Bhutta Z,

International journal of Agronomy

Gibson RS, King JC, Lnnerdal B,

and Plant Production, 4 (5), 2013,

Ruel

998-1005.

MT,

Sandtrm

B,

Table 1: the Mineral Compositions and Some Masured Mineral Ratios in Rumex chalepensis
leaf extract
Mineral elements Concentration (mg/100g dry matter)
Calcium (Ca)
44.25 0.01
Phosphorus (P)
9.98 0.03
Potassium (K)
4713.91 2.34
Sodium (Na)
65.32 0.54
Magnesium (Mg)
81.13 0.00
Zinc (Zn)
7.59 0.06
Selenium (Se)
0.001 0.01
Na/K
0.01
K/Na
72.16
Ca/P
4.43
Ca/Mg
0.54
[K/(Ca+Mg)]*
37.59
*milliequivalent. The data are mean SE

Table 2: The Amino Acids Content in Rumex chalepensis Leaf Extract (g/100g).
Amino acids
Arginine

Values (mg/100g SE)

1731.22 0.3

Carnitine

189.5 0.2

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Abdolhossein Miri et al

Research Article

Table 3: The Mineral Safety Index of Na, K, P, Ca, Mg and Zn for the Rumex chalepensis
Leaves Extract
Elements
TV
CV
D
Sodium (Na)
4.8
0.035
+4.76
Potassium (K)
4.8
0.084
+4.71
Phosphorus (P)
10
0.063
+9.93
Calcium (Ca)
10
0.032
+9.96
Magnesium (Mg)
15
0.019
+14.98
Zinc (Zn)
33
6.356
+26.64
TV = Table value, CV = Calculated value, D = Difference (TV CV).

Table 4: Phytochemical Screening of Rumex chalepensis Leaf Extract

chemical compounds

aqueous extracts

Alkaloid
+
Saponnin
+
Tannin
+
Steroid
+
Terpenoid
+
Flavonoid
+
Glycosides general
+
Glycosides with steroidal ring
+
The values: present in moderate quantity(+); absent (-).

Table 5: The Proximate Composition (mg/g) in Rumex chalepensis Leaf Extract

Parameters
Concentration (%Dry weight)
Crude protein
Crude fat
Total ash
Crude fibre
Moisture content*
Carbohydrate
Energy kJ/ 100g

6.89 0.00
16.33 0.04
7.9 0.05
9.52 0.00
77.98 0.09
68.77 0.22
654.53 0.11

The data are mean values SE of triplicates. *Value expressed as % wet weight

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