TC 21-21

WATER SURVIVAL
TRAINING

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is

unlimited.
Training Circular Headquarters
No. 21-21 Department of the Army
Washington, D.C., 25 June 1991

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Illustrations

Preface

Introduction

Chapter 1 PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS

Safety Factors
Water Entries
SAFE Principles
Lifeguards and Safety Equipment
Instructors
Individual Equipment

Chapter 2 CLASSIFICATION AND EVALUATION

Classification Levels
Identification of Nonswimmers

Chapter 3 CLASS THREE - BASIC SURVIVAL SWIMMER

Exercise 1 - waterproofing the Rucksack

Exercise 2 - Travel Stroke Sequence
Exercise 3 - Pool Exit
Exercise 4 - Treading Water/Hanging Float
Exercise 5 - Travel Stroke (without Rucksack)
Exercise 6 - Five-Minute Buoyancy Test (Without Rucksack)

Chapter 4 CLASS TWO - INTERMEDIATE SURVIVAL SWIMMER

Exercise 1 - Rucksack Exercise

Exercise 2 - Two-Rucksack Exercise
Exercise 3 - Collar Tow Using Sidestroke
Exercise 4 - Trouser-Inflation Float

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Chapter 5 CLASS ONE - ADVANCED SURVIVAL SWIMMER

Exercise 1 - Two-Stroke Test

Exercise 2 - Underwater Swim
Exercise 3 - Jump/Swim
Exercise 4 - Treading Water/Hanging Float

Glossary

References

Authorization

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure No.

1 Stride Entry

2 Waterproofing the Rucksack

3 Travel Stroke Sequence Pool Diagram

4 Full-Gear Water Walk

5 Hand Sculling Motion

6 Treading Water

7 Hanging Float

8 Rucksack Exercise

9 Collar Tow

10 Sidestroke

11 Trouser Leg Tie

12 Trouser Inflation - Sling Method

13 Trouser Inflation - Splash Method

14 Breaststroke

15a High-Level Entry

15b High-Level Entry with Rifle

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PREFACE

This publication describes the Army's water survival training program. It establishes
classification levels, describes the basic skills required at each level, and sets standards
for testing.

It is designed to help company commanders, platoon leaders, and instructors determine

the water survival ability level of their soldiers and train them to survive in water.

The proponent of this publication is the US Army Physical Fitness School. Send
comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 directly to the US Army Physical
Fitness School, ATTN: ATSG-PF, Fort Benjamin Harrison, IN 46216-5590.

Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer
exclusively to men.

In this publication, the terms "rifle" and "M16" mean M16 training aid (DVC-T7-83).

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INTRODUCTION

There are times during military training when soldiers may need to negotiate water
obstacles. Leaders at all levels should be aware of the potentially dangerous situation this
presents for soldiers who fear water or cannot swim.

Each year many soldiers lose their lives through their inability to manage themselves in
water. In addition, soldiers hamper water maneuvers by their lack of confidence and
expertise.

It is unrealistic to expect that every soldier will be a proficient

swimmer. However, every soldier can be trained to participate
safely in military training conducted in aquatic environments.
Water survival training will build soldiers' confidence for
operations in and around water.

This publication presents the Army's water survival training

program, which has three classification levels: Class Three -
Basic, Class Two Intermediate, and Class One - Advanced. The main goal of the program
is to train soldiers to meet the requirements of the Class Three - Basic level. Soldiers who
achieve competency at this level should pose little threat to themselves or the unit during
most operations in and around water.

Soldiers qualified at Class Two - Intermediate level should be able to survive in water for
a prolonged period and perform tasks and negotiate obstacles while in the water. Soldiers
who can perform Class One - Advanced skills should be extremely proficient at water
survival.

Soldiers who complete the entire program will know how to do the following actions,
which are explained and illustrated in this circular:

• Maintain buoyancy in full gear.

• Swim 15 yards underwater.
• Swim the travel stroke, breaststroke, and sidestroke.
• Assist other swimmers in the water.
• Use personal safety and water survival techniques.

Company commanders and platoon leaders are responsible for knowing the water
survival ability level of each of their soldiers. This knowledge lets them assign
responsibilities and take protective measures to ensure the safety of each soldier.

Evasive actions to be taken in the event of oil fires on the water's surface are in FM 55-
501.

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TC 21-21

Outside agencies such as the American Red Cross can provide additional assistance and
information concerning water survival. Trainers and other soldiers should use the
expertise of these agencies whenever possible. Most military installations have local Red
Cross chapters.

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Chapter 1

Program Requirements

Before beginning their water survival training program, company commanders and
platoon leaders should become thoroughly familiar with the information in this chapter.
This information will help ensure the safety of soldiers during training. It will also
provide guidelines for choosing instructors and identifying individual and safety
equipment needed during training.

SAFETY FACTORS

Safety is the first concern when training soldiers in and around water. The following
factors are important:

• Know the water survival ability level of each soldier.

• Conduct all water survival training in a pool, with lifeguards and appropriate
safety equipment present.
• Ensure the water is at least nine feet deep at the deep end of the pool.
• Have safety and emergency action plans.
• Use the buddy system. (Pair a strong swimmer with a weaker one.)
• Ensure all water entries during training are done feet-first.
• Ensure soldiers use the water entry techniques described in this publication.
• Ensure soldiers understand the SAFE principle described in this chapter.

WATER ENTRIES

Training exercise requirements call for soldiers to enter the water off the pool deck as
well as from a height of ten feet. These entries into shallow water are described in the
following paragraphs and in Chapter 5.

Step-off entry. For shallow-water entry off the deck, step off the edge
into the water with the knees flexed; be prepared to absorb the impact when hitting the
bottom of the pool.

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Stride entry. For deep-water entry off the deck, leap off the edge into the water with the
trunk leaning forward, the head up, the legs spread in a stride position (one forward, the
other back), and the arms extended out to slap the water. (See Figure 1.) This jump
position keeps the head above water and allows the soldier to maintain visibility. (The
water should be at least five feet deep.)

High-level entry. Entry into water from a height of ten feet is described in Chapter 5.

SAFE PRINCIPLE

To counter the tendency to panic when unexpectedly entering water, all soldiers should
know the SAFE principle. SAFE is a quick and easy reminder of the fundamentals of
survival swimming. The acronym is described as follows:

LIFEGUARDS AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT

A qualified lifeguard must be on duty at all times during water survival training. The
lifeguard must have a current American Red Cross Lifeguard Training certificate and
must be certified in first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

The following safety items must be on-site while conducting water survival training:

• Shepherd's crook or reaching pole.

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• Heaving line.
• Ring buoy.
• Backboard with tie-down straps.
• Cervical collar.
• Whistle.
• First aid kit.

The length and width distance requirements for the exercise in this circular are based on a
pool 25 yards long by 15 yards wide. For larger or smaller pools, instructors will adjust
accordingly.

INSTRUCTORS

The unit will provide instructors for water survival training. They will explain,
demonstrate, and evaluate all skills. The ideal instructor-to-soldier ratio during training
and testing is one to six.

Instructors must be strong swimmers who are competent in all the water survival skills
through Class One - Advanced Survival Swimmer. Although it is not required, instructors
should hold either the American Red Cross Lifeguard Training certificate or Water Safety
Instructor N/M certificate.

Instructors will obtain M16 training aids (DVC-T7-83) for use in this training.

INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT

Soldiers will wear full gear during training and testing unless otherwise instructed in this
publication. "Full gear" means BDU, boots, LBE, helmet, flak jacket, M16 training aid,
and waterproofed rucksack, which will be used as a flotation device. A sleeping bag and
sleeping mat will be externally attached to the rucksack.

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Chapter 2

Classification and Evaluation

Knowing the water survival ability level of his soldiers helps the company commander
determine how much training time must be devoted to teaching water survival
techniques.

CLASSIFICATION LEVELS

There are three levels in the water survival training program. They are:

• Class Three - Basic Survival Swimmer.

• Class Two - Intermediate Survival Swimmer.
• Class One - Advanced Survival Swimmer.

Most soldiers who have even marginal aquatic ability can become qualified at the Class
Three - Basic level using only two to four hours of training time. Based on factors such as
fear of water and lack of fundamental skills, nonswimmers will require additional
training time.

Qualification at Class Two - Intermediate and Class One - Advanced levels is only
necessary for units that anticipate extensive operations in and around water. Time
permitting, the unit should conduct training to meet these performance standards. The
techniques and methods used to train soldiers to acquire Basic, Intermediate, and
Advanced Survival Swimmer skills are described in Chapters 3, 4, and 5. Soldiers should
learn and practice the skills in the order they are presented.

IDENTIFICATION OF NONSWIMMERS

Before beginning training and qualification at the Class Three - Basic level, canvas the
soldiers to identify those who say they cannot swim and/or cannot stay buoyant under
their own power for two minutes. Give these soldiers extra training.

Give the remaining group the two-minute buoyancy test to identify nonswimmers. For
this publication, nonswimmers are those who cannot maintain buoyancy for two minutes
under their own power without showing signs of undue fear, stress, panic, or fatigue. Do
not give this test to soldiers who identify themselves as nonswimmers.

Give soldiers who do not pass the two-minute buoyancy test extra training, aided by the
rucksack, to master the Class Three - Basic requirements. Despite additional training,
some soldiers will not meet these requirements.

Have instructors present during the test both in and out of the pool to maintain safety and
ensure that no one touches the bottom.

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REQUIREMENT. Two-minute buoyancy test. Wearing BDU, boots, LBE, helmet and
flak jacket, step into the water at the shallow end of the pool, and walk toward the deep
end until the shoulders are under water. At a signal from the timer, begin to float or tread
water for two minutes. (Rucksacks and rifles are not needed for this exercise.)

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Chapter 3

Class Three - Basic Survival Swimmer

Soldiers will complete the following six exercises to become classified at Class Three -
Basic level. They will wear full gear for all exercises except five and six which exclude
the rucksack. The M16 is used as stated for each exercise.

1. Waterproofing the rucksack.

2. Travel stroke sequence (includes full-gear water walk, confidence check, and
travel stroke).
3. Pool exit.
4. Treading water/hanging float.
5. Travel stroke (without rucksack).
6. Five-minute buoyancy test (without rucksack).

The requirements and skill training for these exercises are described in the following
paragraphs. After successfully demonstrating these skills, the soldier is qualified as a
Basic Survival Swimmer.

INSTRUCTOR NOTES:

• Ensure soldiers enter the water using the water-entry techniques described in
Chapter 1.
• "Chest-deep" water varies for each soldier depending on individual height.

EXERCISE 1 - WATERPROOFING THE RUCKSACK

If properly waterproofed, all rucksacks have enough flotation potential to keep even the
largest combat equipped soldier afloat. Therefore, a rucksack becomes an asset during
water survival training. The rucksack is waterproofed with plastic bags. (See Figure 2.)

The following equipment is needed by each soldier for this exercise:

• Rucksack.
• Clothing and gear (mission-dependent).
• Two large heavy-duty plastic bags.
• Two heavy-duty rubber bands.
• Sleeping bag.
• Waterproof bag.

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• Sleeping mat.

REQUIREMENT. Waterproof and secure the rucksack as described in the skill

training.

Skill Training - Waterproofing the Rucksack

To waterproof and secure the rucksack, use the following procedures:

Arrange all gear neatly inside a plastic bag with the most commonly used items on top.
Fold or roll clothing. Press the bag tightly to squeeze out excess air. Use a series of folds
to form a watertight seal of the bag, and keep the folds in place with a rubber band. Place
the bag inside the rucksack. Close the drawstrings of the rucksack as tightly as possible.

Place the sleeping bag inside a plastic bag, and press out excess air. Use a series of folds
to form a watertight seal of the bag, and keep the folds in place with a rubber band. Place
the bag inside the waterproof bag. Tie the waterproof bag closed as tightly as possible,
ensuring that the plastic bag is entirely inside. Securely attach the waterproof bag to the
back of the rucksack under the closing adjustment straps.

Securely attach the sleeping mat to the top of the rucksack under the closing adjustment
straps.

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Figure 2 waterproofing the Rucksack

EXERCISE 2 - TRAVEL STROKE SEQUENCE

The travel stroke sequence includes the water walk, confidence check, and travel stroke.
(A pool diagram for this sequence is shown at Figure 3.) Soldiers will wear full gear.

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Figure 3 Travel Stroke Sequence Pool Diagram

Step 1 - Full-Gear Water Walk

With proper positioning of the M16 during the water walk, the stock can be used as a
paddle. (See Figure 4.)

REQUIREMENT: Step off the edge of the pool at the shallow end with the M16 at
port arms, and walk four widths of the pool progressing to chest-deep water. Use the
rifle stock as a paddle.

Figure 4 Full-gear Water Walk

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Step 2 - Confidence Check

While in chest-deep water, the soldier tries to sit on the bottom. Since this is not possible,
the soldier gains confidence in the Buoyancy capabilities of the waterproofed rucksack.

REQUIREMENT. Attempt to sit on the bottom of the pool in chest-deep water.

Step 3 - Travel Stroke

REQUIREMENT. Travel stroke four widths of the pool in water above the head;
begin in chest-deep water and proceed to the deep end.

Skill Training - Travel Stroke

For the travel stroke, use the following procedure:

Body position. Keep the upper part of the body prone on the water with the legs
dangling.

Arm Stroke. Extend the hands out in front of the face. Sweep the arms slightly
downward and back ninety degrees to propel the body through the water. Move the hands
back to the front of the face. Repeat. Use the rifle as a paddle to help propel the body.

Leg kick. Move the legs in a continuous bicycle-like movement. Bring the knees high
and step out.

Breathing. Keep the face out of the water during the stroke, and breathe rhythmically.

EXERCISE 3 - POOL EXIT

Following the travel stroke sequence, soldiers will exit the pool in the deep end using the
following procedure: Place the rifle on the deck. Then, unassisted and without using a
ladder, climb up onto the deck, and sit for a few seconds to let the water drain off.

REQUIREMENT. Place the rifle on the deck, and exit the pool at the deep end
unassisted and without using the ladder.

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Place rifle on deck. Allow water to drain.

Unassisted and without use of
ladder climb onto deck.

EXERCISE 4 - TREADING WATER/HANGING FLOAT

Treading water and the hanging float are very important skills for water survival. They
can be used while waiting for help to arrive and as resting positions when swimming to
safety. The hanging float should not be used in cold water.

REQUIREMENT. Wearing full gear, step into the water at the shallow end of the
pool, and walk to chest deep water. Tread water for two and one-half minutes. Then,
without a break, do the hanging float for two and one-half minutes. (The M16 is not
needed for this exercise.)

Skill Training - Sculling

Both the hanging float and treading water use sculling. This is a rhythmically controlled
motion of the arms and hands to manipulate the water for upward thrust and keep the
body vertically afloat.

A common sculling action is the figure eight. (See Figure 5.) With the fingers together
and palms facing downward, draw a figure eight with each hand, pushing the water
downward and outward during the motion. Keep the arms slightly bent in front of the
chest. Use a minimum of effort to avoid excessive fatigue.

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Figure 5 Hand Sculling Motion

Skill Training - Treading Water

Compared with the hanging float, treading water lets the soldier maintain visibility and
retain more body heat since his head is out of the water. However, it requires more
physical exertion. To tread water, use the following procedure. (Treading water is shown
at Figure 6.)

Body position. Keep the body upright with the head out of the water.

Hand and arm movements. Make slow sculling movements underwater to maintain the
vertical body position.

Leg Movements. Make slow, continuous bicycle-like or scissor-kick type movements to

support the body.

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Figure 6 Treading Water

Skill Training - Hanging Float

Once he masters the hanging float, the soldier will have control of himself in the water.
He will realize how buoyant he is with his lungs fully inflated and his body relaxed. To
do the hanging float, use the following procedure. (The hanging float is shown in figure
7.)

Resting/starting position. Inhale deeply to fully inflate the lungs. Hold the breathe, and
put the face in the water. Let the arms and legs dangle. Rest in this position a few
seconds.

Recover movements. Slowly bring the arms to about shoulder height, and skull. Slowly
do a bicycle-like movement with the legs. Raise the head so the mouth is just above the
water's surface, and exhale.

Inhale and stroke. Inhale through the mouth and slowly press the arms downward.
Return to the resting/starting position.

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Figure 7 Hanging Float

INSTRUCTOR NOTE: At this point in the training all soldiers who are not
confident doing the preceding skills will receive additional training in chest-deep
water. Each soldier must be proficient in the travel stroke, treading water, and the
hanging float before proceeding to exercises 5 and 6.

EXERCISE 5 - TRAVEL STROKE (WITHOUT RUCKSACK)

For the travel stroke when not wearing a rucksack, the following method may be used for
breathing: Inhale, put the face in the water, and begin the arm stroke. Exhale two-thirds
while the face is in the water. Lift the head to finish exhaling during the downward press
of the arms.

REQUIREMENT. Wearing full gear except for the rucksack, with the M16 at port
arms, enter the pool at the deep end using the stride entry, and travel stroke the length
of the pool to the shallow end.

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EXERCISE 6 - FIVE-MINUTE BUOYANCY TEST

(WITHOUT RUCKSACK)

REQUIREMENT. Wearing full gear except for the rucksack, enter the pool at the
deep end using the stride entry, and tread water for two and one-half minutes. Then,
without a break, do the hanging float for two and one-half minutes. (The M16 is not
needed for this exercise.)

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Chapter 4

Class Two - Intermediate Survival Swimmer

Soldiers will complete the following four exercises to become classified at Class Two -
Intermediate level. They will wear full gear unless otherwise stated and a swimsuit or PT
uniform under the BDU for exercise 4. No soldier will attempt Class Two training before
being fully qualified at the Class Three - Basic level.

1. rucksack exercise.
2. two-rucksack exercise.
3. Collar tow using sidestroke.
4. rouser-inflation float.

The requirements and skill training for these exercises are described in the following
paragraphs. After successfully demonstrating these skills, the soldier is qualified as an
Intermediate Survival Swimmer.

INSTRUCTOR NOTES:

• Ensure soldiers enter the water using the water-entry techniques described in
Chapter 1.
• "Chest deep" water varies for each soldier depending on individual height.
• Exercises two and three require partners.

EXERCISE I - RUCKSACK EXERCISE

REQUIREMENT. Attach the helmet to the rucksack. Wearing full gear, with the M16
at port arms, enter the pool at the deep end using the stride entry. Remove the
waterproofed rucksack, put on the helmet, and place the rifle across the rucksack ready
to fire. Push the rucksack the length of the pool to the shallow end using the frog or
scissor kick. (This exercise is shown at Figure 8.)

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Figure 8 Rucksack Exercise

EXERCISE 2 - TWO-RUCKSACK EXERCISE

REQUIREMENT: Wearing full gear, with the rifle at port arms, enter the pool at the
deep end using the stride entry. Remove the waterproofed rucksack, and attach the rifle
to the rucksack under the closing adjustment straps. Grab the partner's rucksack.
Travel the length of the pool to the shallow end pushing one rucksack while towing the
other.

EXERCISE 3 - COLLAR TOWING USING SIDESTROKE

The collar tow is used to help swimmers who are tired but not struggling. For instance,
one soldier acts as rescuer while his partner acts as victim. The soldiers then reverse
roles. (Rifles are not needed for this exercise.)

REQUIREMENT: Wearing BDU, boots, helmet, LBE, and flak jacket, the partners
enter the pool at the deep end using the stride entry. The rescuer collar-tows the victim
the length of the pool to the shallow end using a modified sidestroke.

Skill training - Collar Tow

The rescuer grabs the victim's collar at the back of the neck and pulls him to a horizontal
position on his back. He maintains his hold of the victim's collar, keeping his arm fully
extended. He uses a modified sidestroke while towing. (The collar tow is shown at Figure
9.)

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Figure 9 Collar Tow

Skill Training - Sidestroke

Swim on the side that feels most natural, using a sidearm pull and scissor kick. After
mastering the stroke on that side, learn to do it on the other side. The following directions
are for the left side. Reverse the procedure for swimming on the right side. (The
sidestroke is shown at Figure
10.)

Start/glide position. Lie on

the left side with the left arm
extended beyond the head in
line with the body, with the
palm down. Extend the right
arm down the length of the
body over the right thigh.
Keep the legs straight and
together.

Arm stroke. With the

straight, pull the left arm
downward until it is straight
down from the shoulder. Flex
the elbow and pull into the
side. At the same time, turn
the palm toward the face and
thrust forward to the original
extended position. Bend the
right arm at the elbow. Thrust
the right hand upward in front
of the chest: then, push it
forward and downward in
front of the chin or face to
catch the water. Push the right

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hand backward to its original position by the right thigh. (The right hand starts forward to
meet and pass the left hand at the neck or face.)

Scissor kick. Draw up the feet with the right foot slightly forward until the knees are bent
at a right angle. Straighten the right knee and thrust the right foot forward, downward,
and then backward in a semicircular sweeping motion. Keep the toes pointed during the
backward sweep. At the same time, straighten the left knee and thrust the left foot
backward, downward, and then forward in a sweeping motion resembling a kick. Keep
the left foot extended throughout the stroke. Bring the legs together at the end of the
stroke, and keep them in a straight line with the toes pointed during the glide.

Coordination of arms and legs. From the start/glide position, begin the stroke with the
downward pull of the left arm. At the same time, bring the right arm forward and draw up
the knees to begin the kick. Let the thrust and pull of the right arm and the kick of the
legs coincide with the completion of the pull of the left arm and its thrust forward to the
gliding position.

Figure 10 Sidestroke (cont.)

INSTRUCTOR NOTES:

• With slight modifications, soldiers can use the relatively easy sidestroke to tow
floating equipment or another person or to carry an individual weapon with the
top hand out of the water.
• The next exercise involves inflating clothing with air to create a device which will
keep the soldier afloat. Since the BDU is made of cotton, it will work well for this
purpose. It must be free of holes. To retain air, the material that is above water
must be kept wet.

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EXERCISE 4 - TROUSER-INFLATION FLOAT

Figure 11 Trouser Leg Tie

The amount of air that cotton BDU trousers will retain in water is enough to hold a
soldier afloat providing he remains calm. When the ends of the legs or drawstrings are
tightly tied (as shown in Figure 11), each leg will hold a pocket of air. Trousers can be
inflated by using the sling or splash methods; these are described in the following
paragraphs.

REQUIREMENT: Wearing BDU, boots, swimsuit or PT uniform, and LBE, enter the
pool at the deep end using the stride entry. Remove the helmet and attach it to the LBE.
Remove the boots, tie the laces together, and put the boots around the neck. Then,
remove, tie, and inflate the trousers using the sling or splash method, and float for two
and one-half minutes. (The M16 is not needed for this exercise.)

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Figure 12 Trouser Inflation - Sling Method

Skill Training – Sling Method. Tie the trouser legs together, and button the fly. Use the
thumbs and little fingers to hold the waistband in a circular opening on the surface of the
water behind the head. Then, kicking vigorously to stay afloat, sling the trousers over
your head (as shown in Figure 12), scooping in the air that is trapped when the open end
of the trousers (the waistband) hits the water.

Gather and hold the waistband together. Slip the heads between the trouser legs, and
place the knot behind the neck. Lie back and float.

Skill Training - Splash Method Tie the trouser legs together, and button the fly. Put the
knot at the back of the neck. Hold the waistband open underwater with one hand. While
using the scissor or frog kick to stay afloat, splash water and air toward the waistband
opening with a downward motion of the hand. Stop the stroke at the opening. Gather and
hold the waistband together, and float. (see figure 13.) (Forcing a current of water and air
bubbles into the trousers straightens the pant legs. The water passes through leaving air
trapped at the ends.)

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Figure 13 Trouser Inflation - Splash Method

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Chapter 5

Class One - Advanced Survival Swimmer

Soldiers will complete the following four exercises to become classified at Class One -
Advanced level. They will wear the BDU and boots unless otherwise stated.

1. Two-stroke test.
2. Underwater swim.
3. Jump/swim.
4. Treading water/hanging float.

The requirements and skill training for these exercises are described in the following
paragraphs. After successfully demonstrating these skills, the soldier is qualified as an
Advanced Survival Swimmer.

INSTRUCTORS NOTES:

• Except for exercise 2, ensure that soldiers enter the water using the water-entry
techniques described in Chapter 1.
• "Chest-deep" water varies for each soldier depending on individual height.

EXERCISE 1 - TWO-STROKE TEST

When performed correctly, the sidestroke and breaststroke enable the soldier to move
through the water quickly and efficiently.

REQUIREMENT. Enter the water at the deep end using the stride entry, and swim the
length of the pool and back using each of the following strokes: sidestroke and
breaststroke. Rest up to five minutes between strokes.

Skill Training - Sidestroke

See Chapter 4 for a description of this stroke.

Skill Training - Breaststroke

This is the most useful stroke for military swimming. It is efficient when swimming
through debris and in full clothing and gear, and it provides good visibility. Use the
following procedure. (The breaststroke is shown at Figure 14.)

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Start/glide position. Lie prone in the water with arms extended out in front and legs
extended behind. Keep the head up.

Arm stroke. Turn the palms outward, and bend the arms slightly. Sweep the arms
sideward and slightly downward until the hands are opposite and slightly below the
shoulders. Then bring the hands and arms up along the chest, and thrust them forward
until they are extended and ready to execute the next arm pull.

Frog kick. Draw the heels toward the buttocks. Thrust the legs outward and rearward,
then squeeze them together. The whipping/skulling action of the feet aids forward
propulsion.

Arm and leg coordination. The stroke movement is in three counts:

1. Begin the arm pull. Near the finish of the pull, flex the knees, and bring the heels
toward the buttocks. The arm pull counteracts the resistance created by the knees.

2. As the arm pull is completed, thrust the hands forward, kick out the legs, and squeeze
them together.

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3. Glide through the water until the forward momentum decreases, then begin the next
stroke.

Breathing. It is possible to breathe at any time during this stroke. The most efficient way
is to inhale during the arm pull and exhale through the mouth and nose during the finish
of the frog kick and glide.

Body position. When swimming for speed, the trunk and legs must be near the surface.
However, this streamlined position is tiring. Swimming with the trunk and legs projecting
back and down at an angle of from 20 to 35 degrees, while much slower, is easier to
sustain and not as fatiguing.

EXERCISE 2 - UNDERWATER SWIM

After entering the water, drop under the surface, and push off the wall to get a start. Do
arm and leg movements as in the breaststroke. (The M16 is not needed for this exercise.)

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REQUIREMENT. Wearing BDU and boots, enter the pool at the deep end using the
stride entry, and swim underwater the width of the pool without surfacing.

EXERCISE 3 - JUMP/SWIM

Water entries from a height of ten feet or more require the soldier to position his body to
protect it from injury. This high-level-entry jump position is described in the skill training
in the following paragraphs.

INSTRUCTOR NOTES:

• Ensure that the water is at least nine feet deep at the deep end of the pool.
• Although rucksacks are not required for this exercise, soldiers can be informed
that if they get into a mission situation that requires entering the water from, a
height of ten feet or more, they should remove the rucksack before jumping.

REQUIREMENT. Jump from a height of ten feet using the high-level-entry jump
position; stabilize, and swim or travel stroke the length of the pool to the shallow end.
First jump without the rifle, then with the rifle.

Skill Training - High-Level Entry

When jumping from a height of ten feet, cross the legs at the ankles keeping the knees
slightly bent. When not carrying the rifle, put the arms across the chest while jumping
and entering the water (as shown in Figure 15a).

When carrying the rifle, keep the arms close to the sides and the hands close to the front
of the chest. Hold the rifle at port arms with the sights pointed to either side (as shown in
Figure 15b).

5-4
 TC 21-21

EXERCISE 4 - TREADING WATER/RANGING FLOAT

These skills are described in Chapter 3.

REQUIREMENT. Enter the water at the deep end using the stride entry, and tread
water for twenty minutes. Then, without a break, do the hanging float for twenty
minutes.

5-5
Glossary

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BDE battle dress uniform

CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation

DA Department of the Army

LBE load-bearing equipment

N/M new material

SAFE acronym for survival swimming fundamentals

TC training circular

US United States of America

References

SOURCES USED

These are the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication.

FM 21-20. Physical Readiness Training. 31 January 1969, 31 October 1980.

Fourth Class Swimming Instructor's Guide. West Point, New York: United States
Military Academy, no date.

DOCUMENTS NEEDED

This document must be available to the intended users of this publication.

TB Med 575. Swimming Pools and Bathing Facilities. June 1982.

READINGS RECOMMENDED

These sources contain relevant supplemental information.

Military Publications

FM 55-501. Marine Crewman's Handbook. March 1983.

Water Survival. Norfolk, Virginia: Landing Force Training Command, Atlantic, no date.

Nonmilitary Publications

American Red Cross Basic Water Safety. Washington, D.C.: The American National
Red Cross, 1988.

American Red Cross Lifeguard Training. Washington, D.C.: The American National
Red Cross, 1983.

American Red Cross Lifeguard Training Supplement. Washington, D.C.: The

American National Red Cross, 1988.

American Red Cross Swimming and Aquatics Safety. Washington, D.C.: The
American National Red Cross, 1981.

Katz, Jane, and Nancy P. Bruning. Swimming for Total Fitness. New York: Doubleday,
1981.
 TC 21-21
25 JUNE 1991
By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

GORDON O. SULLIVAN
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff

Official:

PATRICIA P. HICKERSON
Brigadier General, United States Army
The Adjutant General

DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, USAR, and ARNG: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11E,
requirements for TC 21-21, Water Survival Training (Qty rqr block no. 4666).
PIN: 068385-000