Volume: 1 | Issue: 10 | November 2014 | ISSN: 2349-0845

IJRST

Model Radar Implementation Using Ultrasonic Sensor

Dontabhaktuni Jayakumar1, A. Pravalika2, K. Purnachandra Rao3
1

Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Holy Mary Institute of Technology and Science,
Bogaram (V), Keesara (M), Rangareddy (D), Telangana, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Holy Mary Institute of Technology, Bogaram
(V), Keesara (M), Rangareddy (D), Telangana, India.
3
M. Tech in Digital Electronics and Communication System, Samule Gerge Institute of Technology, Marakapuram, Prakasam
Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India.

Article Info

ABSTRACT

Article history:

A Radar is an object detection system which uses electromagnetic waves specifically

radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving
and fixed objects .The radar dish, or antenna, transmits pulses of radio waves or
microwaves which bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of
the wave's energy to a dish or antenna which is usually located at the same site as the
transmitter. The project is used to identify the target in which direction it is coming
and position of object.
Radar signal containing selected target simulations modulates an optical, infrared
signal, in accordance with the selected target simulations. Radar target system is
provided with selectively direct the modulated IR radiation onto selected areas of an
RF (Radar Frequency) array. Radar target identifier is selected with areas of the RF
array function to add target angular simulations and target space position and
scintillations to the other simulations contained in the radar signal.

Received Nov 10th, 2014

Accepted Nov 19th, 2014
Publication Dec 5th , 2014
Keyword:

Copyright 2014 International Journal of Research in Science & Technology

All rights reserved.

Corresponding Author:
Dontabhaktuni Jayakumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Holy Mary Institute of Technology and Science,
Bogaram (V), Keesara (M), Rangareddy (D),
Telangana, India.
[email protected]

I. INTRODUCTION
An embedded system is a combination of software and
hardware to perform a dedicated task. Some of the main
devices used in embedded products are Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers. Microprocessors are commonly referred to
as general purpose processors as they simply accept the
inputs, process it and give the output. In contrast, a
microcontroller not only accepts the data as inputs but also
manipulates it, interfaces the data with various devices,
controls the data and thus finally gives the result. As
everyone in this competitive world prefers to make the things
easy and simple to handle, this project sets an example to
some extent.
Radar is
an
object
detection
system
which
uses electromagnetic waves specifically radio waves to
determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both
1

moving
and
fixed
objects
such
as aircraft,
ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather
formations, and terrain. The radar dish, or antenna,
transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves which bounce
off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of
the wave's energy to a dish or antenna which is usually
located at the same site as the transmitter.

International Journal of Research in Science & Technology

Model Radar Implementation Using Ultrasonic Sensor

A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio

waves called radar signals in predetermined directions.
When these come into contact with an object they are
usually reflected and/or scattered in many directions. Radar
signals are reflected especially well by materials of
considerable electrical conductivityespecially by most
metals, by seawater, by wet land, and by wetlands. Some of
these make the use of radar altimeters possible. The radar
signals that are reflected back towards the transmitter are the
desirable ones that make radar work. If the object
is moving either closer or farther away, there is a slight
change in the frequency of the radio waves, due to
the Doppler effect.
Radar receivers are usually, but not always, in the same
location as the transmitter. Although the reflected radar
signals captured by the receiving antenna are usually very
weak, these signals can be strengthened by the electronic
amplifiers that all radar sets contain. More sophisticated
methods of signal processing are also nearly always used in
order to recover useful radar signals.

The weak absorption of radio waves by the medium

through which it passes is what enables radar sets to detect
objects at relatively-long rangesranges at which other
electromagnetic wavelengths, such as visible light, infrared
light, and ultraviolet light, are too strongly attenuated. In
particular, there are weather conditions under which radar
works well regardless of the weather. Such things as fog,
clouds, rain, falling snow, and sleet that block visible light
are usually transparent to radio waves. Certain, specific radio
frequencies that are absorbed or scattered by water vapor,
raindrops, or atmospheric gases (especially oxygen) are
avoided in designing radars except when detection of these is
intended.
Finally, radar relies on its own transmissions, rather than
light from the Sun or the Moon, or from electromagnetic
waves emitted by the objects themselves, such as infrared
wavelengths (heat). This process of directing artificial radio
waves towards objects is called illumination, regardless of
the fact that radio waves are completely invisible to the
human eye or cameras.

Our Model of Paper:

Radar equation:
The power Pr returning to the receiving antenna is given by
the radar equation:Pr = (PtGt Ar F4 ) / (4)2 Rt2 Rr2 )
where

Pt = transmitter power
Gt = gain of the transmitting antenna
Ar = effective aperture (area) of the receiving
antenna
= radar cross section, or scattering coefficient,
of the target
F = pattern propagation factor
Rt = distance from the transmitter to the target
Rr = distance from the target to the receiver.
In the common case where the transmitter and the
receiver are at the same location, Rt = Rr and the term Rt Rr
can be replaced by R4, where R is the range. This yields:

This shows that the received power declines as the fourth

power of the range, which means that the reflected power
from distant targets is very, very small.
The equation above with F = 1 is a simplification
for vacuum without interference. The propagation factor
accounts for the effects of multipath and shadowing and
depends on the details of the environment. In a real-world
situation, path loss effects should also be considered.
A. Introduction to Embedded System
An Embedded System is a combination of computer
hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical
or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. A
good example is the microwave oven. Almost every
household has one, and tens of millions of them are used

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Volume: 1 | Issue: 10 | November 2014 | ISSN: 2349-0845

every day, but very few people realize that a processor and
software are involved in the preparation of their lunch or
dinner.
This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the
family room. It too is comprised of computer hardware and
software and mechanical components (disk drives, for
example). However, a personal computer is not designed to
perform a specific function rather; it is able to do many
different things. Many people use the term general-purpose
computer to make this distinction clear. As shipped, a
general-purpose computer is a blank slate; the manufacturer
does not know what the customer will do wish it. One
customer may use it for a network file server another may use
it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it to
write the next great American novel.
Frequently, an embedded system is a component within
some larger system. For example, modern cars and trucks
contain many embedded systems. One embedded system
controls the anti-lock brakes, other monitors and controls the
vehicle's emissions, and a third displays information on the
dashboard. In some cases, these embedded systems are
connected by some sort of a communication network, but that
is certainly not a requirement.
At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to
point out that a general-purpose computer is itself made up of
numerous embedded systems. For example, my computer
consists of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard
drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of which is an
embedded system. Each of these devices contains a processor
and software and is designed to perform a specific function.
For example, the modem is designed to send and receive
digital data over analog telephone line. That's it and all of the
other devices can be summarized in a single sentence as well.
If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of
the processor and software could be completely unnoticed by
the user of the device. Such is the case for a microwave oven,
VCR, or alarm clock. In some cases, it would even be
possible to build an equivalent device that does not contain
the processor and software. This could be done by replacing
the combination with a custom integrated circuit that
performs the same functions in hardware. However, a lot of
flexibility is lost when a design is hard-cooled in this way. It
is mush easier, and cheaper, to change a few lines of software
than to redesign a piece of custom hardware.
B. History and Future
Given the definition of embedded systems earlier is this
chapter; the first such systems could not possibly have
appeared before 1971. That was the year Intel introduced the
world's first microprocessor. This chip, the 4004, was
designed for use in a line of business calculators produced by
the Japanese Company Busicom. In 1969, Busicom asked
3

Intel to design a set of custom integrated circuits-one for each

of their new calculator models. The 4004 was Intel's response
rather than design custom hardware for each calculator, Intel
proposed a general-purpose circuit that could be used
throughout the entire line of calculators. Intel's idea was that
the software would give each calculator its unique set of
features.
The microcontroller was an overnight success, and its use
increased steadily over the next decade. Early embedded
applications included unmanned space probes, computerized
traffic lights, and aircraft flight control systems. In the
1980s, embedded systems quietly rode the waves of the
microcomputer age and brought microprocessors into every
part of our kitchens (bread machines, food processors, and
microwave ovens), living rooms (televisions, stereos, and
remote controls), and workplaces (fax machines, pagers,
laser printers, cash registers, and credit card readers).
It seems inevitable hat the number of embedded systems
will continue to increase rapidly. Already there are
promising new embedded devices that have enormous
market potential; light switches and thermostats that can be
central computer, intelligent air-bag systems that don't
inflate when children or small adults are present, pal-sized
electronic organizers and personal digital assistants (PDAs),
digital cameras, and dashboard navigation systems. Clearly,
individuals who possess the skills and desire to design the
next generation of embedded systems will be in demand for
quite some time.
C. Overview of Embedded System Architecture
Every embedded system consists of custom-built
hardware built around a Central Processing Unit (CPU). This
hardware also contains memory chips onto which the
software is loaded. The software residing on the memory chip
is also called the firmware.
The operating system runs above the hardware, and the
application software runs above the operating system. The
same architecture is applicable to any computer including a
desktop computer. However, there are significant
differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system
in every embedded system. For small appliances such as
remote control units, air conditioners, toys etc., there is no
need for an operating system and you can write only the
software specific to that application. For applications
involving complex processing, it is advisable to have an
operating system. In such a case, you need to integrate the
application software with the operating system and then
transfer the entire software on to the memory chip. Once the
software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will
continue to run for a long time you dont need to reload new
software.

International Journal of Research in Science & Technology

Model Radar Implementation Using Ultrasonic Sensor

Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of

the hardware of an embedded system. As shown in Fig. the
building blocks are;
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access
Memory)
Input Devices
Output devices
Communication interfaces
Application-specific circuitry
II. ARM PROCESSOR
A. Introduction to ARM
Founded in November 1990, it is spun out of Acorn
Computers, it Designs the ARM range of RISC processor
cores. Licenses ARM core designs to semiconductor partners
who fabricate and sell to their customers. ARM does not
fabricate silicon itself, it also develop technologies to assist
with the design-in of the ARM architecture. Software tools,
boards, debug hardware, application software, bus
architectures, peripherals etc.
The ARM processor core originates within a British
computer company called Acorn. In the mid-1980s they were
looking for replacement for the 6502 processor used in their
BBC computer range, which were widely used in UK
schools. None of the 16-bit architectures becoming available
at that time met their requirements, so they designed their
own 32-bit processor.
Other companies became interested in this processor,
including Apple who was looking for a processor for their
PDA project (which became the Newton). After much
discussion this led to Acorns processor design team splitting
off from Acorn at the end of 1990 to become Advanced RISC
Machines Ltd, now just ARM Ltd. Thus ARM Ltd now
designs the ARM family of RISC processor cores, together
with a range of other supporting technologies.
One important point about ARM is that it does not
fabricate silicon itself, but instead just produces the design we are an Intellectual Property (or IP) company. Instead
silicon is produced by companies who license the ARM
processor design.
B. Architectural overview
The ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose 32-bit
microprocessor, which offers high performance and very low
power consumption. The ARM architecture is based on
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) principles, and
the instruction set and related decode mechanism are much
simpler than those of micro programmed Complex
Instruction Set Computers (CISC). This simplicity results in
a high instruction throughput and impressive real-time

interrupt response from a small and cost-effective processor

core. Pipeline techniques are employed so that all parts of the
processing and memory systems can operate continuously.
Typically, while one instruction is being executed, its
successor is being decoded, and a third instruction is being
fetched from memory. The ARM7TDMI-S processor also
employs a unique architectural strategy known as Thumb,
which makes it ideally suited to high-volume applications
with memory restrictions, or applications where code density
is an issue. The key idea behind Thumb is that of a
super-reduced
instruction
set.
Essentially,
the
ARM7TDMI-S processor has two instruction sets:
The standard 32-bit ARM set.
A 16-bit Thumb set.
C. Ultrasonic Sensor
Humans can normally hear sound frequencies between 20
and 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). When a sound wave's frequency lies
above 20 kHz, it is called an ultrasonic wave. While we
cannot hear ultrasonic waves, we apply them in various
technologies such as sonar systems, sonograms, surgical
tools, and cleaning systems. Some animals also use
ultrasonic waves in a specialized technique called
echolocation that allows them to pinpoint objects and other
animals, even in the dark.
The project uses 5 standard transistors to receive and
transmit the ultrasound and a comparator to set the threshold
echo detection level - so there are no special components
other than the microcontroller.The ultrasonic transducers are
standard 40 kHz types.Note that the internal oscillator of the
MC micro is used and this saves two pins - that can be used
for normal I/O,
Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they
both send and receive) work on a principle similar to radar or
sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the
echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic
sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate
the echo which is received back by the sensor. Sensors
calculate the time interval between sending the signal and
receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object.
This technology can be used for measuring: wind speed
and direction (anemometer), fullness of a tank and speed
through air or water. For measuring speed or direction a
device uses multiple detectors and calculates the speed from
the relative distances to particulates in the air or water. To
measure the amount of liquid in a tank, the sensor measures
the distance to the surface of the fluid. Further applications
include: humidifiers, sonar, medical
ultrasonography,
burglar alarms and non-destructive testing.
Systems typically use a transducer which generates sound
waves in the ultrasonic range, above 18,000 hertz, by turning

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Volume: 1 | Issue: 10 | November 2014 | ISSN: 2349-0845

electrical energy into sound, then upon receiving the echo

turn the sound waves into electrical energy which can be
measured and displayed.
The technology is limited by the shapes of surfaces and
the density or consistency of the material. For example foam
on the surface of a fluid in a tank could distort a reading.
Ultra sonic Range Finding:
A common use of ultrasound is in range finding; this use
is also called SONAR, (sound navigation and ranging). This
works similarly to RADAR (radio detection and ranging):
An ultrasonic pulse is generated in a particular direction. If
there is an object in the path of this pulse, part or all of the
pulse will be reflected back to the transmitter as an echo and
can be detected through the receiver path. By measuring the
difference in time between the pulse being transmitted and
the echo being received, it is possible to determine how far
away the object is.
The measured travel time of SONAR pulses in water is
strongly dependent on the temperature and the salinity of the
water. Ultrasonic ranging is also applied for measurement in
air and for short distances. Such method is capable for easily
and rapidly measuring the layout of rooms.
Although range finding underwater is performed at both
sub-audible and audible frequencies for great distances (1 to
several kilometers), ultrasonic range finding is used when
distances are shorter and the accuracy of the distance
measurement is desired to be finer. Ultrasonic measurements
may be limited through barrier layers with large salinity,
temperature or vortex differentials. Ranging in water varies
from about hundreds to thousands of meters, but can be
performed with centimeters to meters accuracy.
THEORY
The Ping sensor detects objects by emitting a short
ultrasonic burst and then "listening" for the echo.Under
control of a host microcontroller (trigger pulse), the sensor
emits a short 40 kHz (ultrasonic) burst.
This burst travels through the air at about 1130 feet per
second, hits an object and then bounces back to the sensor.
The PING sensor provides an output pulse to the host that
will terminate when the echo isdetected; hence the width of
this pulse corresponds to the distance to the target.
Two Ultrasonic Sensor Types
The following diagrams summarize the distinctions
between proximity and ranging ultrasonic sensors:
Proximity Detection:
An object passing anywhere within the preset range will
be detected and generate an output signal. The detect point is
independent of target size, material, or degree of reflectivity.

Objected detected - YES

Objected detected - NO
Ranging Measurement:
Precise distance(s) of an object moving to and from the
sensor are measured via time intervals between transmitted
and reflected bursts of ultrasonic sound. The example shows
a target detected at six inches from sensor and moving to 10
inches. The distance change is continuously calculated and
outputted.

Calculation for target finding:

The time from transmission of the pulse to reception of
the echo is the time taken for the signal energy to travel
through the air to the object and back again. Since the speed
of signal is constant through air measuring the echo
reflection time lets you calculate the distance to the object
using the DST equation:
Distance = (s * t)/2 (in meters)
You need to divide by 2 as the distance is the round trip
distance i.e. from transmitter to object and back again.
You can get ultrasonic transducers optimized for 25 kHz, 32
kHz, 40 kHz or wide bandwidth transducers. This project
uses a 40 kHz transducer but it will still work with the others
if you make simple changes to the software (where it
generates the 40kz signal). The receiver and generator
circuits will work as they are.If you use a different transducer
you must change the software to generate the correct
frequency for the transducer as they only work at their
specific operating frequency. The 40kz signal is easily
generated by the microcontroller but detection requires a
sensitive amplifier. I have used a three transistor amplifier
for the receiver.
This is followed by a peak detector and comparator which set
the sensitivity threshold so that false reflections (weaker
signals) are ignored.

International Journal of Research in Science & Technology

Model Radar Implementation Using Ultrasonic Sensor

These components are specialized for being used with the
microcontrollers, which means that they cannot be activated
by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing different
messages on a miniature LCD.
A model described here is for its low price and great
possibilities most frequently used in practice. It is based on
the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display
messages in two lines with 16 characters each . It displays all
the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation marks,
mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to
display symbols that user makes up on its own. Automatic
shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance
of the pointer, backlight etc. are considered as useful
characteristics.

Picture of ULTRASONIC SENSOR

If you store the value of timer 1 and then the counter value
is starts counting u to the Rx echo completion or as soon as an
ultrasonic echo is received.Counter value gives the time
delay in machine cycles. Since the project uses a 4MHz main
clock then the time delay will be measured in micro-seconds.
The minimum distance of this scheme is about 5cm.
looking at the output of the first receiver amplifier shows that
it should be more accurate at lower distances - it is inaccurate
by about 2cm which is still quite good. Probably the addition
of amplifiers for the longer range stops accurate short range
operation.The maximum distance is limited by the
sensitivity, gain and noise performance of the receive
amplifier and also the transmit power and duration of
transmission.For this circuit the maximum distance is about
3m.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide
spread use replacing LEDs (seven segment LEDs or other
multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:
1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters and
graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which are
limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the
LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of
refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be
refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

WORKING PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the power supply.
2. As soon as the power supply is on RADAR gets
activated.
3. Then the ultrasonic sensors on the antenna will
produce ultrasonic waves to sence the object.
4. Then the area is continuously monitered by RADAR.
5. If any target found in the area it will make buzzer
sound to activate base station.
6. RADAR will display the target direction and distance
on LCD screen.
Radar Working:

ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

Advantages:
1) Very flexible - can be used in a number of ways
Stationary mode
Moving mode
Two Directional mode
2) Beam spread can incorporate many targets
3) Can often select fastest target, or best reflection
4) Still very reliable
5) High Penetration capability.
6) No need of medium.
7) Long Range
APPLICATIONS:
Mapping radar scans a large regions for remote sensing
and geography applications
Wearable radar which is used to help the visually impaired
Air traffic control uses radar to reflect echoes off of aircraft

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Volume: 1 | Issue: 10 | November 2014 | ISSN: 2349-0845

Weather radar uses radar to reflect echoes off of clouds

Weather radars use radio waves with horizontal, dual
(horizontal and vertical), or circular polarization
Some weather radars use the Doppler effect to measure
wind speeds
Missile Tracking System
Marine radars are used to measure the bearing and
distance of ships to prevent collision with other ships
Police forces use radar guns to monitor vehicle speeds on the
roads.
III. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
Radar target system is provided with ultrasonic waves.
Radar target identifier is selected with areas to find target
angular simulations and target space position and
scintillations to the other simulations contained in the radar
signal. This project presents Radar modal target Direction
identifier with remote station alert system is been designed
and implemented with ARM7 in embedded system domain.
Experimental work has been carried out carefully.

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